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Hayward, Bruce William; Kawagata, Shungo; Sabaa, Ashwaq T; Grenfell, Hugh R; Van Kerckhoven, Liesbeth; Johnson, Katherine; Thomas, Ellen (2022): The last Global Extinction in the deep sea - foraminiferal and related data [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949555

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Abstract:
Part 1. The Last Global Extinction in the Deep Sea:
During the Last Global Extinction (LGE) c. 20% (30 genera, 105 species) of cosmopolitan, mainly deep-sea (600–4000 m), benthic foraminiferal species (excluding unilocular taxa), belonging to seven families, became extinct. During this late Pliocene–middle Pleistocene interval (3.6–0.13 Ma), five families (Chrysalogoniidae, Glandulonodosariidae, Stilostomellidae, Ellipsoidinidae, Pleurostomellidae) were wiped out and one more (Plectofrondiculariidae) was almost wiped out with just one species surviving to the present. Most (76 of 105 species) of these extinctions occurred during the mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition (MPT, 1.2–0.55 Ma) at an extinction rate of 25% myr-1 of the deep-sea benthic foraminifera, compared with a background rate through the Cenozoic of c. 2% myr-1.
Most species in the families Chrysalogoniidae, Stilostomellidae, Ellipsoidinidae and Pleurostomellidae had equal levels of abundance throughout their middle bathyal–middle abyssal depth ranges. The Glandulonodosariidae mostly lived at middle bathyal to uppermost abyssal depths and the Plectofrondiculariidae at bathyal to outer shelf depths. These Extinction Group (Ext. Gp) families comprised 30–70% of the deep-sea benthic foraminiferal fauna in the middle to late Eocene. Major declines in their relative abundance and species richness at abyssal depths began in the late Oligocene–Miocene in the Southern Ocean, in the late Miocene in the deep Indian Ocean, in the early Pliocene in the West Pacific, then globally in the late Pliocene at upper abyssal (2300–3000 m) depths and all depths in the Mediterranean Sea. At bathyal depths (900–2200 m) declines and extinctions were largely confined to the Pleistocene. These declines occurred in pulses mostly coinciding with glacial episodes of expansion of polar ice sheets, initially in Antarctica but during the MPT in the Arctic.
The LGE preferentially impacted species with specific morphologies (elongate, cylindrical, often uniserial tests) and apertural types (e.g., small rounded, dentate, cribrate, or lunate slit). The precise functions of these are not known but the apertural modifications could be related to having a specific food source whose pulsed decline in abundance in the plankton resulted in the LGE. Data on δ13C analyses suggest that Ext. Gp species lived infaunally. Strong positive correlation of Ext. Gp abundance in the Pliocene–MPT with foraminiferal proxies for sustained and pulsed organic carbon flux supports the hypothesis that the Ext. Gp favoured enhanced food supply with consequent lower oxygen concentrations.
Decreased bottom temperature, increased bottom water ventilation or carbonate corrosiveness, increased interspecific competition and predation, or increased or more wildly fluctuating food supply are all rejected as unlikely to be the causes of the LGE. We hypothesise that the cause may have been the progressive decline or demise of the specific phytoplankton source of the detritus that the Ext. Gp fed upon, during global cooling and later increasingly cold glacials of the MPT with lowered atmospheric CO2.
The LGE and regional highest occurrence levels of Ext. Gp species have considerable biostratigraphic value in providing rapid age assessments of Quaternary oceanic sediment where planktic foraminiferal age datums are rare.
Part 2. Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic History of the Extinction Group:
The absolute abundance and flux of the Ext. Gp were generally greater at bathyal than at deeper abyssal depths and in more eutrophic rather than oligotrophic regions. Peak Ext. Gp fluxes, relative abundance and species richness occurred between the middle Eocene and early Miocene but some short abundance peaks in the Pliocene–MPT were associated with brief periods of locally high productivity.
The oldest Ext. Gp species originated in the Jurassic and eight more appeared in the Early Cretaceous. The peak of Ext. Gp species originations (2.7% myr-1) was Late Cretaceous, except in the Glandulonodosariidae (Paleocene) and Plectofrondiculariidae (middle to late Eocene). A secondary peak of originations (2% myr-1) occurred in the late Eocene across all Ext. Gp families. More than 80% of Ext. Gp species originated during the Cretaceous{}–{}Eocene (Greenhouse World) compared with c. 30% of modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera. The Cretaceous{}–{}Cenozoic Ext. Gp species had an even spread of species durations between five and 85 myrs (except plectofrondiculariids), with mean species durations of 50 myrs (Pleurostomellidae), 47 myrs (Glandulonodosariidae), 46 myrs (Stilostomellidae), 44 myrs (Ellipsoidinidae), 41 myrs (Chrysalogoniidae) and 20 myrs (Plectofrondiculariidae). Cenozoic Ext. Gp faunas are dominated by mostly long-lived species of just three genera – Strictocostella, Siphonodosaria and Pleurostomella.{*}
The Ext. Gp was largely unaffected by the K/Pg or PETM extinction events. The late Eocene–Oligocene cooling was the first interval where the Ext. Gp showed an above background level of faunal change or instability and species turnover (1% myr-1, esp. Ellipsoidinidae, Plectofrondiculariidae, Glandulonodosariidae). After an early Miocene decline, extinctions began accelerating in the middle to late Miocene (1% myr-1) concurrent with progressive cooling of mid and high latitude climate and surface waters. During the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, Ext. Gp relative abundance declined and some local changes in assemblage composition occurred, but there was no pulse in global species turnover. The rate of extinctions accelerated further in the Pliocene (3% myr-1, dominantly stilostomellids), accompanied by significant changes in the composition of the dominant and overall Ext. Gp fauna as they became less diverse. With one exception, the remaining 40% of the total Cretaceous–Cenozoic diversity of the Ext. Gp disappeared during the Pleistocene, mainly during the MPT.
Keyword(s):
Deep-sea benthic foraminifera; extinction; mid-Pleistocene climate transition
Related to:
Hayward, Bruce William; Kawagata, Shungo; Sabaa, Ashwaq T; Grenfell, Hugh R; Van Kerckhoven, Liesbeth; Johnson, Katherine; Thomas, Ellen (2012): The last global extinction (Mid-Pleistocene) of deep-sea benthic foraminifera (Chrysalogoniidae, Ellipsoidinidae, Glandulonodosariidae, Plectofrondiculariidae, Pleursostomellidae, Stilostomellidae), their Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history and taxonomy. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication, 43, 408 pp
Coverage:
Median Latitude: -4.527637 * Median Longitude: 158.139899 * South-bound Latitude: -65.161000 * West-bound Longitude: 1.204800 * North-bound Latitude: 57.517000 * East-bound Longitude: -4.312210
Date/Time Start: 1973-11-30T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-03-04T13:15:00
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Size:
40 datasets

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Datasets listed in this bundled publication

  1. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of sediment core KR9912PC4, equatorial Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949549
  2. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of sediment core MD06-2988, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949554
  3. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of sediment core MD06-2989, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949560
  4. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of DSDP Hole 33-317B, equatorial Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949565
  5. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low resolution census data of Ext. Gp species in the Cenozoic of DSDP Site 80-548, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949571
  6. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of DSDP Hole 90-593, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949573
  7. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of DSDP Hole 90-594, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949581
  8. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of DSDP 94-608, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949591
  9. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 107-654A, Mediterranean Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949594
  10. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low resolution census data of Extinction group species in the Cenozoic of ODP Site 113-689, Southern Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949597
  11. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of ODP Site 113-690, Southern Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949598
  12. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High and low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 7117-722B, Indian Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949627
  13. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of ODP Sites 119-738 and 119-744, Southern Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949632
  14. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High and low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenoxoic of ODP Hole 121-758A, Indian Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949635
  15. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of ODP Site 122-763, Indian Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949636
  16. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Cenozoic of ODP Hole 143-865B, North Pacific Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949637
  17. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 160-966B, Mediterranean Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949638
  18. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 160-967A, Mediterranean Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949639
  19. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 161-975, Mediterranean Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949640
  20. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 161-976C, Mediterranean Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949641
  21. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species n the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 162-980, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949642
  22. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 162-982, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949725
  23. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 165-1000A, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949732
  24. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 167-1012B, Northeast Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949741
  25. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 172-1055B, North Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949743
  26. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 175-1082, South Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949745
  27. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 175-1083, South Atlantic. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949746
  28. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Hole 177-1088B, Southern Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949747
  29. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 181-1119, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949750
  30. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 181-1120, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949751
  31. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High and low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Miocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 181-1123, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949752
  32. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Oligocene-Miocene of ODP Hole 181-1124C, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949753
  33. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 181-1125, Southwest Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949757
  34. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 184-1143, South China Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949758
  35. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of ODP Site 184-1146, South China Sea. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949762
  36. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species through the middle Miocene of ODP Hole 184-1146A, West and Southeast Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949768
  37. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species through the middle Miocene of ODP Site 202-1237, West and Southeast Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949772
  38. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): High-resolution census data of Extinction Group species in the Late Cretaceous-Pleistocene of ODP Site 198-1211, North Pacific Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949781
  39. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): Low resolution census data of Extinction Group species in Oligocene-Pleistocene sediment in cores taken by RV SONNE cruise SO213 in the South Pacific. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949773
  40. Hayward, BW; Kawagata, S; Sabaa, AT et al. (2022): The Last Global extinction foraminifera data, Appendix 39 to 44. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.949782