Not logged in
PANGAEA.
Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science

Lundstad, Elin; Joelsson, Magnus: Homogenization of the early mean monthly temperature time series for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden (HClim) [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988980 (dataset in review)

ShareShow MapGoogle Earth

Abstract:
Instrumental meteorological observations are essential for analysing past climate and reconstructing climate variability. However, many of the long instrumental climate series, some extending back to 1658, have been affected by inhomogeneities (artificial shifts) caused by changes in measurement conditions such as station relocations, instrumentation changes, and environmental modifications. To address this problem, homogenization procedures have been developed to detect and adjust such inhomogeneities. In this work, the records undergo homogenization analysis, during which these inhomogeneities are identified and corrected. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), developed by Hans Alexandersson, is applied as the statistical method, comparing candidate series with neighbouring reference stations to assess relative homogeneity.
The article presents homogenization analyses using three different tools (CLIMATOL, BART, and PHA) applied to the published global multivariable monthly instrumental climate database HCLIM (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.940724). The resulting database includes the best-performing homogenized series - those produced by BART - comprising 2,892 homogenized temperature time series covering the period 1757–2020.
Keyword(s):
early instrumental data; Homogenization; Paleoclimate; Time series
Related to:
Lundstad, Elin; Brugnara, Yuri; Brönnimann, Stefan (2022): Global Early Instrumental Monthly Meteorological Multivariable Database (HCLIM) [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940724
Lundstad, Elin; Joelsson, Magnus: Homogenization of the Global early mean monthly temperature time series (HClim) [dataset bibliography]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988730
References:
Aguilar, E; Auer, Ingeborg; Brunet, M; Peterson, T C; Wieringa, J (2003): Guidelines on Climate Metadata and Homogenization. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, WCDMP-No. 53, WMO-TD No. 1186, 55 pp
Alexandersson, Hans (1986): A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data. 6(6), 661-675, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370060607
Aspaas, Per Pippin; Hansen, Truls Lynne (2012): The Role of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781-1792) in the History of Auroral Research. Acta Borealia, 29(2), 157-176, https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2012.732283
Brandsma, Theo; Können, Gunther P (2006): Application of nearest-neighbor resampling for homogenizing temperature records on a daily to sub-daily level. International Journal of Climatology, 26(1), 75-89, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1236
Brázdil, Rudolf; Dobrovolný, Petr; Luterbacher, Jürg; Moberg, Anders; Pfister, Christian; Wheeler, Dennis A; Zorita, Eduardo (2010): European climate of the past 500 years: new challenges for historical climatology. Climatic Change, 101(1-2), 7-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9783-z
Brönnimann, Stefan (2015): Climatic Changes Since 1700. Springer International Publishing, ASN NEURO, 55, 167-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19042-6_4
Brönnimann, Stefan (2022): Historical Observations for Improving Reanalyses. Frontiers in Climate, 4, 880473, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.880473
Brönnimann, Stefan; Allan, Rob; Ashcroft, Linden; Baer, Saba; Barriendos, Mariano; Brázdil, Rudolf; Brugnara, Yuri; Brunet, Manola; Brunetti, Michele; Chimani, Barbara; Cornes, Richard C; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Filipiak, Janusz; Founda, Dimitra; Herrera, Ricardo García; Gergis, Joëlle; Grab, Stefan; Hannak, Lisa; Huhtamaa, Heli; Jacobsen, Kim S; Jones, Phil; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kiss, Andrea; Lin, Kuanhui Elaine; Lorrey, Andrew M; Lundstad, Elin; Luterbacher, Jürg; Mauelshagen, Franz; Maugeri, Maurizio; Maughan, Nicolas; Moberg, Anders; Neukom, Raphael; Nicholson, Sharon; Noone, Simon; Nordli, Øyvind; Ólafsdóttir, Kristín Björg; Pearce, Petra R; Pfister, Lucas; Pribyl, Kathleen; Przybylak, Rajmund; Pudmenzky, Christa; Rasol, Dubravka; Reichenbach, Delia; Řezníčková, Ladislava; Rodrigo, Fernando S; Rohr, Christian; Skrynyk, Oleg; Slonosky, Victoria; Thorne, Peter; Valente, Maria Antónia; Vaquero, José M; Westcott, Nancy E; Williamson, Fiona; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2019): Unlocking Pre-1850 Instrumental Meteorological Records: A Global Inventory. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(12), ES389-ES413, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0040.1
Brunet, M; Jones, P (2011): Data rescue initiatives: bringing historical climate data into the 21st century. Climate Research, 47(1), 29-40, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00960
Camuffo, Dario; della Valle, Antonio; Becherini, Francesca (2023): Instrumental and Observational Problems of the Earliest Temperature Records in Italy: A Methodology for Data Recovery and Correction. Climate, 11(9), 178, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11090178
Changnon, Stanley A; Kunkel, Kenneth E (2006): Changes in Instruments and Sites Affecting Historical Weather Records: A Case Study. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23(6), 825-828, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1888.1
Compo, Gilbert P; Whitaker, J S; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D; Matsui, N; Allan, R J; Gleason, Byron E; Vose, Russell S; Rutledge, G; Bessemoulin, P; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, M; Crouthamel, Richard I; Grant, A N; Groisman, P Y; Jones, Philip D; Kruk, Michael C; Kruger, A C; Marshall, G J; Maugeri, M; Mok, H Y; Nordli, Øyvind; Ross, T F; Trigo, Ricardo Machado; Wang, Xiaolan L; Woodruff, Scott D; Worley, S J (2011): The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137(654), 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776
Conrad, Victor (1946): Methods in Climatology. Weather, 1(3), 84-84, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1946.tb00041.x
Coscarelli, Roberto; Caroletti, Giulio Nils; Joelsson, Magnus; Engström, Erik; Caloiero, Tommaso (2021): Validation metrics of homogenization techniques on artificially inhomogenized monthly temperature networks in Sweden and Slovenia (1950–2005). Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18288, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97685-7
Costa, Ana Cristina; Soares, Amílcar (2009): Homogenization of Climate Data: Review and New Perspectives Using Geostatistics. Mathematical Geosciences, 41(3), 291-305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-008-9203-3
Dobrovolný, Petr; Moberg, Anders; Brázdil, Rudolf; Pfister, Christian; Glaser, Rüdiger; Wilson, Rob; Van Engelen, Aryan FV; Limanówka, Danuta; Kiss, Andrea; Halíčková, Monika; Macková, Jarmila; Riemann, Dirk; Luterbacher, Jürg; Böhm, Reinhard (2010): Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature reconstructions for Central Europe derived from documentary evidence and instrumental records since AD 1500. Climatic Change, 101(1-2), 69-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9724-x
Domonkos, Peter (2023): Time Series Homogenization with ACMANT: Comparative Testing of Two Recent Versions in Large-Size Synthetic Temperature Datasets. Climate, 11(11), 224, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11110224
Easterling, David R; Kunkel, Kenneth E; Wehner, Michael F; Sun, Liqiang (2016): Detection and attribution of climate extremes in the observed record. Weather and Climate Extremes, 11, 17-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.01.001
Eaton, Katherine R; Banister, Raymond B; Arick, Lindsay N; Hall, Emily R; Muller, Erinn (2025): Genotype and symbiont composition rather than environment influence susceptibility to stony coral tissue loss disease in coral restoration broodstock. Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29292-9
Fleming, James (2000): Meteorology in America, 1800-1870. Johns Hopkins University Press, https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801839580
Gao, Xiang; Sokolov, Andrei; Schlosser, C Adam (2023): A Large Ensemble Global Dataset for Climate Impact Assessments. Scientific Data, 10(1), 801, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02708-9
Gubler, Stefanie; Hunziker, Stefan; Begert, Michael; Croci-Maspoli, M; Konzelmann, T; Brönnimann, Stefan; Schwierz, C; Oria, C; Rosas, G (2017): The influence of station density on climate data homogenization. International Journal of Climatology, 37(13), 4670-4683, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5114
Guijarro, Jose A (2004): Software libre para la depuración y homogeneización de datos climatológicos. Technical report
Guijarro, Jose A (2011): Homogenization of climatic series with Climatol. Report State Meteorological Agency. Balearic Islands Office Spain
Guijarro, Jose A (2018): Homogenization of climatic series with Climatol. Unpublished, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27020.41604
Hafen, M R (2025): Package 'stlplus' Type Package Title Enhanced Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series by Loess. Technical Report
Hannart, Alexis; Mestre, Olivier; Naveau, Philippe (2014): An automatized homogenization procedure via pairwise comparisons with application to Argentinean temperature series. International Journal of Climatology, 34(13), 3528-3545, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3925
Harper, K C (2008): Weather by the Numbers: The Genesis of Modern Meteorology. MIT Press, Cambridge
Hersbach, Hans; Bell, B; Berrisford, Paul; Hirahara, Shoji; Horányi, A; Muñoz-Sabater, Joaquín; Nicolas, J; Peubey, C; Radu, R; Schepers, D; Simmons, Adrian; Soci, C; Abdalla, Saleh; Abellan, Xavier; Balsamo, Gianpaolo; Bechtold, P; Biavati, G; Bidlot, J; Bonavita, Massimo; De Chiara, Giovanna; Dahlgren, Per; Dee, Dick; Diamantakis, Michail; Dragani, R; Flemming, Johannes; Forbes, Richard; Fuentes, Manuel; Geer, Alan; Haimberger, Leo; Healy, Sean; Hogan, Robin J; Hólm, Elías; Janisková, Marta; Keeley, Sarah; Laloyaux, Patrick; Lopez, Philippe; Lupu, Cristina; Radnoti, Gabor; de Rosnay, Patricia; Rozum, I; Vamborg, Freja; Villaume, Sebastian; Thépaut, Jean-Noël (2020): The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730), 1999-2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803
Joelsson, L Magnus T; Engström, Erik; Kjellström, Erik (2023): Homogenization of Swedish mean monthly temperature series 1860–2021. International Journal of Climatology, 43(2), 1079-1093, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7881
Joelsson, L Magnus T; Sturm, Christophe; Södling, Johan; Engström, Erik; Kjellström, Erik (2022): Automation and evaluation of the interactive homogenization tool HOMER. International Journal of Climatology, 42(5), 2861-2880, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7394
Jones, Philip D (2016): The reliability of global and hemispheric surface temperature records. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 33(3), 269-282, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5194-4
Killick, Rachel E; Jolliffe, Ian T; Willett, Kate M (2022): Benchmarking the performance of homogenization algorithms on synthetic daily temperature data. International Journal of Climatology, 42(7), 3968-3986, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7462
Kobayashi, Shinya; OTA, Yukinari; Harada, Yayoi; Ebita, Ayataka; Moriya, Masami; Onoda, Hirokatsu; Onogi, K; Kamahori, Hirotaka; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Endo, H; Miyaoka, Kengo; Takahashi, K (2015): The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 93(1), 5-48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001
Li-Juan, Cao; Zhong-Wei, Yan (2012): Progress in Research on Homogenization of Climate Data. Advances in Climate Change Research, 3(2), 59-67, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00059
Lindau, Ralf (2025): Estimation of Break and Noise Variance and the Maximum Distance of Climate Stations Allowed in Relative Homogenisation of Annual Temperature Anomalies. International Journal of Climatology, 45(3), e8724, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8724
Lindau, Ralf; Venema, Victor K C (2016): The uncertainty of break positions detected by homogenization algorithms in climate records. International Journal of Climatology, 36(2), 576-589, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4366
Lindau, Ralf; Venema, Victor K C (2019): A new method to study inhomogeneities in climate records: Brownian motion or random deviations? International Journal of Climatology, 39(12), 4769-4783, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6105
Lundstad, Elin; Brugnara, Yuri; Pappert, Duncan; Kopp, Jérôme; Samakinwa, Eric; Hürzeler, André; Andersson, Axel; Chimani, Barbara; Cornes, Richard C; Demarée, G; Filipiak, Janusz; Gates, L; Ives, Gemma L; Jones, Julie M; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kiss, Andrea; Nicholson, Sharon E; Przybylak, Rajmund; Jones, Philip D; Rousseau, Daniel; Tinz, Birger; Rodrigo, Fernando S; Grab, Stefan; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Slonosky, Victoria; Cooper, J; Brunet, Manola; Brönnimann, Stefan (2023): The global historical climate database HCLIM. Scientific Data, 10(1), 44, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01919-w
Lundstad, Elin; Tveito, O E (2016): Homogenization of Daily Mean Temperature in Norway. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Technical Report, 6
Menne, Matthew J; Williams, Claude N Jr (2009): Homogenization of Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons. Journal of Climate, 22(7), 1700-1717, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2263.1
Menne, Matthew J; Williams, Claude N Jr; Vose, Russell S (2009): The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(7), 993-1008, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1
Mestre, Olivier; Domonkos, Peter; Picard, F; Auer, Ingeborg; Robin, S; et al. (2013): HOMER: a homogenization software - methods and applications. Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, 177, 47-67, hdl:20.500.11765/1494
Nordli, Øyvind; Tveito, O E (2008): Calculation of Monthly Mean Temperature by Köppen's Formula in the Norwegian Station Network. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, Technical Report, 18
O'Neill, Peter; Connolly, Ronan; Connolly, Michael; Soon, Willie Wei-Hock; Chimani, Barbara; Crok, Marcel; de Vos, Rob; Harde, Hermann; Kajaba, Peter; Nojarov, Peter; Przybylak, Rajmund; Rasol, Dubravka; Skrynyk, Oleg; Skrynyk, Olesya; Štěpánek, Petr; Wypych, A; Zahradníček, Pavel (2022): Evaluation of the Homogenization Adjustments Applied to European Temperature Records in the Global Historical Climatology Network Dataset. Atmosphere, 13(2), 285, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020285
Osborn, Timothy J; Jones, Philip D; Lister, D H; Morice, C P; Simpson, I R; Winn, J P; Hogan, E; Harris, Ian (2021): Land Surface Air Temperature Variations Across the Globe Updated to 2019: The CRUTEM5 Data Set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(2), e2019JD032352, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032352
Parker, D E; Basnett, T A; Brown, Sarah J; Gordon, M; Horton, E B; Rayner, Nick A (2000): Climate Observations - The Instrumental Record. Space Science Reviews, 94(1-2), 309-320, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026787727530
Peterson, Thomas C; Easterling, David R; Karl, Thomas R; Groisman, Pavel Ya; Nicholls, Neville; Plummer, Neil; Torok, Simon; Auer, Ingeborg; Boehm, Reinhard; Gullett, Donald; Vincent, Lucie; Heino, R; Tuomenvirta, Heikki; Mestre, Olivier; Szentimrey, Tamás; Salinger, James; Førland, Eirik J; Hanssen-Bauer, I; Alexandersson, Hans; Jones, Philip D; Parker, David E (1998): Homogeneity adjustments of in situ atmospheric climate data: a review. International Journal of Climatology, 18(13), 1493-1517, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19981115)18:13%3C1493::AID-JOC329%3E3.0.CO;2-T
Rayner, Nick A; Parker, D E; Horton, E B; Folland, C K; Alexander, Lisa V; Rowell, D P (2003): Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century [dataset]. NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D14), https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670
Ribeiro, Sofia; Caineta, J; Costa, Ana Cristina (2016): Review and discussion of homogenisation methods for climate data. Physics and Chemistry of The Earth, 94, 167-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.08.007
Rousseau, Daniel (2009): Les températures mensuelles en région parisienne de 1676 à 2008. La Météorologie, 8(67), 43, https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/30038
Shen, Lingling; Lu, Li; Hu, Tianjie; Lin, Runsheng; Wang, Ji; Xu, Chong (2018): Homogeneity Test and Correction of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North China. Advances in Meteorology, 2018, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4712538
Slivinski, L C; Compo, G P; Sardeshmukh, P D; Whitaker, J S; McColl, Chesley; Allan, R J; Brohan, Philip; Yin, Xungang; Smith, Catherine A; Spencer, L J; Vose, Russell S; Rohrer, Marco; Conroy, R P; Schuster, D C; Kennedy, John J; Ashcroft, Linden; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, Manola; Camuffo, Dario; Cornes, Richard C; Cram, T A; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Freeman, J Eric; Gergis, Joëlle; Hawkins, Ed; Jones, Philip D; Kubota, Hisayuki; Lee, T C; Lorrey, Andrew M; Luterbacher, Jürg; Mock, Cary J; Przybylak, R K; Pudmenzky, Christa; Slonosky, V C; Tinz, Birger; Trewin, Blair; Wang, Xiaolan L; Wilkinson, Clive; Wood, Kevin; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2021): An Evaluation of the Performance of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Version 3. Journal of Climate, 34(4), 1417-1438, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0505.1
Slivinski, Laura C; Compo, Gilbert P; Whitaker, Jeffrey S; Sardeshmukh, Prashant D; Giese, Benjamin S; McColl, Chesley; Allan, Rob; Yin, Xungang; Vose, Russell S; Titchner, Holly; Kennedy, John J; Spencer, Lawrence J; Ashcroft, Linden; Brönnimann, Stefan; Brunet, Manola; Camuffo, Dario; Cornes, Richard C; Cram, Thomas A; Crouthamel, Richard I; Domínguez-Castro, Fernando; Freeman, J Eric; Gergis, Joëlle; Hawkins, Ed; Jones, Philip D; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kaplan, Alexey; Kubota, Hisayuki; Blancq, Frank Le; Lee, Tsz-Cheung; Lorrey, Andrew M; Luterbacher, Jürg; Maugeri, Maurizio; Mock, Cary J; Moore, GW Kent; Przybylak, Rajmund; Pudmenzky, Christa; Reason, Chris; Slonosky, Victoria; Smith, Catherine A; Tinz, Birger; Trewin, Blair; Valente, Maria Antónia; Wang, Xiaolan L; Wilkinson, Clive; Wood, Kevin; Wyszyński, Przemysław (2019): Towards a more reliable historical reanalysis: Improvements for version 3 of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145(724), 2876-2908, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3598
Solomon, Susan; Qin, D; Manning, M; Marquis, Melinda; Averyt, Kristen; Tignor, Melinda M B; Miller Jr., Henry LeRoy; Chen, Zhenlin (2007): Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2020/02/ar4-wg1-sum_vol_en.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwidkYi5ofSRAxW3A9sEHZ0SDmIQFnoECBYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0Vkf7cztOmyNV8EW3quUTE
Sturm, Christophe (preprint): Spatially aggregated climate indicators over Sweden (1860–2020), Part 1: Temperature. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-582
Toreti, Andrea; Kuglitsch, F G; Xoplaki, Elena; Della-Marta, P M; Aguilar, Enric; Prohom, M; Luterbacher, Jürg (2011): A note on the use of the standard normal homogeneity test to detect inhomogeneities in climatic time series. International Journal of Climatology, 31(4), 630-632, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2088
Trewin, Blair (2010): Exposure, instrumentation, and observing practice effects on land temperature measurements. WIREs Climate Change, 1(4), 490-506, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.46
Valler, Veronika; Franke, Jörg; Brugnara, Yuri; Samakinwa, Eric; Hand, Ralf; Lundstad, Elin; Burgdorf, Angela-Maria; Lipfert, Laura; Friedman, Andrew Ronald; Brönnimann, Stefan (2024): ModE-RA: a global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the modern era 1421 to 2008. Scientific Data, 11(1), 36, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02733-8
van Vliet, Arnold J H; Schwartz, Mark D (2002): Phenology and climate: the timing of life cycle events as indicators of climatic variability and change. International Journal of Climatology, 22(14), 1713-1714, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.816
Venema, Victor K C; Mestre, Olivier; Aguilar, E; Auer, Ingeborg; et al. (2012): Benchmarking homogenization algorithms for monthly data. Climate of the Past, 8(1), 89-115, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-89-2012
Vincent, Lucie A; Milewska, Ewa J; Wang, Xiaolan L; Hartwell, Megan M (2018): Uncertainty in homogenized daily temperatures and derived indices of extremes illustrated using parallel observations in Canada. International Journal of Climatology, 38(2), 692-707, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5203
Wang, Fang; Ge, Quansheng; Wang, S; Li, Qingxiang; Jones, Philip D (2015): A New Estimation of Urbanization's Contribution to the Warming Trend in China. Journal of Climate, 28(22), 8923-8938, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00427.1
Winkler, Peter (2023): The early meteorological network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781–1792): foundation, organization, and reception. History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 14(2), 93-120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-93-2023
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (1951): The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) 1873-1950. WMO-No. 11, Geneva, Switzerland
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2008): Proceedings of the Sixth Seminar for Homogenization and Quality Control in Climatological Databases. Technical Report, WMO-No. 1575, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, https://library.wmo.int/records/item/48629-proceedings-of-the-sixth-seminar-for-homogenization-and-quality-control-in-climatological-databases
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2016): Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue. 1182, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1513
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2017): Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals. 1203, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/55797
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2018): Guide to Climatological Practices. 100, https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/60113
World Meteorological Organization, WMO (2020): Guidelines on Homogenization. Report WMO, 1245, 51 pp
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 61.843774 * Median Longitude: 11.818677 * South-bound Latitude: 54.900000 * West-bound Longitude: -22.700000 * North-bound Latitude: 71.100000 * East-bound Longitude: 31.100000
Date/Time Start: 1722-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2021-01-01T00:00:00
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (License comes into effect after moratorium ends)
Size:
156 datasets

Download Data (login required; moratorium until 2026-07-08)

Download ZIP file containing all datasets as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

Datasets listed in this bundled publication

<< PREV | 1 | 2 | NEXT >>

  1. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Stykkisholmur, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989216
  2. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Akureyri, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989217
  3. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Grimsey, Iceland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989218
  4. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tromso_GH, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989227
  5. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Torungen_Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989219
  6. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bodo_Vi, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989220
  7. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bergen_Fredriksberg, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989224
  8. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Karasjok, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989222
  9. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vardo, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989228
  10. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Ona, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989221
  11. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Trondheimvoll, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989231
  12. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tromsolangnes, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989232
  13. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Dombaas, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989223
  14. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Oslo_Blindern, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989233
  15. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Abogen, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989225
  16. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Eidsvoll, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989230
  17. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Tonsasen, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989226
  18. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Loveid, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989229
  19. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Dalen_I_Telemark_Ii, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989234
  20. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Roldal, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989235
  21. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Skudenes_GH, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989236
  22. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Ullensvang_Forsoksgard, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989237
  23. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Haus, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989238
  24. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Hellisoy_Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989239
  25. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lardal, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989240
  26. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Alesund, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989241
  27. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Presto_GH, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989242
  28. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Ranahemnes, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989243
  29. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Skomvar_Fyr, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989244
  30. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Andenes_GH, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989245
  31. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Gjesvar, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989177
  32. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Sor_Varanger, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989190
  33. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Alta, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989184
  34. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_R0Ros, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989185
  35. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Haugastol, Norway. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989187
  36. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Harnosand, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989188
  37. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Linkoeping, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989183
  38. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Falun, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989179
  39. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Karlshamn, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989180
  40. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Halmstad, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989181
  41. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vastervik, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989182
  42. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Boras, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989189
  43. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Vanersborg, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989192
  44. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Skara, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989191
  45. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Orebro, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989178
  46. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Gavle, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989186
  47. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Bjuraker, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989193
  48. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Karesuando, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989194
  49. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kreuzburg, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989195
  50. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Torneo_Dove, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989197
  51. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Umeo, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989198
  52. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Kopenhagen, Denmark. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989196
  53. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Lund_PALAEO, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989199
  54. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Woero, Finland. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989200
  55. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Stockholm, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989203
  56. Lundstad, E; Joelsson, M (in review): Homogenized mean monthly temperature time series (HClim), station Hom_HCLIM_Uppsala, Sweden. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.989208

<< PREV | 1 | 2 | NEXT >>