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Ayim, Samuel M; Rauch, Carsten; Wurl, Oliver (2026): High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE650 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.997183 (DOI registration in progress)

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Published: 2026-09-10

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Abstract:
During the RV Heincke cruise HE650 in the German Bight, the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES was deployed to obtain high-resolution measurements of key climate variables, including sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS). The platform sampled the upper ocean across five depths, extending from the near-surface layer (NSL; approximately 30–100 cm depth) to the sea-surface microlayer (SML), which occupies the uppermost millimetres of the ocean. Temperature and conductivity, from which salinity was derived, were measured using conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) sensors integrated into HALOBATES' flow-through system. Additional temperature sensors mounted beneath the catamaran provided in situ observations at six NSL depths. Discrete water samples were used to calibrate the salinity measurements and account for potential sensor offsets. Meteorological conditions were simultaneously monitored using two data loggers equipped with meteorological stations installed on the catamaran. HALOBATES operated continuously during the deployment on 6th November 2024.
Keyword(s):
autonomous surface vehicle; essential climate variables; field observations; German Bight; near-surface layer; North Sea; sea-surface microlayer; ship-based; skin layer
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 54.180899 * Median Longitude: 7.983450 * South-bound Latitude: 54.175500 * West-bound Longitude: 7.950000 * North-bound Latitude: 54.187000 * East-bound Longitude: 8.015900
Date/Time Start: 2024-11-06T08:26:00 * Date/Time End: 2024-11-06T14:50:00
Minimum Elevation: -24.0 m * Maximum Elevation: -16.0 m
Event(s):
HE650_2-1 * Latitude Start: 54.185257 * Longitude Start: 7.951365 * Latitude End: 54.182365 * Longitude End: 8.015703 * Date/Time Start: 2024-11-06T08:22:54 * Date/Time End: 2024-11-06T14:58:34 * Elevation Start: -16.0 m * Elevation End: -24.0 m * Location: North Sea * Campaign: HE650 (Test Cruise) * Basis: Heincke * Method/Device: CATAMARAN (CATM) * Comment: boat in water; boat on deck
Comment:
This data collection was supported by the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg.
The dataset comprises observations acquired by the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE650 in the German Bight, North Sea, on 6th November 2024. HALOBATES obtained conductivity and temperature measurements at multiple depths using CTD sensors integrated into a pumped flow-through system. Measurements of the sea-surface microlayer (SML), representing the uppermost millimetre of the ocean, were obtained using six partially submerged rotating glass discs, from which water was pumped to a dedicated CTD. Water from the near surface sampling depths was collected through intake tubes mounted on a ladder at the bow of the catamaran, providing measurements at depths of 30, 40, 60 and 100 cm.
Meteorological conditions were monitored by onboard weather stations, which measured variables including wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity. Two data loggers simultaneously recorded the meteorological observations and the GPS position of HALOBATES. The vehicle supported both manual operation and autonomous navigation. During station-based measurements, it could either drift passively with surface currents when the autopilot was disengaged or follow predetermined trajectories under autopilot control.
Quality-control flags ranging from 0 to 4 are provided, with their definitions documented in the metadata of the main data file. Observations assigned flags 1 and 2 are considered suitable for scientific use.
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
1Event labelEventAyim, Samuel M
2DATE/TIMEDate/TimeAyim, Samuel MCR1000X Datalaogger, Campbell ScientificGeocode
3LocationLocation
4CountryCountry
5LATITUDELatitudeAyim, Samuel MGPS, Garmin, 16sGeocode
6LONGITUDELongitudeAyim, Samuel MGPS, Garmin, 16sGeocode
7Pressure, atmosphericPPPPhPaAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550barometric pressure at 2 meters
8Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550at 2 meters
9Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550at 2 meters
10Dew/frost pointTdTdTd°CAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550at 2 meters
11Wind speed at 2 m heightFF2m/sAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550
12Wind speed at 10 m heightFF10m/sAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550true wind speed scaled to 10 meters; Logarithmic scaling for U10
13Wind direction, trueWindDirTrudegAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550at 2 meters
14Temperature, technicalT tech°CAyim, Samuel MUV-A sensor, Apogee Instruments, SU-200-SS Seriespanel temperature at 2 meters
15Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310sea surface microlayer (SML)
16ConductivityCondmS/cmAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310sea surface microlayer (SML)
17SalinitySalAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310sea surface microlayer (SML)
18Salinity, absoluteASALg/kgAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310sea surface microlayer (SML)
19Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31030 cm depth
20ConductivityCondmS/cmAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31030 cm depth
21SalinitySalAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31030 cm depth
22Salinity, absoluteASALg/kgAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31030 cm depth
23Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31040 cm depth
24ConductivityCondmS/cmAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31040 cm depth
25SalinitySalAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31040 cm depth
26Salinity, absoluteASALg/kgAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31040 cm depth
27Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31060 cm depth
28ConductivityCondmS/cmAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31060 cm depth
29SalinitySalAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31060 cm depth
30Salinity, absoluteASALg/kgAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 31060 cm depth
31Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310100 cm depth
32ConductivityCondmS/cmAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310100 cm depth
33SalinitySalAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310100 cm depth
34Salinity, absoluteASALg/kgAyim, Samuel MCTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310100 cm depth
35Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MTemperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ (TS_RBR)30 cm
36Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MTemperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ (TS_RBR)40 cm
37Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MTemperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ (TS_RBR)50 cm
38Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MTemperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ (TS_RBR)60 cm
39Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MTemperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ (TS_RBR)85 cm
40Temperature, waterTemp°CAyim, Samuel MT.D, RBR, RBRduet³100 cm
41Pressure, waterPressdbarAyim, Samuel MT.D, RBR, RBRduet³100 cm
42Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, minimumSWD minW/m2Ayim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6spectral range (0.285-2.8) x 10E-6 m, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
43Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, maximumSWD maxW/m2Ayim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6spectral range (0.285-2.8) x 10E-6 m, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
44Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6sensor SMP6, at 200 cm above the sea surface
45Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6sensor SMP6, at 200 cm above the sea surface
46Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
47Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
48Humidity, relative, minimumRH min%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
49Humidity, relative, maximumRH max%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
50Dew/frost point, minimumTdTdTd min°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
51Dew/frost point maximumTdTdTd max°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at 150 cm above the sea surface
52Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
53Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
54Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
55Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
56Humidity, relative, minimumRH min%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
57Humidity, relative, maximumRH max%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
58Dew/frost point, minimumTdTdTd min°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
59Dew/frost point maximumTdTdTd max°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at 100 cm above the sea surface
60Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
61Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
62Humidity, relative, minimumRH min%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
63Humidity, relative, maximumRH max%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
64Dew/frost point, minimumTdTdTd min°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
65Dew/frost point maximumTdTdTd max°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at 200 cm above the sea surface
66Wind speed, minimumff minm/sAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
67Wind speed, maximumff maxm/sAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
68Wind direction, minimumdd mindegAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
69Wind direction, maximumdd maxdegAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
70Temperature, air, minimumTnTnTn°CAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
71Temperature, air, maximumTxTxTx°CAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
72Humidity, relative, minimumRH min%Ayim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
73Humidity, relative, maximumRH max%Ayim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
74Pressure, atmospheric, minimumPPPP minhPaAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
75Pressure, atmospheric, maximumPPPP maxhPaAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface
76Humidity, relative, minimumRH min%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
77Humidity, relative, maximumRH max%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
78Dew/frost point, minimumTdTdTd min°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
79Dew/frost point maximumTdTdTd max°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at 50 cm above the sea surface
80Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiationSWDW/m2Ayim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6sverage; spectral range (0.285-2.8) x 10E-6 m; at 200 cm above the sea surface
81Temperature, technicalT tech°CAyim, Samuel MPyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6sverage internal temperature of the SMP6; at 200 cm above the sea surface
82Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
83Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
84Dew/frost pointTdTdTd°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
85Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
86Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
87Dew/frost pointTdTdTd°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
88Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
89Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
90Dew/frost pointTdTdTd°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
91Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
92Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
93Dew/frost pointTdTdTd°CAyim, Samuel MHygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Climasensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
94Wind speedffm/sAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface, average
95Wind directiondddegAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface, average
96Temperature, airTTT°CAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface, average
97Humidity, relativeRH%Ayim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface, average
98Pressure, atmosphericPPPPhPaAyim, Samuel MWeather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)at 200 cm above the sea surface, average
99Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCampbell air temperature
100Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCampbell panel temperature
101Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCampbell relative humidity
102Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD conductivity 100cm
103Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD temperature 100cm
104Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD conductivity SML
105Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD temperature SML
106Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD conductivity 40cm
107Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD temperature 40cm
108Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD conductivity 30cm
109Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD temperature 30cm
110Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD conductivity 60cm
111Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MCTD temperature 60cm
112Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 30cm
113Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 40cm
114Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 50cm
115Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 60cm
116Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 85cm
117Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MRBR temperature 100cm
118Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature SMP6 MIN
119Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature SMP6 MAX
120Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 2 MIN
121Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 2 MAX
122Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 3 MIN
123Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 3 MAX
124Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 4 MIN
125Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 4 MAX
126Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 5 MIN
127Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 5 MAX
128Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature CUS MIN
129Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature CUS MAX
130Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 2 MIN
131Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 2 MAX
132Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 4 MIN
133Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 4 MAX
134Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 5 MIN
135Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 5 MAX
136Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity CUS MIN
137Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity CUS MAX
138Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 3 MIN
139Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 3 MAX
140Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature SMP6 AVG
141Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 2 AVG
142Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 3 AVG
143Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 4 AVG
144Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature 5 AVG
145Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies temperature CUS AVG
146Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 2 AVG
147Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 3 AVG
148Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 4 AVG
149Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity 5 AVG
150Quality flagQFAyim, Samuel MThies relative humidity CUS AVG
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
990544 data points

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