Citation:

journal.pone.0035107.t004

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Abstract:

Rising atmospheric CO2 often triggers the production of plant phenolics, including many that serve as herbivore deterrents, digestion reducers, antimicrobials, or ultraviolet sunscreens. Such responses are predicted by popular models of plant defense, especially resource availability models which link carbon availability to phenolic biosynthesis. CO2 availability is also increasing in the oceans, where anthropogenic emissions cause ocean acidification, decreasing seawater pH and shifting the carbonate system towards further CO2 enrichment. Such conditions tend to increase seagrass productivity but may also increase rates of grazing on these marine plants. Here we show that high CO2 / low pH conditions of OA decrease, rather than increase, concentrations of phenolic protective substances in seagrasses and eurysaline marine plants. We observed a loss of simple and polymeric phenolics in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa near a volcanic CO2 vent on the Island of Vulcano, Italy, where pH values decreased from 8.1 to 7.3 and pCO2 concentrations increased ten-fold. We observed similar responses in two estuarine species, Ruppia maritima and Potamogeton perfoliatus, in in situ Free-Ocean-Carbon-Enrichment experiments conducted in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. These responses are strikingly different than those exhibited by terrestrial plants. The loss of phenolic substances may explain the higher-than-usual rates of grazing observed near undersea CO2 vents and suggests that ocean acidification may alter coastal carbon fluxes by affecting rates of decomposition, grazing, and disease. Our observations temper recent predictions that seagrasses would necessarily be "winners" in a high CO2 world.

Further details:

Lavigne, Héloise; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2011): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 2.4. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a Changing Climate (MedSeA)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 38.548303 * Median Longitude: -46.008570 * South-bound Latitude: 38.167070 * West-bound Longitude: -76.543940 * North-bound Latitude: 39.058810 * East-bound Longitude: 14.960870

Date/Time Start: 2010-05-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-07-31T00:00:00

Event(s):

Aeolian_archipelago * Latitude: 38.419030 * Longitude: 14.960870 * Date/Time Start: 2011-05-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-05-31T00:00:00 * Device: Experiment (EXP)

Severn_River * Latitude: 39.058810 * Longitude: -76.543940 * Date/Time Start: 2011-06-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2011-07-31T00:00:00 * Device: Experiment (EXP)

St_Mary_River * Latitude: 38.167070 * Longitude: -76.442640 * Date/Time Start: 2010-05-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2010-07-31T00:00:00 * Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2014-02-14.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method	Comment
1	Event label	Event
2	Species	Species		Arnold, Thomas
3	Identification	ID		Arnold, Thomas
4	Distance	Distance	m	Arnold, Thomas		from seep
5	Distance	Distance	m	Arnold, Thomas		from injector
6	Description	Description		Arnold, Thomas		tissue
7	Proanthocyanidins	Proanthocyanidins	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
8	Proanthocyanidins, standard error	Proanthocyanidins std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
9	Phenolic acids, total	Ph acids	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
10	Phenolic acids, standard error	Ph acids std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
11	Gallic acid	C6H2(OH)	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
12	Gallic acid, standard error	C6H2(OH) std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
13	Syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid	Syr+4-HBA	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
14	Syringaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, standard error	Syr+4-HBA std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
15	Vanillin	VA	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
16	Vanillin, standard error	VA std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
17	Acetovanillone	C9H10O3	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
18	Acetovanillone, standard error	C9H10O3 std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
19	Coumaric acid	C9H8O3	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
20	Coumaric acid, standard error	C9H8O3 std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
21	Ferulic acid	C10H10O4	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
22	Ferulic acid, standard error	C10H10O4 std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
23	Phenolics, all	Ph	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
24	Phenolics, all, standard error	Ph std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
25	Phenolics, reactive, total	Ph reactive	mg/g	Arnold, Thomas
26	Phenolics, reactive, total, standard error	Ph reactive std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
27	Salinity	Sal		Arnold, Thomas
28	Salinity, standard error	Sal std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
29	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Arnold, Thomas
30	pH	pH		Arnold, Thomas		NBS scale
31	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
32	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Arnold, Thomas
33	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Arnold, Thomas
34	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Arnold, Thomas	Potentiometric titration
35	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Arnold, Thomas	Potentiometric titration
36	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
37	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
38	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
39	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
41	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported

Size:

497 data points

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