Stumpp, Meike; Trübenbach, Katja; Brennecke, Dennis; Hu, Marian Y; Melzner, Frank (2012): Seawater carbonate chemistry and resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis during experiments, 2012 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.779697, Supplement to: Stumpp, M et al. (2012): Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquatic Toxicology, 110-111, 194-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.020
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Abstract:
Anthropogenic CO2 emission will lead to an increase in seawater pCO2 of up to 80-100 Pa (800-1000 µatm) within this century and to an acidification of the oceans. Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) occurring in Kattegat experience seasonal hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions already today. Thus, anthropogenic CO2 emissions will add up to existing values and will lead to even higher pCO2 values >200 Pa (>2000 µatm). To estimate the green sea urchins' potential to acclimate to acidified seawater, we calculated an energy budget and determined the extracellular acid base status of adult S. droebachiensis exposed to moderately (102 to 145 Pa, 1007 to 1431 µatm) and highly (284 to 385 Pa, 2800 to 3800 µatm) elevated seawater pCO2 for 10 and 45 days.
A 45 - day exposure to elevated pCO2 resulted in a shift in energy budgets, leading to reduced somatic and reproductive growth. Metabolic rates were not significantly affected, but ammonium excretion increased in response to elevated pCO2. This led to decreased O:N ratios. These findings suggest that protein metabolism is possibly enhanced under elevated pCO2 in order to support ion homeostasis by increasing net acid extrusion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid acid-base status revealed that S. droebachiensis is able to fully (intermediate pCO2) or partially (high pCO2) compensate extracellular pH (pHe) changes by accumulation of bicarbonate (maximum increases 2.5 mM), albeit at a slower rate than typically observed in other taxa (10 day duration for full pHe compensation). At intermediate pCO2, sea urchins were able to maintain fully compensated pHe for 45 days. Sea urchins from the higher pCO2 treatment could be divided into two groups following medium-term acclimation: one group of experimental animals (29%) contained remnants of food in their digestive system and maintained partially compensated pHe (+2.3 mM HCO3), while the other group (71%) exhibited an empty digestive system and a severe metabolic acidosis (-0.5 pH units, -2.4 mM HCO3). There was no difference in mortality between the three pCO2 treatments.
The results of this study suggest that S. droebachiensis occurring in the Kattegat might be pre-adapted to hypercapnia due to natural variability in pCO2 in its habitat. We show for the first time that some echinoderm species can actively compensate extracellular pH. Seawater pCO2 values of >200 Pa, which will occur in the Kattegat within this century during seasonal hypoxic events, can possibly only be endured for a short time period of a few weeks. Increases in anthropogenic CO2 emissions and leakages from potential sub-seabed CO2 storage (CCS) sites thus impose a threat to the ecologically and economically important species S. droebachiensis.
Keyword(s):
Project(s):
Funding:
Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 265847: Sub-seabed CO2 Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems
Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), grant/award no. 511106: European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis
Comment:
In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI).
Parameter(s):
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
489 data points
Data
1 T incubation [day] | 2 Exp treat | 3 Flow rate [l/min] | 4 Flow rate std dev [±] | 5 Repl [#] (T) | 6 Temp [°C] | 7 T std dev [±] | 8 Repl [#] (S) | 9 Sal | 10 Sal std dev [±] | 11 Repl [#] (pH NBS) | 12 pH (NBS scale, Calculated using C...) | 13 pH std dev [±] (NBS scale) | 14 Repl [#] (pH Total) | 15 pH (Total scale, pH meter (Metroh...) | 16 pH std dev [±] (Total scale) | 17 Repl [#] (TA) | 18 AT [µmol/kg] (Potentiometric titration, VIN...) | 19 AT std dev [±] | 20 Repl [#] (TC) | 21 DIC [µmol/kg] (see reference(s)) | 22 DIC std dev [±] | 23 Repl [#] (pCO2) | 24 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using CO2SYS) | 25 pCO2 std dev [±] | 26 Repl [#] (Calcite) | 27 Omega Cal (Calculated using CO2SYS) | 28 Omega Cal std dev [±] | 29 Repl [#] (Aragonite) | 30 Omega Arg (Calculated using CO2SYS) | 31 Omega Arg std dev [±] | 32 Repl [#] (Sample) | 33 S. droebachiensis [%] (infections) | 34 S. droebachiensis [%] (stressed) | 35 S. droebachiensis [%] (healthy) | 36 S. droebachiensis feeding state [%] (full digestive system, Micros...) | 37 S. droebachiensis feeding state [%] (full hind gut, Microscopy) | 38 S. droebachiensis feeding state [%] (empty digestive system, Micro...) | 39 Gon stg dev [%] (full, Observed) | 40 Gon stg dev [%] (medium, Observed) | 41 Gon stg dev [%] (no gonads, Observed) | 42 S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid [%] (red, Observed) | 43 S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid [%] (light red, Observed) | 44 S. droebachiensis coelomic fluid [%] (colorless, Observed) | 45 Pos type (tank water surface, Observed) | 46 Pos type (tank bottom, Observed) | 47 Pos type (tank bottom between algae, Ob...) | 48 S. droebachiensis diam [mm] (start, Measured) | 49 S. droebachiensis diam std dev [±] (start) | 50 S. droebachiensis diam [mm] (end, Measured) | 51 S. droebachiensis diam std dev [±] (end) | 52 S. droebachiensis W [g] (wet mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 53 S. droebachiensis W std dev [±] (wet mass) | 54 S. droebachiensis test W [g] (wet mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 55 S. droebachiensis test W std dev [±] (wet mass) | 56 S. droebachiensis LA W [mg] (wet mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 57 S. droebachiensis LA W std dev [±] (wet mass) | 58 S. droebachiensis gonad W [mg] (wet mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 59 S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev [±] (wet mass) | 60 S. droebachiensis gut W [mg] (wet mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 61 S. droebachiensis gut W std dev [±] (wet mass) | 62 S. droebachiensis W [g] (dry mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 63 S. droebachiensis W std dev [±] (dry mass) | 64 S. droebachiensis test W [g] (dry mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 65 S. droebachiensis test W std dev [±] (dry mass) | 66 S. droebachiensis LA W [mg] (dry mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 67 S. droebachiensis LA W std dev [±] (dry mass) | 68 S. droebachiensis gonad W [mg] (dry mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 69 S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev [±] (dry mass) | 70 S. droebachiensis gut W [mg] (dry mass, Precision scale (LC...) | 71 S. droebachiensis gut W std dev [±] (dry mass) | 72 S. droebachiensis W [g] (ash-free dry mass, Calculated...) | 73 S. droebachiensis W std dev [±] (ash-free dry mass) | 74 S. droebachiensis test W [g] (ash-free dry mass, Calculated...) | 75 S. droebachiensis test W std dev [±] (ash-free dry mass) | 76 S. droebachiensis LA W [mg] (ash-free dry mass, Calculated...) | 77 S. droebachiensis LA W std dev [±] (ash-free dry mass) | 78 S. droebachiensis gonad W [mg] (ash-free dry mass, Calculated...) | 79 S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev [±] (ash-free dry mass) | 80 S. droebachiensis gut W [mg] (ash-free dry mass, Calculated...) | 81 S. droebachiensis gut W std dev [±] (ash-free dry mass) | 82 S. droebachiensis W [g] (ash dry mass, Precision scale...) | 83 S. droebachiensis W std dev [±] (ash dry mass) | 84 S. droebachiensis test W [g] (ash dry mass, Precision scale...) | 85 S. droebachiensis test W std dev [±] (ash dry mass) | 86 S. droebachiensis LA W [mg] (ash dry mass, Precision scale...) | 87 S. droebachiensis LA W std dev [±] (ash dry mass) | 88 S. droebachiensis gonad W [mg] (ash dry mass, Precision scale...) | 89 S. droebachiensis gonad W std dev [±] (ash dry mass) | 90 S. droebachiensis gut W [mg] (ash dry mass, Precision scale...) | 91 S. droebachiensis gut W std dev [±] (ash dry mass) | 92 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 93 pH (Total scale, Calculated using...) | 94 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 95 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 96 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 97 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 98 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 99 AT [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 100 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...) | 101 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...) |
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10 | control pCO2 | 0.0280 | 0.0008 | 4 | 10.5 | 0.6 | 4 | 31.3 | 0.2 | 4 | 8.02 | 0.02 | 4 | 7.80 | 0.09 | 2024 | 65 | 3 | 1950 | 90 | 3 | 69 | 19 | 3 | 1.61 | 0.25 | 3 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 3 | 32.7 | 0.6 | 27 | 7.91 | 22.82 | 519.62 | 517.66 | 1841.85 | 85.33 | 2056.60 | 1.31 | 2.08 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | intermediate pCO2 | 0.0280 | 0.0008 | 4 | 10.3 | 0.3 | 4 | 31.4 | 0.1 | 4 | 7.55 | 0.01 | 4 | 7.51 | 0.10 | 2092 | 46 | 3 | 2098 | 17 | 3 | 145 | 41 | 3 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 3 | 32.2 | 0.7 | 27 | 7.44 | 73.15 | 1655.49 | 1649.23 | 1993.69 | 31.15 | 2072.10 | 0.48 | 0.76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | high pCO2 | 0.0280 | 0.0008 | 4 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 4 | 31.3 | 0.1 | 4 | 7.13 | 0.03 | 4 | 7.10 | 0.03 | 2124 | 46 | 3 | 2268 | 65 | 3 | 385 | 41 | 3 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 3 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 3 | 32.6 | 0.3 | 27 | 7.02 | 198.41 | 4502.43 | 4485.41 | 2057.36 | 12.23 | 2088.00 | 0.19 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | control pCO2 | 0.0276 | 0.0008 | 6 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 6 | 29.5 | 0.0 | 6 | 8.00 | 0.03 | 6 | 7.98 | 0.04 | 4 | 2147 | 12 | 4 | 2016 | 17 | 4 | 46 | 5 | 4 | 2.45 | 0.18 | 4 | 1.55 | 0.11 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 72 | 28 | 0 | 61 | 39 | 0 | 61 | 39 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 90 | 27.9 | 0.2 | 29.3 | 0.5 | 5.56 | 0.15 | 3.76 | 0.10 | 561 | 26 | 627 | 74 | 613 | 58 | 2.38 | 0.07 | 1.80 | 0.05 | 299 | 12 | 143 | 22 | 138 | 10 | 527.00 | 36.00 | 225.00 | 10.00 | 48 | 5 | 132 | 22 | 123 | 10 | 1.85 | 0.04 | 1.58 | 0.04 | 251 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 16 | 2 | 27 | 7.89 | 25.50 | 572.76 | 570.59 | 1910.60 | 79.90 | 2109.10 | 1.23 | 1.96 |
45 | intermediate pCO2 | 0.0277 | 0.0008 | 6 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 6 | 29.6 | 0.0 | 6 | 7.66 | 0.01 | 6 | 7.67 | 0.01 | 4 | 2156 | 10 | 4 | 2109 | 21 | 4 | 102 | 4 | 4 | 1.26 | 0.03 | 4 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 94 | 67 | 33 | 0 | 39 | 61 | 0 | 67 | 33 | 0 | 8 | 20 | 71 | 27.8 | 0.2 | 28.9 | 0.5 | 5.17 | 0.26 | 3.56 | 0.19 | 553 | 43 | 507 | 62 | 557 | 37 | 2.26 | 0.11 | 1.72 | 0.08 | 296 | 25 | 112 | 16 | 132 | 7 | 483.00 | 34.00 | 215.00 | 14.00 | 46 | 9 | 104 | 15 | 118 | 8 | 1.78 | 0.08 | 1.51 | 0.06 | 250 | 19 | 8 | 2 | 14 | 3 | 27 | 7.55 | 58.68 | 1318.63 | 1313.64 | 2011.76 | 38.56 | 2107.70 | 0.59 | 0.95 |
45 | high pCO2 | 0.0277 | 0.0009 | 6 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 6 | 29.5 | 0.0 | 6 | 7.19 | 0.02 | 6 | 7.25 | 0.02 | 4 | 2195 | 10 | 4 | 2286 | 16 | 4 | 284 | 12 | 4 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 4 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 67 | 81 | 0 | 5 | 28.0 | 0.4 | 28.0 | 0.3 | 4.70 | 0.43 | 3.27 | 0.29 | 518 | 41 | 429 | 82 | 505 | 58 | 2.07 | 0.13 | 1.59 | 0.11 | 275 | 19 | 90 | 15 | 121 | 12 | 422.00 | 35.00 | 193.00 | 15.00 | 43 | 5 | 82 | 13 | 108 | 11 | 1.65 | 0.10 | 1.39 | 0.09 | 232 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 27 | 7.08 | 180.34 | 4050.21 | 4034.90 | 2092.11 | 13.55 | 2125.70 | 0.21 | 0.33 |
45 | high pCO2 | 7 | 13 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 80 | 20 | 0 | 33 | 67 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
reference group (pre-incubation) | 28.0 | 0.6 | 4.07 | 0.33 | 3.17 | 0.28 | 451 | 42 | 176 | 42 | 281 | 12 | 2.06 | 0.18 | 1.67 | 0.16 | 281 | 37 | 39 | 14 | 76 | 6 | 369.00 | 72.00 | 198.00 | 10.00 | 37 | 7 | 37 | 13 | 69 | 4 | 1.72 | 0.17 | 1.47 | 0.17 | 234 | 20 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 |