Christie, David M; Sinton, John M (1981): Observation of ferromanganese crusts on lava deposits recovered near the Galapagos spreading center area [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.882395, Supplement to: Christie, DM; Sinton, JM (1981): Evolution of abyssal lavas along propagating segments of the Galapagos spreading center. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 56, 321-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90137-0
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Published: 1981 (exact date unknown) • DOI registered: 2017-11-29
Abstract:
The unusual petrological diversity of abyssal lavas erupted along some segments of the Galapagos spreading center is a direct consequence of the propagation (elongation) of these segments into older oceanic crust. With increasing distance behind propagating rift tips, relatively unfractionated MORB erupted close to the tips are joined first by FeTi basalts (bimodal assemblage) and then by a wide range of basaltic and siliceous lavas. Further behind propagating rift tips, this broad range diminishes again, approaching the narrow compositional range of adjacent normal ridge segments. These compositional variations reflect the evolution of the subaxial magmatic system beneath the newly forming spreading center as it propagates through a pre-existing plate. We envisage this evolution as proceeding from small, isolated, ephemeral magma chambers through increasing numbers of larger, increasingly interconnected chambers to the steady-state buffered system of a normal ridge. Throughout this evolution, magma supply rates gradually increase and cooling rates of crustal magma bodies decrease. High degrees of crystal fractionation are favored only when a delicate balance between cooling rate and resupply rate of primitive magma is achieved. At other propagating and non-propagating ridge-transform intersections the degree to which the balance is achieved and the length of ridge over which it evolves control the distribution of fractionated lavas. These effects may be evaluated provided a number of tectonic variables including transform length, spreading and propagation rates are taken into account.
Source:
Grant, John Bruce; Moore, Carla J; Alameddin, George; Chen, Kuiying; Barton, Mark (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V52Z13FT
Further details:
Warnken, Robin R; Virden, William T; Moore, Carla J (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Bibliography. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V53X84KN
Project(s):
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 2.597862 * Median Longitude: -93.925298 * South-bound Latitude: 1.384000 * West-bound Longitude: -95.670000 * North-bound Latitude: 3.896670 * East-bound Longitude: -86.523300
Date/Time Start: 1979-05-02T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1979-06-11T00:00:00
Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m
Event(s):
KK78-12-RD2 (Station 8) * Latitude: 1.384000 * Longitude: -93.745000 * Date/Time: 1979-05-02T00:00:00 * Elevation: -2650.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: KK781230 * Basis: Kana Keoki * Method/Device: Dredge, rock (DRG_R) * Comment: SOEST
KK78-12-RD4 (Station 80) * Latitude: 1.818000 * Longitude: -93.652000 * Date/Time: 1979-05-03T00:00:00 * Elevation: -2520.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: KK781230 * Basis: Kana Keoki * Method/Device: Dredge, rock (DRG_R) * Comment: SOEST
KK78-12-RD10 (Station 83) * Latitude: 2.680000 * Longitude: -95.528000 * Date/Time: 1979-05-04T00:00:00 * Elevation: -2370.0 m * Location: Pacific Ocean * Campaign: KK781230 * Basis: Kana Keoki * Method/Device: Dredge, rock (DRG_R) * Comment: SOEST
Comment:
From 1983 until 1989 NOAA-NCEI compiled the NOAA-MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database from journal articles, technical reports and unpublished sources from other institutions. At the time it was the most extended data compilation on ferromanganese deposits world wide. Initially published in a proprietary format incompatible with present day standards it was jointly decided by AWI and NOAA to transcribe this legacy data into PANGAEA. This transfer is augmented by a careful checking of the original sources when available and the encoding of ancillary information (sample description, method of analysis...) not present in the NOAA-MMS database.
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Event label | Event | ||||
| 2 | Latitude of event | Latitude | ||||
| 3 | Longitude of event | Longitude | ||||
| 4 | Elevation of event | Elevation | m | |||
| 5 | Method/Device of event | Method/Device | ||||
| 6 | Identification | ID | ||||
| 7 | DEPTH, sediment/rock | Depth sed | m | Geocode | ||
| 8 | Position | Position | Visual description | |||
| 9 | Deposit type | Deposit type | ||||
| 10 | Quantity of deposit | Quantity | ||||
| 11 | Size | Size | ||||
| 12 | Substrate type | Substrate | ||||
| 13 | Sediment type | Sediment | ||||
| 14 | Description | Description | ||||
| 15 | Uniform resource locator/link to image | URL image |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
138 data points
Data
| 1 Event | 2 Latitude | 3 Longitude | 4 Elevation [m] | 5 Method/Device | 6 ID | 7 Depth sed [m] | 8 Position | 9 Deposit type | 10 Quantity | 11 Size | 12 Substrate | 13 Sediment | 14 Description | 15 URL image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KK78-12-RD12 | 2.661 | -95.484 | -2650 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD12-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 0.2 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Fresh cut basalt slab with 0.2 cm Mn crust (Manheim) 12 bags + 7 boulders (~ 8-900 lb) fresh - moderately weathered pillow basalts with black glassy rims with 0.2 cm Mn crust | |
| KK78-12-RD12B | 2.640 | -95.670 | -2631 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD12B-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn staining | Several | Rock; volcanics | Hard ground | Mn stained fresh volcanics | ||
| KK78-12-RD14 | 2.745 | -95.247 | -2780 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD14-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | 2 | 1.0 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | 2 large pillow fragments. Fresh dark basalt centres. Thin black glass rim, ~ 1 cm Mn crust. | |
| KK78-12-RD16 | 2.350 | -95.267 | -2375 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD16-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn coating | Several | Thin | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Pillow basalts, mainly plagioclase phyric types, fresh to moderately weathered. Thin << 0.1 cm Mn coating. | |
| KK78-12-RD17 | 2.452 | -95.558 | -2750 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD17-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn coating | Several | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Fresh pillow basalt with black glass rims. Some with Mn coating | app.geosamples.org | |
| KK78-12-RD24 | 3.333 | -94.829 | -3000 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD24-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 0.5-1.0 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Large pillow fragment, fresh to moderately weathered basalt with smaller angular fragments. Mn crust 0.5-1.0 cm n external pillow surfaces | app.geosamples.org |
| KK78-12-RD25 | 3.500 | -93.772 | -2760 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD25-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 1.5 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Large and several small pillow fragments plus several other angular basalt fragments. All weathered moderately-strongly. Mn crust 1.5 cm thick on outside altered surfaces of pillows. | app.geosamples.org |
| KK78-12-RD26 | 3.507 | -93.666 | -2900 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD26-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 1.0-2.0 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Large pillow fragment as separate boulder along with angular pillow fragments. Moderately weathered. Mn coating 1.0-2.0 cm on exterior pillow surfaces, 0.1-0.2 cm or less other surfaces. | app.geosamples.org |
| KK78-12-RD27 | 3.377 | -93.642 | -2980 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD27-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 1.0-2.0 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Pillow basalt fragments, light-medium grey when fresh, sparsely vesicular. Cores are fresh. Brownish weathering penetrates from pillow exteriors. Mn crust 1.0-2.0 cm on external pillow surfaces, 0.1-0.2 cm on other surfaces. | app.geosamples.org |
| KK78-12-RD29 | 1.950 | -86.523 | -2850 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD29-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn coating | Several | Cobble; basalt | Ooze | Mainly Mn encrusted basaltic cobbles.Pieces of coral and some Globigenina ooze. | app.geosamples.org | |
| KK78-12-RD29 | 1.950 | -86.523 | -2850 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD29-2 | 0 | Surface | Mn nodule | Several | 0.5 cm | Core; basalt | Ooze | Small nodules (0.5 cm). | |
| KK78-12-RD32 | 3.897 | -90.327 | -2500 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD32-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | 1 | Breccia; volcanics | Ooze | A piece of lava breccia cemented by Mn. Several white balls of calcareous ? clay or ooze. | ||
| KK78-12-RD2 | 1.384 | -93.745 | -2650 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD2-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 0.3 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Up to 0.3 cm Mn crust over fairly fresh baslatic rocks | |
| KK78-12-RD4 | 1.818 | -93.652 | -2520 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD4-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Several | 1.0-1.5 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Light grey basalt with scattered vesicles. Separated 1.0-1.5 cm Mn crust | |
| KK78-12-RD10 | 2.680 | -95.528 | -2370 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD10-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn crust | Many | Up to 1.0 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Fresh to moderately weathered light grey basalt with up to 1.0 cm Mn crust. Abundance of Mn in such young crust suggests hydrothermal activity? | |
| KK78-12-RD20 | 1.637 | -94.910 | -2880 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD20-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn coating | Several | 0.3 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Ooze | One tabular piece of basalt. Brownish weathered appearance, but contains apparently fresh olivine on sawn surface. Mn coating ~ 0.3 cm one side. Small pockets foraminiferal sediment. Globigerina easily recognisable in hand lens | |
| KK78-12-RD21 | 1.634 | -94.985 | -3000 | Dredge, rock | KK78-12-RD21-1 | 0 | Surface | Mn coating | Several | 0.1 cm thick | Rock; basalt | Hard ground | Three pieces of moderately weathered pillow basalt with fresh centres. Mn coating approx 0.1 cm thick |