Citation:

fmicb.2014.00010

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Abstract:

We observed significant changes in the elemental and intact polar lipid (IPL) composition of the archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (KOD1) in response to growth stage and phosphorus supply. Reducing the amount of organic supplements and phosphate in growth media resulted in significant decreases in cell size and cellular quotas of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), which coincided with significant increases in cellular IPL quota and IPLs comprising multiple P atoms and hexose moieties. Relatively more cellular P was stored as IPLs in P-limited cells (2-8%) compared to control cells (<0.8%). We also identified a specific IPL biomarker containing a phosphatidyl-N-acetylhexoseamine headgroup that was relatively enriched during rapid cell division. These observations serve as empirical evidence of IPL adaptations in Archaea that will help to interpret the distribution of these biomarkers in natural systems. The reported cell quotas of C, N, and P represent the first such data for a specific archaeon and suggest that thermophiles are C-rich compared to the cell carbon-to-volume relationship reported for planktonic bacteria.

Comment:

The T. kodakarensis cells were a specific strain grown in a fermenter at the University of Regensburg. Abbreviations as follows: PA-AR = phosphatidic acid archaeol; PG-AR = phosphatidyl glycerol archaeol; 2G-AR = diglycosidic archaeol; PE-AR = phosphatidyl ethanolamine archaeol; P-HexNAc-AR = phosphatidyl N-acetylhexoseamine archaeol; 68+Hex(NH2)-PI-AR = 68 (Da) + hexoseamine + phosphatidyl inositol archaeol; PS-AR = phosphatidyl serine archaeol; PI-AR = phosphatidyl inositol archaeol; Hex(NH2)-PI-AR = hexoseamine + phosphatidyl inositol archaeol; Hex-PI-AR = hexose + phosphatidyl inositol archaeol; PI-Hex(NH2)-PI-AR = hexoseamine + diphosphatidyl inositol archaeol; PG-GDGT = phosphatidyl glycerol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; 2G-GDGT = diglycosidic glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; 2G-Me-GDGT = diglycosidic methylated glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; 2G-2Me-GDGT = diglycosidic dimethylated glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; PI-GDGT = phosphatidyl inositol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT = hexoseamine + phosphatidyl inositol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; Hex-PI-GDGT-PI = hexose + diphosphatidyl inositol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT-PI = hexoseamine + diphosphatidyl inositol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether; PI-GDGT-PI = diphosphatidyl inositol glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Comment
1	Treatment	Treat		Meador, Travis B
2	Growth phase	Growth phase		Meador, Travis B
3	Replicate	Repl		Meador, Travis B
4	Incubation duration	Inc dur	h	Meador, Travis B
5	Thermococcus kodakarensis	T. kodakarensis	#	Meador, Travis B
6	Dry mass	Dry m	g	Meador, Travis B
7	Carbon, organic, total, per cell	TOC/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B
8	Nitrogen, total, per cell	TN/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B
9	Phosphorus, total, per cell	TP/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B
10	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PA-AR
11	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PG-AR
12	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	2G-AR
13	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PE-AR
14	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	P-HexNAc-AR
15	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	68+Hex(NH2)-PI-AR
16	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PS-AR
17	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PI-AR
18	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	Hex(NH2)-PI-AR
19	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	Hex-PI-AR
20	Archaeol, per cell	AR/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PI-Hex(NH2)-PI-AR
21	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PG-GDGT
22	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	2G-GDGT
23	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	2G-Me-GDGT
24	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	2G-2Me-GDGT
25	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PI-GDGT
26	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT
27	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	Hex-PI-GDGT-PI
28	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT-PI
29	Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether, per cell	GDGT/cell	fg/#	Meador, Travis B	PI-GDGT-PI

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Size:

458 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Treat	2 Growth phase	3 Repl	4 Inc dur [h]	5 T. kodakarensis [#]	6 Dry m [g]	7 TOC/cell [fg/#]	8 TN/cell [fg/#]	9 TP/cell [fg/#]	10 AR/cell [fg/#] (PA-AR)	11 AR/cell [fg/#] (PG-AR)	12 AR/cell [fg/#] (2G-AR)	13 AR/cell [fg/#] (PE-AR)	14 AR/cell [fg/#] (P-HexNAc-AR)	15 AR/cell [fg/#] (68+Hex(NH2)-PI-AR)	16 AR/cell [fg/#] (PS-AR)	17 AR/cell [fg/#] (PI-AR)	18 AR/cell [fg/#] (Hex(NH2)-PI-AR)	19 AR/cell [fg/#] (Hex-PI-AR)	20 AR/cell [fg/#] (PI-Hex(NH2)-PI-AR)	21 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (PG-GDGT)	22 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (2G-GDGT)	23 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (2G-Me-GDGT)	24 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (2G-2Me-GDGT)	25 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (PI-GDGT)	26 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT)	27 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (Hex-PI-GDGT-PI)	28 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (Hex(NH2)-PI-GDGT-PI)	29 GDGT/cell [fg/#] (PI-GDGT-PI)
control	expo	1	6	1.01E11	0.0741	204	56.0		0.0071	0.0216	0.0063	0.0036	0.1064	0.0038	0.0000	0.4602	0.0343	0.0049	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0055	0.0164
control	expo	2	9	1.41E11	0.0832	132	35.0	2.7	0.0035	0.0000	0.0261	0.0028	0.1017	0.0028	0.0019	0.3471	0.0325	0.0034	0.0000	0.0000	0.0131	0.0364	0.0072	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	0.0020
control	expo	3	7	9.58E10	0.0657	133	36.0	3.2	0.0000	0.0082	0.0000	0.0000	0.1103	0.0000	0.0000	0.3720	0.0172	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
control	stat	2	24	1.30E12	0.8012	224	65.0	6.6	0.0056	0.0000	0.0000	0.0019	0.0398	0.0035	0.0000	0.5910	0.0754	0.0039	0.0000	0.0057	0.0000	0.0051	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0048
control	stat	3	24	1.62E12	0.7030	180	46.0	4.1	0.0000	0.0103	0.0000	0.0000	0.0027	0.0029	0.0076	0.2647	0.0252	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0197	0.0150	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
reduced Org	expo	1	6	9.19E10	0.3919	82	17.0		0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.2011	0.0000	0.0000	0.4960	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
reduced Org	expo	3	10	1.48E11	0.1879	63	15.0		0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.1225	0.0079	0.0000	0.6212	0.0679	0.0107	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0241	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
reduced Org	stat	1	19	5.22E10	0.2393	82	17.0		0.0000	0.0000	0.0015	0.0000	0.0198	0.0000	0.0000	0.7469	0.0456	0.0129	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0187	0.0000	0.0000	0.0013	0.0061
reduced Org	stat	2	22	9.68E11	0.6138	91	12.0		0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0400	0.0000	0.0000	1.1634	0.0851	0.0498	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0787	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
reduced Org	stat	3	23	1.60E11	0.2546	55	10.0		0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0500	0.0110	0.0000	0.8348	0.1894	0.0782	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0240	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
reduced Org&P	expo	1	7	1.07E11	0.0470	60	13.0	1.2	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0530	0.0077	0.0000	0.6598	0.0614	0.0113	0.0014	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0412	0.0000	0.0000	0.0070	0.0200
reduced Org&P	expo	2	6	9.75E10	0.0571	93	20.0	2.0	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0377	0.0168	0.0000	1.1553	0.1764	0.0313	0.0068	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0417	0.0246	0.0000	0.0169	0.0871
reduced Org&P	expo	3	5	1.11E11	0.0455	108	26.0	3.2	0.0000	0.0020	0.0000	0.0000	0.0842	0.0231	0.0000	1.1010	0.1361	0.0348	0.0055	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0167	0.0178	0.0000	0.0211	0.0969
reduced Org&P	stat	1	24	2.72E11	0.0559	36	7.0	0.6	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0119	0.0048	0.0000	0.3522	0.0703	0.0275	0.0018	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0084	0.0000	0.0062	0.0061	0.0113
reduced Org&P	stat	2	24	2.13E11	0.0518	40	7.6	0.3	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0111	0.0083	0.0000	0.5301	0.1165	0.0401	0.0032	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0135	0.0115	0.0117	0.0209	0.0380
reduced Org&P	stat	3	22	1.90E11	0.0620	67	10.0	1.6	0.0000	0.0007	0.0000	0.0000	0.0393	0.0145	0.0000	0.6129	0.1882	0.0761	0.0049	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0102	0.0501	0.0115	0.0387	0.0680