Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew (2024): Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array, HolVol version 1.1 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.971971 (DOI registration in progress)
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Abstract:
Based on a set of continuous sulfate and sulfur records from four ice cores, one from Greenland and three from Antarctica, the HolVol v.1.0 database (Sigl et al., 2021, PANGAEA) included estimates of the magnitudes and approximate source latitudes of major volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection (VSSI) events for the Holocene (from 9500 BCE or 11 500 years BP to 1900 CE). In total, we reconstructed 850 volcanic eruptions with injections more than 1 teragram of sulfur (Tg S). These eruptions injected 7410 Tg S into the stratosphere. With the entire reconstructions based on the same four ice cores this reconstruction is best suited to study the frequency and spatial distribution of volcanic activity and resulting VSSI over long time periods and to study drivers and feedbacks between volcanism and climate through time (Sigl et al., 2022).
Here we update the database to HolVol v.1.1 as follows: First, we replace the HolVol reconstruction younger than 500 BCE with a similar reconstruction (eVolv2k; Toohey & Sigl 2017) which is based on a larger network of ice cores with on average higher depth resolution and for which important eruption source parameters (i.e. SSI, latitude, eruption season) have been constrained through dedicated geochemical (e.g. cryptotephra, sulfur isotopes, trace element) analyses (eVolv2k_version4, Sigl & Toohey, PANGAEA, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.971968). For consistency across the different datasets, we updated the default latitudes for unidentified volcanic eruptions suspected in the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics from 45°N to 48°N, for those suspected in the Southern Hemisphere extra-tropics from 45°S to 37°S and for those suspected in the tropics from 0° to 5°N (with the latter values being the default latitudes for HolVol, calculated from the mean distribution of large volcanic eruptions in geologic eruption catalogues).
Second, we updated strengths of VSSI, the timing and location of specific caldera-forming (VEI≥6) volcanic eruptions that we identified through geochemical fingerprinting (e.g. cryptotephra analysis; sulfur isotope analysis) and geochronological tools during the Mid-to-late Holocene using additional ice cores and new analyses (e.g. Aniakchak II, Crater Lake). The new HolVol v.1.1 database includes 1365 VSSI events between 9500 BCE to 2000 CE which injected in total 7370 TgS or 0.65 TgS per year on average. Dating uncertainties are +/- 1 to +/-3 years over the past 2,500 years, +/-5 years between 2000 BCE and 500 BCE, and less than +/-10 years before 2000 BCE.
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Related to:
Abbott, Peter M; McConnell, Joseph R; Chellman, Nathan J; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Hörhold, Maria; Freitag, Johannes; Cook, Eliza; Hutchison, William; Sigl, Michael (2024): Mid-to Late Holocene East Antarctic ice-core tephrochronology: Implications for reconstructing volcanic eruptions and assessing their climatic impacts over the last 5,500 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 329, 108544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108544
Pearson, Charlotte; Sigl, Michael; Burke, Andrea; Davies, Siwan M; Kurbatov, Andrei; Severi, Mirko; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Innes, Helen M; Albert, Paul G; Helmick, Meredith (2022): Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions. PNAS NEXUS, 1(2), pgac048, https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew (2024): Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, eVolv2k_version4 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.971968
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (2021): HolVol: Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth for the Holocene (9500 BCE to 1900 CE) [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (2022): Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array. Earth System Science Data, 14(7), 3167-3196, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022
Toohey, Matthew; Sigl, Michael (2017): Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE. Earth System Science Data, 9(2), 809-831, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-809-2017
Funding:
European Research Council (ERC), grant/award no. 820047: Timing of Holocene volcanic eruptions and their radiative aerosol forcing (THERA)
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AGE | Age | ka BP | Sigl, Michael | Geocode | |
| 2 | Time in years | Time | a | Sigl, Michael | before 1950 | |
| 3 | Year of eruption | Eruption | a AD | Sigl, Michael | defined as the year in which volcanic sulfate deposition in the polar ice cores started to rise; exact year is provided for known eruption dates (e.g. Tambora in 1815); the dating is primarily based on independent annual-layer counted chronologies from both Greenland and Antarctica | |
| 4 | Year of eruption | Eruption | a AD | Sigl, Michael | ISO (same as before, but using the ISO8601 international standard date (which includes a year 0)) | |
| 5 | Month | Month | Sigl, Michael | of eruption (default date of 1 January for unknown eruption dates) | ||
| 6 | Day | Day | Sigl, Michael | |||
| 7 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Sigl, Michael | Geocode – Estimated eruption latitude (default latitudes for unidentified eruptions detected only in Greenland were 45°N, eruptions detected only in Antarctica 45°S, and 0° if they were detected on Greenland and Antarctica) | ||
| 8 | Deposition of sulfate, volcanic, cumulative | Volc [SO4]2- depos cum | kg/m2 | Sigl, Michael | Greenland volcanic sulfate | |
| 9 | Deposition of sulfate, volcanic, cumulative | Volc [SO4]2- depos cum | kg/m2 | Sigl, Michael | Antarctic volcanic sulfate | |
| 10 | Volcanic stratospheric sulphur injection | VSSI | Tg | Sigl, Michael | stratospheric sulfur injection | |
| 11 | Volcanic stratospheric sulphur injection, standard deviation | VSSI std dev | ± | Sigl, Michael | 1-sigma uncertainty of stratospheric sulfur injection | |
| 12 | Asymmetry | Asymmetry | Sigl, Michael | ASY=(DG/(DG+DA)), DG= Greenland sulfate deposition, DA = Antarctica sulfate deposition | ||
| 13 | Location | Location | Sigl, Michael | |||
| 14 | Tephra layer | Tephra lay | Sigl, Michael | tephra detected in polar ice cores (Y, for positive; N, for no tephra reported) | ||
| 15 | Reference/source | Reference | Sigl, Michael |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
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