Not logged in
PANGAEA.
Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science

Lundstad, Elin; Joelsson, Magnus: Homogenization of the early mean monthly temperature time series for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden (HClim) [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988980 (dataset in review)

ShareShow MapGoogle Earth

Abstract:
Instrumental meteorological observations are essential for analysing past climate and reconstructing climate variability. However, many of the long instrumental climate series, some extending back to 1658, have been affected by inhomogeneities (artificial shifts) caused by changes in measurement conditions such as station relocations, instrumentation changes, and environmental modifications. To address this problem, homogenization procedures have been developed to detect and adjust such inhomogeneities. In this work, the records undergo homogenization analysis, during which these inhomogeneities are identified and corrected. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), developed by Hans Alexandersson, is applied as the statistical method, comparing candidate series with neighbouring reference stations to assess relative homogeneity.
The article presents homogenization analyses using three different tools (CLIMATOL, BART, and PHA) applied to the published global multivariable monthly instrumental climate database HCLIM (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.940724). The resulting database includes the best-performing homogenized series - those produced by BART - comprising 2,892 homogenized temperature time series covering the period 1757–2020.
Keyword(s):
early instrumental data; Homogenization; Paleoclimate; Time series
Related to:
Lundstad, Elin; Brugnara, Yuri; Brönnimann, Stefan (2022): Global Early Instrumental Monthly Meteorological Multivariable Database (HCLIM) [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940724
Lundstad, Elin; Joelsson, Magnus: Homogenization of the Global early mean monthly temperature time series (HClim) [dataset bibliography]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988730
References:
Aguilar, E; Auer, Ingeborg; Brunet, M; Peterson, T C; Wieringa, J (2003): Guidelines on Climate Metadata and Homogenization. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, WCDMP-No. 53, WMO-TD No. 1186, 55 pp
Alexandersson, Hans (1986): A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data. 6(6), 661-675, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370060607
Aspaas, Per Pippin; Hansen, Truls Lynne (2012): The Role of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781-1792) in the History of Auroral Research. Acta Borealia, 29(2), 157-176, https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2012.732283
Brandsma, Theo; Können, Gunther P (2006): Application of nearest-neighbor resampling for homogenizing temperature records on a daily to sub-daily level. International Journal of Climatology, 26(1), 75-89, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1236
Brázdil, Rudolf; Dobrovolný, Petr; Luterbacher, Jürg; Moberg, Anders; Pfister, Christian; Wheeler, Dennis A; Zorita, Eduardo (2010): European climate of the past 500 years: new challenges for historical climatology. Climatic Change, 101(1-2), 7-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9783-z
Brönnimann, Stefan (2015): Climatic Changes Since 1700. Springer International Publishing, ASN NEURO, 55, 167-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19042-6_4
Brönnimann, Stefan (2022): Historical Observations for Improving Reanalyses. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 880473, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.880473
Brönnimann, Stefan; Allan, Rob; Ashcroft, Linden; Baer, Saba; Barriendos, Mariano; Brázdil, Rudolf; Brugnara, Yuri; Brunet, Manola; Brunetti, Michele; Chimani, Barbara; Cornes, Richard C; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Filipiak, Janusz; Founda, Dimitra; Herrera, Ricardo García; Gergis, Joëlle; Grab, Stefan; Hannak, Lisa; Huhtamaa, Heli; Jacobsen, Kim S; Jones, Phil; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kiss, Andrea; Lin, Kuanhui Elaine; Lorrey, Andrew M; Lundstad, Elin; Luterbacher, Jürg; Mauelshagen, Franz; Maugeri, Maurizio; Maughan, Nicolas; Moberg, Anders; Neukom, Raphael; Nicholson, Sharon; Noone, Simon; Nordli, Øyvind; Ólafsdóttir, Kristín Björg; Pearce, Petra R; Pfister, Lucas; Pribyl, Kathleen; Przybylak, Rajmund; Pudmenzky, Christa; Rasol, Dubravka; Reichenbach, Delia; Řezníčková, Ladislava; Rodrigo, Fernando S; Rohr, Christian; Skrynyk, Oleg; Slonosky, Victoria; Thorne, Peter; Valente, Maria Antónia; Vaquero, José M; Westcott, Nancy E; Williamson, Fiona; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2019): Unlocking Pre-1850 Instrumental Meteorological Records: A Global Inventory. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(12), ES389-ES413, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0040.1
Brunet, M; Jones, P (2011): Data rescue initiatives: bringing historical climate data into the 21st century. Climate Research, 47(1), 29-40, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00960
Camuffo, Dario; della Valle, Antonio; Becherini, Francesca (2023): Instrumental and Observational Problems of the Earliest Temperature Records in Italy: A Methodology for Data Recovery and Correction. Climate, 11(9), 178, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11090178
Changnon, Stanley A; Kunkel, Kenneth E (2006): Changes in Instruments and Sites Affecting Historical Weather Records: A Case Study. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23(6), 825-828, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1888.1
Compo, Gilbert P; Whitaker, J S; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D; Matsui, N; Allan, R J; Gleason, Byron E; Vose, Russell S; Rutledge, G; Bessemoulin, P; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, M; Crouthamel, Richard I; Grant, A N; Groisman, P Y; Jones, Philip D; Kruk, Michael C; Kruger, A C; Marshall, G J; Maugeri, M; Mok, H Y; Nordli, Øyvind; Ross, T F; Trigo, Ricardo Machado; Wang, Xiaolan L; Woodruff, Scott D; Worley, S J (2011): The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(654), 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776
Conrad, Victor (1946): Methods in Climatology. Weather, 1(3), 84-84, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1946.tb00041.x
Coscarelli, Roberto; Caroletti, Giulio Nils; Joelsson, Magnus; Engström, Erik; Caloiero, Tommaso (2021): Validation metrics of homogenization techniques on artificially inhomogenized monthly temperature networks in Sweden and Slovenia (1950–2005). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18288, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97685-7
Costa, Ana Cristina; Soares, Amílcar (2009): Homogenization of Climate Data: Review and New Perspectives Using Geostatistics. Mathematical Geosciences, 41(3), 291-305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-008-9203-3
Dobrovolný, Petr; Moberg, Anders; Brázdil, Rudolf; Pfister, Christian; Glaser, Rüdiger; Wilson, Rob; Van Engelen, Aryan FV; Limanówka, Danuta; Kiss, Andrea; Halíčková, Monika; Macková, Jarmila; Riemann, Dirk; Luterbacher, Jürg; Böhm, Reinhard (2010): Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental records since AD 1500. Climatic Change, 101(1-2), 69-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9724-x
Domonkos, Peter (2023): Time Series Homogenization with ACMANT: Comparative Testing of Two Recent Versions in Large-Size Synthetic Temperature Datasets. Climate, 11(11), 224, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11110224
Easterling, David R; Kunkel, Kenneth E; Wehner, Michael F; Sun, Liqiang (2016): Detection and attribution of climate extremes in the observed record. Weather and Climate Extremes, 11, 17-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.01.001
Eaton, Katherine R; Banister, Raymond B; Arick, Lindsay N; Hall, Emily R; Muller, Erinn (2025): Genotype and symbiont composition rather than environment influence susceptibility to stony coral tissue loss disease in coral restoration broodstock. Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29292-9
Fleming, James (2000): Meteorology in America, 1800-1870. Johns Hopkins University Press, https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801839580
Gao, Xiang; Sokolov, Andrei; Schlosser, C Adam (2023): A Large Ensemble Global Dataset for Climate Impact Assessments. Scientific Data, 10(1), 801, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02708-9
Gubler, Stefanie; Hunziker, Stefan; Begert, Michael; Croci-Maspoli, M; Konzelmann, T; Brönnimann, Stefan; Schwierz, C; Oria, C; Rosas, G (2017): The influence of station density on climate data homogenization. International Journal of Climatology, 37(13), 4670-4683, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5114
Guijarro, Jose A (2004): Software libre para la depuración y homogeneización de datos climatológicos. Technical report
Guijarro, Jose A (2011): Homogenization of climatic series with Climatol. Report State Meteorological Agency. Balearic Islands Office Spain
Guijarro, Jose A (2018): Homogenization of climatic series with Climatol. Unpublished, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27020.41604
Hafen, M R (2025): Package 'stlplus' Type Package Title Enhanced Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series by Loess. Technical Report
Hannart, Alexis; Mestre, Olivier; Naveau, Philippe (2014): An automatized homogenization procedure via pairwise comparisons with application to Argentinean temperature series. International Journal of Climatology, 34(13), 3528-3545, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3925
Harper, K C (2008): Weather by the Numbers: The Genesis of Modern Meteorology. MIT Press, Cambridge
Hersbach, Hans; Bell, B; Berrisford, Paul; Hirahara, Shoji; Horányi, A; Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín; Nicolas, J; Peubey, C; Radu, R; Schepers, D; Simmons, Adrian; Soci, C; Abdalla, Saleh; Abellan, Xavier; Balsamo, Gianpaolo; Bechtold, P; Biavati, G; Bidlot, J; Bonavita, Massimo; De Chiara, Giovanna; Dahlgren, Per; Dee, Dick; Diamantakis, Michail; Dragani, R; Flemming, Johannes; Forbes, Richard; Fuentes, Manuel; Geer, Alan; Haimberger, Leo; Healy, Sean; Hogan, Robin J; Hólm, Elías; Janisková, Marta; Keeley, Sarah; Laloyaux, Patrick; Lopez, Philippe; Lupu, Cristina; Radnoti, Gabor; de Rosnay, Patricia; Rozum, I; Vamborg, Freja; Villaume, Sebastian; Thépaut, Jean-Noël (2020): The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999-2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
Joelsson, L Magnus T; Engström, Erik; Kjellström, Erik (2023): Homogenization of Swedish mean monthly temperature series 1860–2021. International Journal of Climatology, 43(2), 1079-1093, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7881
Joelsson, L Magnus T; Sturm, Christophe; Södling, Johan; Engström, Erik; Kjellström, Erik (2022): Automation and evaluation of the interactive homogenization tool HOMER. International Journal of Climatology, 42(5), 2861-2880, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7394
Jones, Philip D (2016): The reliability of global and hemispheric surface temperature records. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33(3), 269-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5194-4
Killick, Rachel E; Jolliffe, Ian T; Willett, Kate M (2022): Benchmarking the performance of homogenization algorithms on synthetic daily temperature data. International Journal of Climatology, 42(7), 3968-3986, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7462
Kobayashi, Shinya; OTA, Yukinari; Harada, Yayoi; Ebita, Ayataka; Moriya, Masami; Onoda, Hirokatsu; Onogi, K; Kamahori, Hirotaka; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Endo, H; Miyaoka, Kengo; Takahashi, K (2015): The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 93(1), 5-48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001
Li-Juan, Cao; Zhong-Wei, Yan (2012): Progress in Research on Homogenization of Climate Data. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(2), 59-67, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00059
Lindau, Ralf (2025): Estimation of Break and Noise Variance and the Maximum Distance of Climate Stations Allowed in Relative Homogenisation of Annual Temperature Anomalies. International Journal of Climatology, 45(3), e8724, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8724
Lindau, Ralf; Venema, Victor K C (2016): The uncertainty of break positions detected by homogenization algorithms in climate records. International Journal of Climatology, 36(2), 576-589, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4366
Lindau, Ralf; Venema, Victor K C (2019): A new method to study inhomogeneities in climate records: Brownian motion or random deviations? International Journal of Climatology, 39(12), 4769-4783, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6105
Lundstad, Elin; Brugnara, Yuri; Pappert, Duncan; Kopp, Jérôme; Samakinwa, Eric; Hürzeler, André; Andersson, Axel; Chimani, Barbara; Cornes, Richard C; Demarée, G; Filipiak, Janusz; Gates, L; Ives, Gemma L; Jones, Julie M; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kiss, Andrea; Nicholson, Sharon E; Przybylak, Rajmund; Jones, Philip D; Rousseau, Daniel; Tinz, Birger; Rodrigo, Fernando S; Grab, Stefan; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Slonosky, Victoria; Cooper, J; Brunet, Manola; Brönnimann, Stefan (2023): The global historical climate database HCLIM. Scientific Data, 10(1), 44, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01919-w
Lundstad, Elin; Tveito, O E (2016): Homogenization of Daily Mean Temperature in Norway. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Technical Report, 6
Menne, Matthew J; Williams, Claude N Jr (2009): Homogenization of Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons. Journal of Climate, 22(7), 1700-1717, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2263.1
Menne, Matthew J; Williams, Claude N Jr; Vose, Russell S (2009): The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(7), 993-1008, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1
Mestre, Olivier; Domonkos, Peter; Picard, F; Auer, Ingeborg; Robin, S; et al. (2013): HOMER: a homogenization software - methods and applications. Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 177, 47-67, hdl:20.500.11765/1494
Nordli, Øyvind; Tveito, O E (2008): Calculation of Monthly Mean Temperature by Köppen's Formula in the Norwegian Station Network. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Technical Report, 18
O'Neill, Peter; Connolly, Ronan; Connolly, Michael; Soon, Willie Wei-Hock; Chimani, Barbara; Crok, Marcel; de Vos, Rob; Harde, Hermann; Kajaba, Peter; Nojarov, Peter; Przybylak, Rajmund; Rasol, Dubravka; Skrynyk, Oleg; Skrynyk, Olesya; Štěpánek, Petr; Wypych, A; Zahradníček, Pavel (2022): Evaluation of the Homogenization Adjustments Applied to European Temperature Records in the Global Historical Climatology Network Dataset. Atmosphere, 13(2), 285, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020285
Osborn, Timothy J; Jones, Philip D; Lister, D H; Morice, C P; Simpson, I R; Winn, J P; Hogan, E; Harris, Ian (2021): Land Surface Air Temperature Variations Across the Globe Updated to 2019: The CRUTEM5 Data Set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(2), e2019JD032352, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032352
Parker, D E; Basnett, T A; Brown, Sarah J; Gordon, M; Horton, E B; Rayner, Nick A (2000): Climate Observations - The Instrumental Record. Space Science Reviews, 94(1-2), 309-320, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026787727530
Peterson, Thomas C; Easterling, David R; Karl, Thomas R; Groisman, Pavel Ya; Nicholls, Neville; Plummer, Neil; Torok, Simon; Auer, Ingeborg; Boehm, Reinhard; Gullett, Donald; Vincent, Lucie; Heino, R; Tuomenvirta, Heikki; Mestre, Olivier; Szentimrey, Tamás; Salinger, James; Førland, Eirik J; Hanssen-Bauer, I; Alexandersson, Hans; Jones, Philip D; Parker, David E (1998): Homogeneity adjustments of in situ atmospheric climate data: a review. International Journal of Climatology, 18(13), 1493-1517, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19981115)18:13%3C1493::AID-JOC329%3E3.0.CO;2-T
Rayner, Nick A; Parker, D E; Horton, E B; Folland, C K; Alexander, Lisa V; Rowell, D P (2003): Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century [dataset]. NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D14), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670
Ribeiro, Sofia; Caineta, J; Costa, Ana Cristina (2016): Review and discussion of homogenisation methods for climate data. Physics and Chemistry of The Earth, 94, 167-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.08.007
Rousseau, Daniel (2009): Les températures mensuelles en région parisienne de 1676 à 2008. La Météorologie, 8(67), 43, https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/30038
Shen, Lingling; Lu, Li; Hu, Tianjie; Lin, Runsheng; Wang, Ji; Xu, Chong (2018): Homogeneity Test and Correction of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North China. Advances in Meteorology, 2018, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4712538
Slivinski, L C; Compo, G P; Sardeshmukh, P D; Whitaker, J S; McColl, Chesley; Allan, R J; Brohan, Philip; Yin, Xungang; Smith, Catherine A; Spencer, L J; Vose, Russell S; Rohrer, Marco; Conroy, R P; Schuster, D C; Kennedy, John J; Ashcroft, Linden; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, Manola; Camuffo, Dario; Cornes, Richard C; Cram, T A; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Freeman, J Eric; Gergis, Joëlle; Hawkins, Ed; Jones, Philip D; Kubota, Hisayuki; Lee, T C; Lorrey, Andrew M; Luterbacher, Jürg; Mock, Cary J; Przybylak, R K; Pudmenzky, Christa; Slonosky, V C; Tinz, Birger; Trewin, Blair; Wang, Xiaolan L; Wilkinson, Clive; Wood, Kevin; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2021): An Evaluation of the Performance of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Version 3. Journal of Climate, 34(4), 1417-1438, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0505.1
Slivinski, Laura C; Compo, Gilbert P; Whitaker, Jeffrey S; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D; Giese, Benjamin S; McColl, Chesley; Allan, Rob; Yin, Xungang; Vose, Russell S; Titchner, Holly; Kennedy, John J; Spencer, Lawrence J; Ashcroft, Linden; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, Manola; Camuffo, Dario; Cornes, Richard C; Cram, Thomas A; Crouthamel, Richard I; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Freeman, J Eric; Gergis, Joëlle; Hawkins, Ed; Jones, Philip D; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kaplan, Alexey; Kubota, Hisayuki; Blancq, Frank Le; Lee, Tsz-Cheung; Lorrey, Andrew M; Luterbacher, Jürg; Maugeri, Maurizio; Mock, Cary J; Moore, GW Kent; Przybylak, Rajmund; Pudmenzky, Christa; Reason, Chris; Slonosky, Victoria; Smith, Catherine A; Tinz, Birger; Trewin, Blair; Valente, Maria Antónia; Wang, Xiaolan L; Wilkinson, Clive; Wood, Kevin; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2019): Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145(724), 2876-2908, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598
Solomon, Susan; Qin, D; Manning, M; Marquis, Melinda; Averyt, Kristen; Tignor, Melinda M B; Miller Jr., Henry LeRoy; Chen, Zhenlin (2007): Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2020/02/ar4-wg1-sum_vol_en.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwidkYi5ofSRAxW3A9sEHZ0SDmIQFnoECBYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0Vkf7cztOmyNV8EW3quUTE
Sturm, Christophe (preprint): Spatially aggregated climate indicators over Sweden (1860–2020), Part 1: Temperature. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-582
Toreti, Andrea; Kuglitsch, F G; Xoplaki, Elena; Della-Marta, P M; Aguilar, Enric; Prohom, M; Luterbacher, Jürg (2011): A note on the use of the standard normal homogeneity test to detect inhomogeneities in climatic time series. International Journal of Climatology, 31(4), 630-632, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2088
Trewin, Blair (2010): Exposure, instrumentation, and observing practice effects on land temperature measurements. WIREs Climate Change, 1(4), 490-506, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.46
Valler, Veronika; Franke, Jörg; Brugnara, Yuri; Samakinwa, Eric; Hand, Ralf; Lundstad, Elin; Burgdorf, Angela-Maria; Lipfert, Laura; Friedman, Andrew Ronald; Brönnimann, Stefan (2024): ModE-RA: a global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the modern era 1421 to 2008. Scientific Data, 11(1), 36, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02733-8
van Vliet, Arnold J H; Schwartz, Mark D (2002): Phenology and climate: the timing of life cycle events as indicators of climatic variability and change. International Journal of Climatology, 22(14), 1713-1714, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.816
Venema, Victor K C; Mestre, Olivier; Aguilar, E; Auer, Ingeborg; et al. (2012): Benchmarking homogenization algorithms for monthly data. Climate of the Past, 8(1), 89-115, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-89-2012
Vincent, Lucie A; Milewska, Ewa J; Wang, Xiaolan L; Hartwell, Megan M (2018): Uncertainty in homogenized daily temperatures and derived indices of extremes illustrated using parallel observations in Canada. International Journal of Climatology, 38(2), 692-707, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5203
Wang, Fang; Ge, Quansheng; Wang, S; Li, Qingxiang; Jones, Philip D (2015): A New Estimation of Urbanization's Contribution to the Warming Trend in China. Journal of Climate, 28(22), 8923-8938, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00427.1
Winkler, Peter (2023): The early meteorological network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781–1792): foundation, organization, and reception. History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 14(2), 93-120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-93-2023
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (1951): The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) 1873-1950. WMO-No. 11, Geneva, Switzerland
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2008): Proceedings of the Sixth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases. Technical Report, WMO-No. 1575, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, https://library.wmo.int/records/item/48629-proceedings-of-the-sixth-seminar-for-homogenization-and-quality-control-in-climatological-databases
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2016): Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue. 1182, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1513
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2017): Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals. 1203, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/55797
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2018): Guide to Climatological Practices. 100, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/60113
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2020): Guidelines on Homogenization. Report WMO, 1245, 51 pp
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 61.843774 * Median Longitude: 11.818677 * South-bound Latitude: 54.900000 * West-bound Longitude: -22.700000 * North-bound Latitude: 71.100000 * East-bound Longitude: 31.100000
Date/Time Start: 1722-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2021-01-01T00:00:00
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (License comes into effect after moratorium ends)
Size:
156 datasets

Download Data (login required; moratorium until 2026-07-08)

Download ZIP file containing all datasets as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

Datasets listed in this bundled publication

<< PREV | 1 | 2 | NEXT >>

  1. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Krappeto, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988982
  2. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Uppsala, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988983
  3. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Rena, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988984
  4. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tynset-Stoen, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988985
  5. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Roros, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988986
  6. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Glomfjord, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988989
  7. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hamar, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988990
  8. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Dombas, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988993
  9. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Holmenseter, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988992
  10. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vollen-I-Slidre, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988987
  11. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vang-I-Valdres, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988991
  12. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Sveingarden, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988988
  13. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Sandosund, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988994
  14. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Loveid, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988995
  15. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oksoey_Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988996
  16. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kristiansand-Eg, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988981
  17. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Teigarhorn, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988999
  18. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Mandal, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988998
  19. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lista-Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989001
  20. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Skudenes, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989002
  21. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Ullensvang-Kvitavoll, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989003
  22. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Granvin, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989004
  23. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bergen, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989007
  24. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Voss_Jernbanestasjon, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989005
  25. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Raundal, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989009
  26. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Ystad, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989006
  27. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lund, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989008
  28. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Balestrand, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989010
  29. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Floro, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989011
  30. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Dombestein, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988997
  31. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Nordby, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989030
  32. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hammerodde-Fyr, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989029
  33. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kullen, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989017
  34. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hallands_Vadero_A, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989022
  35. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Molde, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989025
  36. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kristiansund, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989027
  37. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Beitstad, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989014
  38. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Presto, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989013
  39. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Nordoyan-Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989032
  40. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bronnoysund, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989019
  41. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hattfjelldal, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989024
  42. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bodo, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989021
  43. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lodingen-Aeradio, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989026
  44. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Svolver, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989018
  45. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Rost, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989015
  46. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Andenes_ISTI, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989020
  47. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tromso, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989023
  48. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kautokeino, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989028
  49. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kistrand, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989016
  50. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vadso, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989031
  51. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Jyvaeskylae, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989070
  52. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kuopio, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989071
  53. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Trondheim/Vaernes, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989072
  54. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oelands_Norra_Udde, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989074
  55. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Piteaa, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989073
  56. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Teigarhorn, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989075
  57. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989079
  58. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oslo/Blindern, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989107
  59. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Koebenhavn, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989080
  60. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tranebjerg, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989078
  61. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lappeenranta, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989076
  62. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tampere, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989082
  63. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vestmannaeyar, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989081
  64. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Reykjavik, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989083
  65. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Teigarhorn_BE, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989084
  66. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Stykkisholmur, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989085
  67. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Akureyri, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989086
  68. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hellisoy_Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989087
  69. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hammerfest, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989089
  70. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Falsterbo, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989090
  71. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kalmar, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989088
  72. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vaexjoe, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989091
  73. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hoburg, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989092
  74. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vinga, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989093
  75. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Visby, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989097
  76. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Goeteborg, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989099
  77. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Gotska_Sandoen, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989094
  78. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Landsort, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989096
  79. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Karlstad, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989095
  80. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Svenska_Hoegarna, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989100
  81. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Sveg, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989098
  82. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oestersund, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989101
  83. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Holmoegadd, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989102
  84. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Stensele, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989103
  85. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Haparanda, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989104
  86. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Jokkmokk, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989105
  87. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kvikkjokk, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989106
  88. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Uppsala, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989205
  89. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Torneo, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989207
  90. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Helsingfors, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989206
  91. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Thyboron_1, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989201
  92. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tranebjerg_Ost_1, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989202
  93. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bodilsho, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989204
  94. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tarm, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989209
  95. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Randers, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989210
  96. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bogo, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989212
  97. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Turku_Kupittaa, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989211
  98. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vantaa_Helsinki_Vantaan_Lentoa, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989213
  99. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kajaani_Lentoasema, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989214
  100. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oulunsalo_Pellonpaa, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989215

<< PREV | 1 | 2 | NEXT >>