Paine, Alice R; Baldini, James; Rex, Charlie L; Sigl, Michael; Pausata, Francesco S R; Brown, Richard J (2026): IntCal20 age calibrations for the largest (M ≥5.9) known explosive eruptions between 90°N and 20°S, since 11.7 ka [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.995594 (DOI registration in progress)
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Published: 2026-06-23
Abstract:
Uncalibrated (14C), calibrated (IntCal20), and corresponding ice core-derived ages for the 51 largest known Holocene eruptions between 90 degrees north, and 20 degrees south. IntCal20 ages listed are those presented in Paine et al. Evidence for volcanic forcing of Holocene cold events - where individual 14C ages were recalibrated using the IntCal20 curve, and modelled within the OxCal online version 4.4 model (https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html). All ages are given in years before present, where "present" corresponds to 1950 CE.
Inclusion of an event in this list followed a two-stage compilation process; as part of the aforementioned study. The first stage involved extraction of eruption data from the Large Magnitude Explosive Eruption database (LaMEVE). Eruptions were immediately removed if they did not correspond to our pre-defined criteria for location (90 deg. N to 20 deg. S) and age (~11700–600 yr BP). A conservative magnitude filter of M≥5.9 was initially applied to our search, where M is quantified to one decimal point. Thus, eruptions listed as M=5.9 includes all eruptions with M values between 5.9 and 6.0. Eruptions with magnitudes listed as 5.9 were independently assessed in order to verify volumetric estimations, and their associated magnitude calculations. The second stage of data compilation involved a thorough intra-study comparison, where volumetric and chronological data was cross-checked with all literature currently available for each eruption individually: to determine the consistency in values. Where possible, magnitude estimates were also cross-checked across different modes of data acquisition (e.g., geological, geophysical, and model-based), to ensure that the values provided in the literature were consistent across different methods of estimation. From the 51 eruptions that remained in our compilation following stages (1) and (2), ages for 45 are derived from 14C (radiocarbon) dating.
Keyword(s):
Related to:
Paine, Alice R; Baldini, J U L; Rex, Charlie L; Sigl, Michael; Pausata, Francesco S R; Brown, Richard J (2026): Evidence for volcanic forcing of Holocene cold events. Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73492-4
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 34.959608 * Median Longitude: 165.985490 * South-bound Latitude: -16.250000 * West-bound Longitude: 14.430000 * North-bound Latitude: 64.420000 * East-bound Longitude: -17.330000
Event(s):
Katla_volcano * Latitude: 63.633000 * Longitude: -19.050000 * Location: Iceland * Method/Device: Multiple investigations (MULT)
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Event label | Event | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 2 | Source volcano | Source volcano | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 3 | Location | Location | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 4 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Paine, Alice R | Geocode | ||
| 5 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Paine, Alice R | Geocode | ||
| 6 | Unit | Unit | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 7 | Age, dated | Age dated | ka BP | Paine, Alice R | Age, uncalibrated | Uncalibrated Age (ka BP) |
| 8 | Age, dated, error | Age dated e | ± | Paine, Alice R | Age, uncalibrated | Uncalibrated Age Error (kyr) |
| 9 | Reference/source | Reference | Paine, Alice R | Uncalibrated Age Reference(s) | ||
| 10 | Uniform resource locator/link to source data file | URL source | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 11 | Age, dated | Age dated | ka BP | Paine, Alice R | Age, IntCal20 | IntCal20 Age (ka BP); Median |
| 12 | Age, dated, error | Age dated e | ± | Paine, Alice R | Age, IntCal20 | IntCal20 Age Error (kyr), Median |
| 13 | Ice age | Ice age | ka BP | Paine, Alice R | Ice Core Age (ka BP) | |
| 14 | Ice age, error | Ice age e | ± | Paine, Alice R | Ice Core Age Error (kyr) | |
| 15 | Reference/source | Reference | Paine, Alice R | Ice Core Age Reference(s) | ||
| 16 | Uniform resource locator/link to source data file | URL source | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 17 | Uniform resource locator/link to source data file | URL source | Paine, Alice R | |||
| 18 | Age, dated | Age dated | ka BP | Paine, Alice R | see comment | Final Eruption Age (ka BP) |
| 19 | Age, dated, error | Age dated e | ± | Paine, Alice R | Final Eruption Age Error (kyr) | |
| 20 | Method comment | Method comm | Paine, Alice R | Determined by… |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
610 data points
Data
| 1 Event | 2 Source volcano | 3 Location | 4 Latitude | 5 Longitude | 6 Unit | 7 Age dated [ka BP] (Uncalibrated Age (ka BP), Age...) | 8 Age dated e [±] (Uncalibrated Age Error (kyr),...) | 9 Reference (Uncalibrated Age Reference(s)) | 10 URL source | 11 Age dated [ka BP] (IntCal20 Age (ka BP); Median,...) | 12 Age dated e [±] (IntCal20 Age Error (kyr), Med...) | 13 Ice age [ka BP] (Ice Core Age (ka BP)) | 14 Ice age e [±] (Ice Core Age Error (kyr)) | 15 Reference (Ice Core Age Reference(s)) | 16 URL source | 17 URL source | 18 Age dated [ka BP] (Final Eruption Age (ka BP), s...) | 19 Age dated e [±] (Final Eruption Age Error (kyr)) | 20 Method comm (Determined by…) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakataua_volcano | Dakataua | New Britain | -5.06 | 150.11 | Dk | 1.37000 | 0.037 | McKee, C., et al. A remarkable pulse of large-scale volcanism on New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea. Bull Volcanol 73, 27–37 (2011). | doi:10.1007/s00445-010-0401-8 | 1.35 | 0.05 | 1.349 | 0.0505 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Kurile_Lake | Kurile Lake | Kamchatka Peninsula | 51.45 | 157.12 | CF | 7.61800 | 0.014 | Ponomareva, V. V. et al. The 7600 (14C) year BP Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption, Kamchatka, Russia: stratigraphy and field relationships. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136, 199–222 (2004) | doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.013 | 8.40 | 0.02 | 1.010 | 0.0010 | Ice Core | |||||
| Okmok | Okmok | Aleutian Islands | 53.43 | -168.13 | Okmok I | 8.26000 | 0.090 | Miller, T. P. & Smith, R. L. Late Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions in the eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska. Geology 15, 434–438 (1987) | 9.24 | 0.22 | 3.520 | 0.0530 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Long_Island_volcano | Long Island | New Guinea | -5.36 | 147.12 | Biliau Beds | 3.99000 | 0.110 | Pain, C. F., et al. Pyroclastic deposits and eruptive sequences of Long Island. Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Memoir 101–113 (1981) | doi:10.1177/0959683617735589 | 4.73 | 0.26 | 7.140 | 0.2880 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Pinatubo_volcano | Pinatubo | The Phillippines | 15.13 | 120.35 | Tayawan/Pasbul | 8.38000 | 0.080 | Newhall, C.G., et al. Eruptive History of Mount Pinatubo. Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, 1996) | doi:10.1785/gssrl.69.2.123 | 9.37 | 0.17 | 8.400 | 0.0215 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Churchill_volcano | Churchill | Alaska | 61.38 | -141.75 | White River Ash (east) | 1.09700 | 0.063 | Jensen, B. J. L. et al. A latest Pleistocene and Holocene composite tephrostratigraphic framework for northeastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 272, 107242 (2021); Jensen, B. J. L. et al. Transatlantic distribution of the Alaskan White River Ash. Geology 42, 875–878 (2014) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107242 | 1.04 | 0.14 | 7.760 | 0.1040 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Krakatau_volcano | Krakatau | Indonesia | -6.10 | 105.42 | 416 AD | 1.60900 | 0.000 | Historical Records | 1.610 | Historical | |||||||||
| Changbaishan_volcano | Changbaishan | China/North Korea | 41.98 | 128.08 | Millennium/B-Tm | 1.005 | 0.0000 | Oppenheimer, C. et al. Multiproxy dating the ‘Millennium Eruption’ of Changbaishan to late 946 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews 158, 164–171 (2017) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.024 | 0.690 | 0.0010 | Ice Core | |||||||
| Karymsky_volcano | Karymsky | Kamchatka | 54.05 | 159.45 | KRM | 7.89200 | 0.041 | Braitseva, O. A., et al. Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia. Bulletin of Volcanology 57, 383–402 (1995) | doi:10.1007/BF00300984 | 8.70 | 0.11 | 8.310 | 0.1395 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Katla_volcano | Katla | Iceland | 63.63 | -19.05 | Eldgjá | 1.011 | 0.0010 | Oppenheimer, C. et al. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, longrange impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland. Climatic Change 147, 369–381 (2018); Hutchison, W. et al. High?Resolution Ice?Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans?Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE. JGR Atmospheres 129, e2023JD040142 (2024) | doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9 | 10.630 | 0.1450 | IntCal20 | |||||||
| Mount_St_Helens | St. Helens | USA | 46.20 | -122.18 | Yn (Smith Creek) | 3.49850 | 0.040 | Jensen, B. J. L., et al. A re-examination of the three most prominent Holocene tephra deposits in western Canada: Bridge River, Mount St. Helens Yn and Mazama. Quaternary International 500, 83–95 (2019) | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.017 | 3.78 | 0.10 | doi:10.1029/2023JD040142 | 9.240 | 0.2170 | IntCal20 | ||||
| Veniaminof_volcano | Veniaminof | Alaska | 56.17 | -159.38 | CF | 3.64600 | 0.055 | Miller, T. P. & Smith, R. L. Late Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions in the eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska. Geology 15, 434–438 (1987) | 3.97 | 0.13 | 3.580 | 0.0040 | Ice Core | ||||||
| Ambrym_volcano | Ambrym | Vanatu | -16.25 | 168.12 | ~2ka | 1.90000 | 0.106 | McCall, G. J. H., et al. The geology and geophysics of the ambrym caldera, New Hebrides. Bull Volcanol 34, 681–696 (1970) | doi:10.1007/BF02596698 | 2.07 | 0.26 | 2.070 | 0.2600 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Ksudach_volcano | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 51.80 | 157.53 | KS1 | 1.85000 | 0.240 | Jensen, B. J. L. et al. A latest Pleistocene and Holocene composite tephrostratigraphic framework for northeastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 272, 107242 (2021); Ponomareva, V. et al. A full holocene tephrochronology for the Kamchatsky Peninsula region: Applications from Kamchatka to North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 168, 101–122 (2017) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107242 | 7.98 | 0.36 | 7.610 | 0.1785 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Aniakchak_volcano | Aniakchak | Alaska | 56.88 | -158.17 | Aniakchak II | 3.578 | 0.0040 | Pearson, C. et al. Geochemical icecore constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions. PNAS Nexus 1, pgac048 (2022) | doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048 | 1.540 | 0.1980 | IntCal20 | |||||||
| Churchill_volcano | Churchill | Alaska | 61.38 | -141.75 | (WRAn) | 1.82200 | 0.130 | Reuther, J., et al. Revisiting the Timing of the Northern Lobe of the White River Ash Volcanic Event in Eastern Alaska and Western Yukon. Radiocarbon 62, 169–188 (2020) | doi:10.1017/RDC.2019.110 | 1.71 | 0.30 | 2.020 | 0.0915 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Fisher_volcano | Fisher | Aleutian Islands | 54.65 | -164.43 | CF | 9.37200 | 0.198 | Stelling, P., et al. Eruptive history of Fisher Caldera, Alaska, USA. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 139, 163–183 (2005) | doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.006 | 10.70 | 0.49 | 3.970 | 0.1310 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Ksudach_volcano | Ksudach | Kamchatka Peninsula | 51.80 | 157.53 | KS2 | 7.13300 | 0.195 | Jensen, B. J. L. et al. A latest Pleistocene and Holocene composite tephrostratigraphic framework for northeastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 272, 107242 (2021); Ponomareva, V. et al. A full holocene tephrochronology for the Kamchatsky Peninsula region: Applications from Kamchatka to North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 168, 101–122 (2017) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107242 | 1.82 | 0.52 | 7.089 | 0.0260 | Davies, S. M. et al. Exploiting the Greenland volcanic ash repository to date calderaforming eruptions and widespread isochrons during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 334, 108707 (2024) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108707 | 10.000 | 0.0880 | IntCal20 | |
| Rinjani_volcano | Rinjani | Indonesia | -8.42 | 116.47 | Samalas | 0.693 | Vidal, C. M. et al. Dynamics of the major plinian eruption of Samalas in 1257 A.D. (Lombok, Indonesia). Bull Volcanol 77, 73 (2015) | 1.040 | 0.1355 | IntCal20 | |||||||||
| Vesuvius_volcano | Vesuvius | Italy | 40.82 | 14.43 | Avellino | 3.47900 | 0.029 | Sevink, J., et al. Radiocarbon dating distal tephra from the Early Bronze Age Avellino eruption (EU-5) in the coastal basins of southern Lazio (Italy): Uncertainties, results, and implications for dating distal tephra. Quaternary Geochronology 63, 101154 (2021) | doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2021.101154 | 3.76 | 0.07 | 10.700 | 0.4925 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Makushin_volcano | Makushin | Alaska | 53.89 | -166.92 | 6000 BC | 8.05000 | 0.050 | Global Volcanism Program (GVP) [volcano.si.edu] | 8.88 | 0.16 | 10.180 | 0.0600 | Ice Core | ||||||
| Grimsvötn_volcano | Grímsvötn | Iceland | 64.42 | -17.33 | Saksunarvatn | 10.10550 | 0.315 | Oladóttir, B.A., et al. (2020) The Saksunarvatn Ash and the G10ka series tephra. Review and current state of knowledge. Quaternary Geochronology 56: 101041 | doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2019.101041 | 11.89 | 0.82 | 10.180 | 0.0200 | Sigl, M., et al. Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar icecore array. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 3167–3196 (2022) | doi:10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022 | 3.980 | 0.4100 | IntCal20 | |
| Opala_volcano | Opala | Kamchatka | 52.54 | 157.34 | OP (Baranii Amphitheatre crater) | 1.48000 | 0.050 | Braitseva, O. A., et al. Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia. Bulletin of Volcanology 57, 383–402 (1995) | doi:10.1007/BF00300984 | 1.36 | 0.06 | 10.690 | 0.1090 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Pago_volcano | Pago | New Britain | -5.58 | 150.52 | WK-2 | 3.30000 | 0.160 | Machida, H. et al. Holocene explosive eruptions of Witori and Dakataua caldera volcanoes in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Quaternary International 34–36, 65–78 (1996) | doi:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00070-4 | 3.98 | 0.41 | 3.980 | 0.4100 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Taal_volcano | Taal | The Phillippines | 14.00 | 120.99 | Taal scoria / Caldera collapse | 6.11000 | 0.800 | Reyes et al. (2017); Martinez & Williams (1999) | 7.06 | 1.75 | 3.760 | 0.0740 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Pago_volcano | Pago | New Britain | -5.58 | 150.52 | WG | 1.24000 | 0.080 | Machida, H. et al. Holocene explosive eruptions of Witori and Dakataua caldera volcanoes in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Quaternary International 34–36, 65–78 (1996) | doi:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00070-4 | 1.30 | 0.12 | 1.300 | 0.1240 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Tao-Rusyr_volcano | Tao-Rusyr | Kuril Islands | 49.35 | 154.70 | CF | 7.50000 | 0.080 | Braitseva, O. A., et al. Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia. Bulletin of Volcanology 57, 383–402 (1995) | doi:10.1007/BF00300984 | 8.31 | 0.14 | 1.300 | 0.1240 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Avachinsky_volcano | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 53.26 | 158.83 | IAv2 | 7.15100 | 0.051 | Braitseva, O., et al. Holocene Key-Marker Tephra Layers in Kamchatka, Russia. Quaternary Research 47, 125–139 (1997) | doi:10.1006/qres.1996.1876 | 7.98 | 0.06 | 9.370 | 0.1670 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Khangar_volcano | Khangar | Kamchatka | 54.75 | 157.38 | KHG | 6.91450 | 0.030 | Braitseva, O.A. et al. (1996) The caldera-forming eruption of Ksudach volcano about cal. A.D. 240: The greatest explosive event of our era in Kamchatka, Russia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 70(1/2): 49-65 | doi:10.1016/0377-0273(95)00047-X | 7.74 | 0.06 | 7.980 | 0.3640 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Mashu_volcano | Mashu | Japan | 43.57 | 144.57 | Ma-f/g/h/i/j | 6.73000 | 0.060 | Kishimoto, H. Tephrostratigraphy and eruption style of Mashu volcano, during the last 14,000 years, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan 54, 15–36 (2009) | DOI:10.18940/kazan.54.1_15 | 7.58 | 0.10 | 7.580 | 0.0990 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Vesuvius_volcano | Vesuvius | Italy | 40.82 | 14.43 | Mercato Pumice / Ottaviano | 8.09800 | 0.071 | Santacroce, R. et al. Age and whole rock-glass compositions of proximal pyroclastics from the major explosive eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius: A review as a tool for distal tephrostratigraphy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177, 1–18 (2008); Wulf, S., et al. Tephrochronology of the 100ka lacustrine sediment record of Lago Grande di Monticchio (southern Italy). Quaternary International 122, 7–30 (2004) | doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.06.009 | 9.02 | 0.26 | 4.730 | 0.2580 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Aniakchak_volcano | Aniakchak | Alaska | 56.88 | -158.17 | Aniakchak I | 9.47000 | 0.040 | VanderHoek, R. & Myron, R. An Archaeological Overview and Assessment of Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve. (2004) | 10.69 | 0.11 | 5.830 | 0.1700 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Okmok | Okmok | Aleutian Islands | 53.43 | -168.13 | Okmok II | 2.05000 | 0.030 | Larsen, J. F., et al. Geologic Map of Okmok Volcano. https://doi.org/10.14509/31015 (2023) | doi:10.14509/31015 | 2.02 | 0.09 | 1.993 | 0.0020 | McConnell, J. R. et al. Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117, 15443–15449 (2020) | doi:10.1073/pnas.2002722117 | 1.710 | 0.2985 | IntCal20 | |
| Pinatubo_volcano | Pinatubo | The Phillippines | 15.13 | 120.35 | Crow Valley | 4.86500 | 0.485 | Newhall, C.G., et al. Eruptive History of Mount Pinatubo. Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, 1996) | doi:10.1785/gssrl.69.2.123 | 5.60 | 1.19 | 7.740 | 0.0600 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Pinatubo_volcano | Pinatubo | The Phillippines | 15.13 | 120.35 | Maraunot | 2.92500 | 0.070 | Newhall, C.G., et al. Eruptive History of Mount Pinatubo. Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Quezon City, 1996) | doi:10.1785/gssrl.69.2.123 | 3.06 | 0.19 | 8.700 | 0.1090 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Black_Peak_volcano | Black Peak | Alaska | 56.55 | -158.78 | CF | 4.44700 | 0.040 | Miller, T. P. & Smith, R. L. Late Quaternary caldera-forming eruptions in the eastern Aleutian arc, Alaska. Geology 15, 434–438 (1987) | 5.05 | 0.09 | 5.600 | 1.1900 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Ceboruco_volcano | Ceboruco | Mexico | 21.13 | -104.51 | Jala Pumice | 1.05500 | 0.085 | Sieron, K. & Siebe, C. Revised stratigraphy and eruption rates of Ceboruco stratovolcano and surrounding monogenetic vents (Nayarit, Mexico) from historical documents and new radiocarbon dates. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176, 241–264 (2008); Jensen, B. J. L. et al. A latest Pleistocene and Holocene composite tephrostratigraphic framework for northeastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 272, 107242 (2021). | doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.04.006 | 0.98 | 0.20 | 1.009 | 0.0010 | Hutchison, W. et al. High?Resolution Ice?Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans?Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE. JGR Atmospheres 129, e2023JD040142 (2024) | doi:10.1029/2023JD040142 | 9.670 | 2.5060 | IntCal20 | |
| Illopango_volcano | Illopango | El Salvador | 13.67 | -89.05 | Tierra Blanca Joven | 1.65000 | 0.102 | Smith, V. C. et al. The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 202003008 (2020) | doi:10.1073/pnas.2003008117 | 1.54 | 0.20 | 1.519 | 0.0020 | Smith, V. C. et al. The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 202003008 (2020) | doi:10.1073/pnas.2003008117 | 3.060 | 0.1880 | IntCal20 | |
| Fisher_volcano | Fisher | Alaska | 54.65 | -164.43 | Turquoise Cone | 5.12000 | 0.070 | Stelling, P., et al. Eruptive history of Fisher Caldera, Alaska, USA. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 139, 163–183 (2005) | doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.006 | 5.83 | 0.17 | 7.980 | 0.0630 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Karkar_volcano | Karkar | New Guinea | -4.65 | 145.96 | Wadau deposit | 9.09000 | 0.250 | Pain, C. F. & McKee, C. O. Late Quaternary eruptive history of Karkar Island. Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Memoir 10, 39–47 (1981) | 10.81 | 0.63 | 10.810 | 0.6330 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Pago_volcano | Pago | New Britain | -5.58 | 150.52 | Witori-Kimbe WK-1 | 5.63000 | 0.110 | Machida, H. et al. Holocene explosive eruptions of Witori and Dakataua caldera volcanoes in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Quaternary International 34–36, 65–78 (1996) | doi:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00070-4 | 6.67 | 0.20 | 6.670 | 0.2025 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Santorini_volcano | Santorini | Greece | 36.40 | 25.40 | Minoan | 3.31000 | 0.023 | Pearson, C., et al. Olive shrub buried on Therasia supports a mid-16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Sci Rep 13, 6994 (2023). | doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33696-w | 3.52 | 0.05 | 0.710 | 0.0870 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Ulleungdo_volcano | Ulleungdo | South Korea | 37.50 | 130.87 | U4 | 8.94900 | 0.042 | Staff, R. A. et al. New14 C Determinations from Lake Suigetsu, Japan: 12,000 to 0 Cal BP. Radiocarbon 53, 511–528 (2011) | doi:10.1017/S0033822200034627 | 10.00 | 0.09 | 3.780 | 0.0985 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Aira_volcano | Aira | Japan | 31.59 | 130.66 | Wakamiko/Shinjima/Moeshima | 8.05000 | 1.000 | Global Volcanism Programme (GVP) [volcano.si.edu] | 9.67 | 2.51 | 8.880 | 0.1560 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Kikai_volcano | Kikai | Japan | 30.79 | 130.31 | Akahoya/ K-Ah | 6.28000 | 0.130 | Smith et al. (2013), Staff et al. (2011) | 7.14 | 0.29 | 0.980 | 0.1985 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Mazama_volcano | Mazama | Oregon, USA | 42.93 | -122.12 | Crater Lake | 6.75375 | 0.100 | Egan, J., et al. A high-precision age estimate of the Holocene Plinian eruption of Mount Mazama, Oregon, USA. The Holocene 25, 1054–1067 (2015) | doi:10.1177/0959683615576230 | 7.61 | 0.18 | 7.562 | 0.0035 | Jensen, B. J. L. et al. A latest Pleistocene and Holocene composite tephrostratigraphic framework for northeastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 272, 107242 (2021) | doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107242 | 1.820 | 0.5225 | IntCal20 | |
| Lvinaya_Past_volcano | Lvinaya Past | Kuril Islands | 44.61 | 146.99 | CF | 9.40000 | 0.060 | Razzhigaeva, N. G., et al. Age, source, and distribution of Holocene tephra in the southern Kurile Islands: Evaluation of Holocene eruptive activities in the southern Kurile arc. Quaternary International 397, 63–78 (2016) | doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.070 | 10.63 | 0.15 | 1.360 | 0.0635 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Oshima-Oshima_volcano | Oshima-Oshima | Japan | 41.51 | 139.37 | Nishi-yama ejecta | 0.76000 | 0.070 | Katsui, Y. & Yamamoto, M. The 1741–1742 activity of Oshima-oshima volcano, north Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science at Hokkaido University 19, 527–536 (1981) | 0.71 | 0.09 | 9.020 | 0.2565 | IntCal20 | ||||||
| Semisopochnoi_volcano | Semisopochnoi | Alaska | 51.93 | 179.58 | Caldera formation | 6.92000 | 0.060 | Coombs, M. L., et al. Postglacial Eruptive History and Geochemistry of Semisopochnoi Volcano, Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. 33 https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175150 (2018) | doi:10.3133/sir20175150 | 7.76 | 0.10 | 1.010 | 0.0010 | Ice Core | |||||
| Kaguyak_volcano | Kaguyak | Alaska | 58.61 | -154.03 | Caldera eruption | 5.80000 | 0.200 | Fierstein, J. Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: an overview. Bull Volcanol 69, 469–509 (2007) | doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0097-y | 6.72 | 0.44 | 6.720 | 0.4420 | IntCal20 | |||||
| Rabaul_volcano | Rabaul | New Britain | -4.27 | 152.20 | Rabaul Pyroclastics | 1.38000 | 0.034 | McKee, C.O., et al. A revised age of AD 667-699 for the latest major eruption at Rabaul. Bulletin of Volcanology 77, 65 (2015) | doi:10.1007/s00445-015-0954-7 | 1.35 | 0.04 |