Smith, Shawn R; Lopez, Nicolas; Bourassa, Mark A: Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) air-sea fluxes, version 3, 2005-2024 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.996048 (dataset in review)
Abstract:
Along ship track bulk turbulent heat and momentum fluxes derived using one-minute interval data collected by the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative. The fluxes are provided as three products derived using three widely accepted air-sea flux algorithms (Smith 1988, COARE 3.6, and a 2023 update of Bourassa 2006). Datasets are organized by ship and flux algorithm. The dataset uses SAMOS data from 47 research vessels with observations spanning 2005-2024. Data include heat and momentum fluxes, state variables adjusted to 10 meters, and multiple inputs and outputs from the flux algorithms. These data have wide use for satellite product and model evaluation; air-sea interaction, marine biology, chemistry and geoscience research activities; climate science, and marine geoinformatics. Data coverage is the global oceans, but is concentrated around North America. Fluxes are derived from along cruise track navigational, meteorological, and oceanographic observations from 47 research vessels. Fluxes are derived at one-minute intervals (the same as the source observations) and take advantage of extensive quality control flags on the source SAMOS data. Additional QC flags are applied to the derived fluxes, height adjusted state variables, and other outputs of the flux algorithms. All data are provided in CF and ACDD compliant netCDF files, with extensive metadata. The uncompressed data volume is ca. 180 GB per algorithm.
Related to:
Castells, Marc; Smith, Shawn R; Lovett, Amanda; Bourassa, Mark A (2026): SAMOS Air‐Sea Fluxes: 2005–2024. Geoscience Data Journal, 13(1), e70044, https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70044
Source:
Smith, Shawn R; Rolph, Jeremy J; Briggs, Kristen; Bourassa, Mark A (2009): Quality-Controlled Underway Oceanographic and Meteorological Data from the Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Predictions Studies (COAPS) - Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) [dataset]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5QJ7F8R
Previous version:
Smith, Shawn R; Lopez, Nicolas; Bourassa, Mark A: Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) air-sea fluxes, version 2, 2005-2015 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.996056
Original version:
Castells, Marc; Smith, Shawn R; Lovett, Amanda; Bourassa, Mark A (2025): Version 3 Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) Air-Sea Fluxes [dataset]. University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR):NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF NCAR):Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL):Information Services Division (ISD):Data Engineering and Curation Section (DECS), https://doi.org/10.5065/32Q9-1253
References:
Blair, Daneisha; Zheng, Yangxing; Bourassa, Mark A (2023): The Effect of Surface Oil on Ocean Wind Stress. Earth, 4(2), 345-364, https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4020019
Bourassa, Mark A (2006): Chapter 2: Satellite-Based Observations of Surface Turbulent Stress During Severe Weather, In: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions, ed. W. Perrie. WIT Press, 2, 35–52
Fairall, Christopher W; Blomquist, Byron; Bariteau, Ludovic; Edson, J B (2018): The TOGA-COARE Bulk Air-Sea Flux Algorithm. GitHub, https://github.com/NOAA-PSL/COARE-algorithm/blob/master/References/coare36_readme_1.pdf
Smith, Stuart D (1988): Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 93(C12), 15467-15472, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC12p15467
Funding:
German Research Foundation (DFG), grant/award no. 581871754: PANGAEA past and future efforts in rescuing data and creating resilience (2026)
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 5.500000 * Median Longitude: 0.000000 * South-bound Latitude: -79.000000 * West-bound Longitude: -180.000000 * North-bound Latitude: 90.000000 * East-bound Longitude: 180.000000
Date/Time Start: 2005-05-09T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2024-12-31T00:00:00
Event(s):
Comment:
Input and output variables and parameters included in the netCDF files:
drag coefficient (1.0)
drag coefficient quality flag
drag coefficient secondary quality flag
moisture transfer coefficient (1.0)
moisture transfer coefficient quality flag
moisture transfer coefficient secondary quality flag
heat transfer coefficient (1.0)
heat transfer coefficient quality flag
heat transfer coefficient secondary quality flag
DIR_instrument
P_instrument
RAD_LW_instrument
RAD_SW_instrument
RH_instrument
RRATE_instrument
SPD_instrument
SSPS_instrument
TS_instrument
T_instrument
dT_skinx
dq_skinx
flux calculation secondary quality flag
hbb
earth relative wind direction (degrees)
earth relative wind direction quality flag
earth relative wind direction secondary quality flag
atmospheric pressure (millibar)
atmospheric pressure quality flag
atmospheric pressure secondary quality flag
in_RAD_LW
in_RAD_LW_qc
in_RAD_LW_qc_secondary
in_RAD_SW
in_RAD_SW_qc
in_RAD_SW_qc_secondary
relative humidity (percent)
relative humidity sensor height (meter)
relative humidity quality flag
relative humidity secondary quality flag
in_RRATE
in_RRATE_qc
in_RRATE_qc_secondary
earth relative wind speed (meter second-1)
wind speed sensor height (meter)
earth relative wind speed quality flag
earth relative wind speed secondary quality flag
in_SSPS
in_SSPS_qc
in_SSPS_qc_secondary
air temperature (celsius)
sea temperature (celsius)
sea temperature sensor depth (meter)
sea temperature quality flag
sea temperature secondary quality flag
air temperature sensor height (meter)
air temperature quality flag
air temperature secondary quality flag
latent heat flux (watts meter-2)
latent heat flux quality flag
latent heat flux secondary quality flag
specific humidity height adjusted at 10m (gram kilogram-1)
specific humidity height adjusted at 10m quality flag
specific humidity height adjusted at 10m secondary quality flag
specific humidity scaling parameter (q*) (gram kilogram-1)
sensible heat flux (watts meter-2)
sensible heat flux quality flag
sensible heat flux secondary quality flag
adjusted sea surface temperature (celsius)
potential temperature height adjusted at 10m (celsius)
potential temperature height adjusted at 10m quality flag
potential temperature height adjusted at 10m secondary quality flag
temperature scaling parameter (T*) (celsius)
stress magnitude (newton meter-2)
stress magnitude quality flag
stress magnitude secondary quality flag
zonal stress (newton meter-2)
zonal stress quality flag
zonal stress secondary quality flag
meridional stress (newton meter-2)
meridional stress quality flag
meridional stress secondary quality flag
thick_skinx
wind speed height adjusted at 10m (meter second-1)
wind speed height adjusted at 10m quality flag
wind speed height adjusted at 10m secondary quality flag
zonal wind component adjusted at 10m (meter second-1)
meridional wind component adjusted at 10m (meter second-1)
friction velocity (u*) (meter second-1)
zonal component of friction velocity (u*) (meter second-1)
meridional component of friction velocity (u*) (meter second-1)
surface roughness length for momentum (meter)
z0_q
z0_t
dimensionless Monin-Obhukov length scale height (z/L) adjusted at 10m (meter meter-1)
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reference/source | Reference | Smith, Shawn R | algorithm | ||
| 2 | Year of observation | Year obs | a AD | Smith, Shawn R | ||
| 3 | Binary Object | Binary | Smith, Shawn R | Calculated | ||
| 4 | Binary Object (File Size) | Binary (Size) | Bytes | Smith, Shawn R | Calculated |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (License comes into effect after moratorium ends)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
180 data points