Citation:

j.aquatox.2011.12.020

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Abstract:

Anthropogenic CO2 emission will lead to an increase in seawater pCO2 of up to 80-100 Pa (800-1000 µatm) within this century and to an acidification of the oceans. Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) occurring in Kattegat experience seasonal hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions already today. Thus, anthropogenic CO2 emissions will add up to existing values and will lead to even higher pCO2 values >200 Pa (>2000 µatm). To estimate the green sea urchins' potential to acclimate to acidified seawater, we calculated an energy budget and determined the extracellular acid base status of adult S. droebachiensis exposed to moderately (102 to 145 Pa, 1007 to 1431 µatm) and highly (284 to 385 Pa, 2800 to 3800 µatm) elevated seawater pCO2 for 10 and 45 days.

A 45 - day exposure to elevated pCO2 resulted in a shift in energy budgets, leading to reduced somatic and reproductive growth. Metabolic rates were not significantly affected, but ammonium excretion increased in response to elevated pCO2. This led to decreased O:N ratios. These findings suggest that protein metabolism is possibly enhanced under elevated pCO2 in order to support ion homeostasis by increasing net acid extrusion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid acid-base status revealed that S. droebachiensis is able to fully (intermediate pCO2) or partially (high pCO2) compensate extracellular pH (pHe) changes by accumulation of bicarbonate (maximum increases 2.5 mM), albeit at a slower rate than typically observed in other taxa (10 day duration for full pHe compensation). At intermediate pCO2, sea urchins were able to maintain fully compensated pHe for 45 days. Sea urchins from the higher pCO2 treatment could be divided into two groups following medium-term acclimation: one group of experimental animals (29%) contained remnants of food in their digestive system and maintained partially compensated pHe (+2.3 mM HCO3), while the other group (71%) exhibited an empty digestive system and a severe metabolic acidosis (-0.5 pH units, -2.4 mM HCO3). There was no difference in mortality between the three pCO2 treatments.

The results of this study suggest that S. droebachiensis occurring in the Kattegat might be pre-adapted to hypercapnia due to natural variability in pCO2 in its habitat. We show for the first time that some echinoderm species can actively compensate extracellular pH. Seawater pCO2 values of >200 Pa, which will occur in the Kattegat within this century during seasonal hypoxic events, can possibly only be endured for a short time period of a few weeks. Increases in anthropogenic CO2 emissions and leakages from potential sub-seabed CO2 storage (CCS) sites thus impose a threat to the ecologically and economically important species S. droebachiensis.

Project(s):

Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID)

Sub-seabed CO2 Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems (ECO2)

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis (EUR-OCEANS)

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method	Comment
1	Time, incubation	T incubation	day	Stumpp, Meike
2	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Stumpp, Meike
3	Flow rate	Flow rate	l/min	Stumpp, Meike
4	Flow rate, standard deviation	Flow rate std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
5	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		T
6	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Stumpp, Meike
7	Temperature, standard deviation	T std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
8	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		S
9	Salinity	Sal		Stumpp, Meike
10	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
11	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		pH NBS
12	pH	pH		Stumpp, Meike	Calculated using CO2SYS	NBS scale
13	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		NBS scale
14	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		pH Total
15	pH	pH		Stumpp, Meike	pH meter (Metrohm, 826 pH mobile)	Total scale
16	pH, standard deviation	pH std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		Total scale
17	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		TA
18	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Stumpp, Meike	Potentiometric titration, VINDTA (marianda)
19	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
20	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		TC
21	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Stumpp, Meike	see reference(s)
22	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard deviation	DIC std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
23	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		pCO2
24	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated using CO2SYS
25	Carbon dioxide, partial pressure, standard deviation	pCO2 std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
26	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		Calcite
27	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Stumpp, Meike	Calculated using CO2SYS
28	Calcite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Cal std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
29	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		Aragonite
30	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Stumpp, Meike	Calculated using CO2SYS
31	Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation	Omega Arg std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike
32	Replicates	Repl	#	Stumpp, Meike		Sample
33	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	S. droebachiensis	%	Stumpp, Meike		infections
34	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	S. droebachiensis	%	Stumpp, Meike		stressed
35	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis	S. droebachiensis	%	Stumpp, Meike		healthy
36	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state	S. droebachiensis feeding state	%	Stumpp, Meike	Microscopy	full digestive system
37	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state	S. droebachiensis feeding state	%	Stumpp, Meike	Microscopy	full hind gut
38	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, feeding state	S. droebachiensis feeding state	%	Stumpp, Meike	Microscopy	empty digestive system
39	Gonad stage, developing	Gon stg dev	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	full
40	Gonad stage, developing	Gon stg dev	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	medium
41	Gonad stage, developing	Gon stg dev	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	no gonads
42	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color	S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	red
43	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color	S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	light red
44	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, coelomic fluid color	S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid	%	Stumpp, Meike	Observed	colorless
45	Positioning type/details	Pos type		Stumpp, Meike	Observed	tank water surface
46	Positioning type/details	Pos type		Stumpp, Meike	Observed	tank bottom
47	Positioning type/details	Pos type		Stumpp, Meike	Observed	tank bottom between algae
48	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter	S. droebachiensis diam	mm	Stumpp, Meike	Measured	start
49	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis diam std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		start
50	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter	S. droebachiensis diam	mm	Stumpp, Meike	Measured	end
51	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, diameter, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis diam std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		end
52	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight	S. droebachiensis W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	wet mass
53	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		wet mass
54	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight	S. droebachiensis test W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	wet mass
55	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis test W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		wet mass
56	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight	S. droebachiensis LA W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	wet mass
57	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis LA W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		wet mass
58	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight	S. droebachiensis gonad W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	wet mass
59	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		wet mass
60	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight	S. droebachiensis gut W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	wet mass
61	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gut W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		wet mass
62	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight	S. droebachiensis W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	dry mass
63	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		dry mass
64	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight	S. droebachiensis test W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	dry mass
65	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis test W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		dry mass
66	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight	S. droebachiensis LA W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	dry mass
67	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis LA W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		dry mass
68	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight	S. droebachiensis gonad W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	dry mass
69	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		dry mass
70	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight	S. droebachiensis gut W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	dry mass
71	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gut W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		dry mass
72	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight	S. droebachiensis W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated, see reference(s)	ash-free dry mass
73	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash-free dry mass
74	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight	S. droebachiensis test W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated, see reference(s)	ash-free dry mass
75	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis test W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash-free dry mass
76	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight	S. droebachiensis LA W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated, see reference(s)	ash-free dry mass
77	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis LA W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash-free dry mass
78	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight	S. droebachiensis gonad W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated, see reference(s)	ash-free dry mass
79	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash-free dry mass
80	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight	S. droebachiensis gut W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Calculated, see reference(s)	ash-free dry mass
81	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gut W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash-free dry mass
82	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight	S. droebachiensis W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	ash dry mass
83	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash dry mass
84	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight	S. droebachiensis test W	g	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	ash dry mass
85	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, test, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis test W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash dry mass
86	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight	S. droebachiensis LA W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	ash dry mass
87	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, lantern of Aristotle, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis LA W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash dry mass
88	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight	S. droebachiensis gonad W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	ash dry mass
89	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gonad, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash dry mass
90	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight	S. droebachiensis gut W	mg	Stumpp, Meike	Precision scale (LC220s, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany, 1 mg resolution)	ash dry mass
91	Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, gut, weight, standard deviation	S. droebachiensis gut W std dev	±	Stumpp, Meike		ash dry mass
92	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
93	pH	pH		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	Total scale
94	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
95	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
96	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
97	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
98	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
99	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
100	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
101	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Nisumaa, Anne-Marin	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported

Size:

489 data points

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