Stumpp, Meike; Trübenbach, Katja; Brennecke, Dennis; Hu, Marian Y; Melzner, Frank (2012): Seawater carbonate chemistry and resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis during experiments, 2012. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.779697, Supplement to: Stumpp, M et al. (2012): Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquatic Toxicology, 110-111, 194-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.020
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Abstract:
Anthropogenic CO2 emission will lead to an increase in seawater pCO2 of up to 80-100 Pa (800-1000 µatm) within this century and to an acidification of the oceans. Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) occurring in Kattegat experience seasonal hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions already today. Thus, anthropogenic CO2 emissions will add up to existing values and will lead to even higher pCO2 values >200 Pa (>2000 µatm). To estimate the green sea urchins' potential to acclimate to acidified seawater, we calculated an energy budget and determined the extracellular acid base status of adult S. droebachiensis exposed to moderately (102 to 145 Pa, 1007 to 1431 µatm) and highly (284 to 385 Pa, 2800 to 3800 µatm) elevated seawater pCO2 for 10 and 45 days.
A 45 - day exposure to elevated pCO2 resulted in a shift in energy budgets, leading to reduced somatic and reproductive growth. Metabolic rates were not significantly affected, but ammonium excretion increased in response to elevated pCO2. This led to decreased O:N ratios. These findings suggest that protein metabolism is possibly enhanced under elevated pCO2 in order to support ion homeostasis by increasing net acid extrusion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid acid-base status revealed that S. droebachiensis is able to fully (intermediate pCO2) or partially (high pCO2) compensate extracellular pH (pHe) changes by accumulation of bicarbonate (maximum increases 2.5 mM), albeit at a slower rate than typically observed in other taxa (10 day duration for full pHe compensation). At intermediate pCO2, sea urchins were able to maintain fully compensated pHe for 45 days. Sea urchins from the higher pCO2 treatment could be divided into two groups following medium-term acclimation: one group of experimental animals (29%) contained remnants of food in their digestive system and maintained partially compensated pHe (+2.3 mM HCO3), while the other group (71%) exhibited an empty digestive system and a severe metabolic acidosis (-0.5 pH units, -2.4 mM HCO3). There was no difference in mortality between the three pCO2 treatments.
The results of this study suggest that S. droebachiensis occurring in the Kattegat might be pre-adapted to hypercapnia due to natural variability in pCO2 in its habitat. We show for the first time that some echinoderm species can actively compensate extracellular pH. Seawater pCO2 values of >200 Pa, which will occur in the Kattegat within this century during seasonal hypoxic events, can possibly only be endured for a short time period of a few weeks. Increases in anthropogenic CO2 emissions and leakages from potential sub-seabed CO2 storage (CCS) sites thus impose a threat to the ecologically and economically important species S. droebachiensis.
Project(s):
Comment:
In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).
Parameter(s):
# | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Time, incubation | T incubation | day | Stumpp, Meike | ||
2 | Experimental treatment | Exp treat | Stumpp, Meike | |||
3 | Flow rate | Flow rate | l/min | Stumpp, Meike | ||
4 | Flow rate, standard deviation | Flow rate std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
5 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | T | |
6 | Temperature, water | Temp | °C | Stumpp, Meike | ||
7 | Temperature, standard deviation | T std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
8 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | S | |
9 | Salinity | Sal | Stumpp, Meike | |||
10 | Salinity, standard deviation | Sal std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
11 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | pH NBS | |
12 | pH | pH | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated using CO2SYS | NBS scale | |
13 | pH, standard deviation | pH std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | NBS scale | |
14 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | pH Total | |
15 | pH | pH | Stumpp, Meike | pH meter (Metrohm, 826 pH mobile) | Total scale | |
16 | pH, standard deviation | pH std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | Total scale | |
17 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | TA | |
18 | Alkalinity, total | AT | µmol/kg | Stumpp, Meike | Potentiometric titration, VINDTA (marianda) | |
19 | Alkalinity, total, standard deviation | AT std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
20 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | TC | |
21 | Carbon, inorganic, dissolved | DIC | µmol/kg | Stumpp, Meike | see reference(s) | |
22 | Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation | DIC std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
23 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | pCO2 | |
24 | Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) | pCO2water_SST_wet | µatm | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated using CO2SYS | |
25 | Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation | pCO2 std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
26 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | Calcite | |
27 | Calcite saturation state | Omega Cal | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated using CO2SYS | ||
28 | Calcite saturation state, standard deviation | Omega Cal std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
29 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | Aragonite | |
30 | Aragonite saturation state | Omega Arg | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated using CO2SYS | ||
31 | Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation | Omega Arg std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ||
32 | Replicates | Repl | # | Stumpp, Meike | Sample | |
33 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | % | Stumpp, Meike | infections | |
34 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | % | Stumpp, Meike | stressed | |
35 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis | S. droebachiensis | % | Stumpp, Meike | healthy | |
36 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state | S. droebachiensis feeding state | % | Stumpp, Meike | Microscopy | full digestive system |
37 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state | S. droebachiensis feeding state | % | Stumpp, Meike | Microscopy | full hind gut |
38 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state | S. droebachiensis feeding state | % | Stumpp, Meike | Microscopy | empty digestive system |
39 | Gonad stage, developing | Gon stg dev | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | full |
40 | Gonad stage, developing | Gon stg dev | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | medium |
41 | Gonad stage, developing | Gon stg dev | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | no gonads |
42 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color | S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | red |
43 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color | S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | light red |
44 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color | S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid | % | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | colorless |
45 | Positioning type/details | Pos type | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | tank water surface | |
46 | Positioning type/details | Pos type | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | tank bottom | |
47 | Positioning type/details | Pos type | Stumpp, Meike | Observed | tank bottom between algae | |
48 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter | S. droebachiensis diam | mm | Stumpp, Meike | Measured | start |
49 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis diam std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | start | |
50 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter | S. droebachiensis diam | mm | Stumpp, Meike | Measured | end |
51 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis diam std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | end | |
52 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight | S. droebachiensis W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | wet mass |
53 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | wet mass | |
54 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight | S. droebachiensis test W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | wet mass |
55 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis test W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | wet mass | |
56 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight | S. droebachiensis LA W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | wet mass |
57 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis LA W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | wet mass | |
58 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight | S. droebachiensis gonad W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | wet mass |
59 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | wet mass | |
60 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight | S. droebachiensis gut W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | wet mass |
61 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gut W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | wet mass | |
62 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight | S. droebachiensis W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | dry mass |
63 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | dry mass | |
64 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight | S. droebachiensis test W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | dry mass |
65 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis test W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | dry mass | |
66 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight | S. droebachiensis LA W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | dry mass |
67 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis LA W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | dry mass | |
68 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight | S. droebachiensis gonad W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | dry mass |
69 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | dry mass | |
70 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight | S. droebachiensis gut W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | dry mass |
71 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gut W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | dry mass | |
72 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight | S. droebachiensis W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated, see reference(s) | ash-free dry mass |
73 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash-free dry mass | |
74 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight | S. droebachiensis test W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated, see reference(s) | ash-free dry mass |
75 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis test W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash-free dry mass | |
76 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight | S. droebachiensis LA W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated, see reference(s) | ash-free dry mass |
77 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis LA W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash-free dry mass | |
78 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight | S. droebachiensis gonad W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated, see reference(s) | ash-free dry mass |
79 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash-free dry mass | |
80 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight | S. droebachiensis gut W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Calculated, see reference(s) | ash-free dry mass |
81 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gut W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash-free dry mass | |
82 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight | S. droebachiensis W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | ash dry mass |
83 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash dry mass | |
84 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight | S. droebachiensis test W | g | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | ash dry mass |
85 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis test W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash dry mass | |
86 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight | S. droebachiensis LA W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | ash dry mass |
87 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis LA W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash dry mass | |
88 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight | S. droebachiensis gonad W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | ash dry mass |
89 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash dry mass | |
90 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight | S. droebachiensis gut W | mg | Stumpp, Meike | Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution) | ash dry mass |
91 | Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation | S. droebachiensis gut W std dev | ± | Stumpp, Meike | ash dry mass | |
92 | Carbonate system computation flag | CSC flag | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | ||
93 | pH | pH | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | Total scale | |
94 | Carbon dioxide | CO2 | µmol/kg | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
95 | Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) | pCO2water_SST_wet | µatm | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
96 | Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air) | fCO2water_SST_wet | µatm | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
97 | Bicarbonate ion | [HCO3]- | µmol/kg | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
98 | Carbonate ion | [CO3]2- | µmol/kg | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
99 | Alkalinity, total | AT | µmol/kg | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | |
100 | Aragonite saturation state | Omega Arg | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) | ||
101 | Calcite saturation state | Omega Cal | Nisumaa, Anne-Marin | Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010) |
Size:
489 data points