García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during MERMAID cruise from Spithead to Charlestown started at 1757-09-20 [dataset]. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, United Kingdom, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750770, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Project(s):
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 31.780833 * Median Longitude: -37.863750 * South-bound Latitude: 25.680000 * West-bound Longitude: -77.930000 * North-bound Latitude: 49.400000 * East-bound Longitude: -6.150000
Date/Time Start: 1759-09-20T12:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1759-11-08T17:00:00
Event(s):
Mermaid_17570920_NMM_ADM/L/M177 * Latitude Start: 50.680000 * Longitude Start: -0.960000 * Latitude End: 31.830000 * Longitude End: -77.920000 * Date/Time Start: 1759-09-20T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1759-11-08T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Mermaid (6th Rate Frigate), Voyage: Spithead - Charlestown N.Carolina, 1st Observer: George Watson (Captain), 2nd Observer: James Middlehurst (1st Officer/Master), Company: Royal Navy, Other ship information: 24G 526BM
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DATE/TIME | Date/Time | Geocode | |||
| 2 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Geocode | |||
| 3 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Geocode | |||
| 4 | Wind direction | dd | deg | Wind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected. | ||
| 5 | Wind speed | ff | m/s | calculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations | ||
| 6 | Landmark | Landmark | Name of first landmark | |||
| 7 | Bearing | Bearing | Bearing of the first landmark | |||
| 8 | Distance to landmark | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance to the first landmark | ||
| 9 | Course | Course | Course of the ship during the past 24 hours | |||
| 10 | Distance | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance travelled during the previous 24 hours | ||
| 11 | Declination | Decl | deg | It is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction. | ||
| 12 | Wind direction description | Wind dir descr | All reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from. | |||
| 13 | Wind force description | Wind force descr | All reported wind forces on this day | |||
| 14 | Precipitation description | Precip descr | ||||
| 15 | State of the sea description | State sea descr | ||||
| 16 | Clearness | Clearness | ||||
| 17 | Gusts | Gusts | 1 If wind gusts are reported | |||
| 18 | Precipitation/Rain | Rain | 1 If rain was reported | |||
| 19 | Fog | Fog | 1 If fog was reported | |||
| 20 | Snow type | Snow | 1 If snow was reported | |||
| 21 | Thunder | Thunder | 1 If thunder and or lightning was reported | |||
| 22 | Hail | Hail | 1 If hail was reported | |||
| 23 | Sea ice | Sea ice | 1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported | |||
| 24 | Identification | ID | CLIWOC 2.1 line number |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
932 data points
Data
| 1 Date/Time | 2 Latitude | 3 Longitude | 4 dd [deg] (Wind direction (from which th...) | 5 ff [m/s] (calculated from the descripti...) | 6 Landmark (Name of first landmark) | 7 Bearing (Bearing of the first landmark) | 8 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance to the first landmark) | 9 Course (Course of the ship during the...) | 10 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance travelled during the...) | 11 Decl [deg] (It is generally accepted by t...) | 12 Wind dir descr (All reported wind directions ...) | 13 Wind force descr (All reported wind forces on t...) | 14 Precip descr | 15 State sea descr | 16 Clearness | 17 Gusts (1 If wind gusts are reported) | 18 Rain (1 If rain was reported) | 19 Fog (1 If fog was reported) | 20 Snow (1 If snow was reported) | 21 Thunder (1 If thunder and or lightning...) | 22 Hail (1 If hail was reported) | 23 Sea ice (1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...) | 24 ID (CLIWOC 2.1 line number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1759-09-20T12:00 | 49.40 | -6.15 | 139 | 19.0 | START POINT | N64E | 36 | S64W | 109.00 | -19 | SEBE, SEBS, SSE | FRESH GALES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168357 | ||
| 1759-09-21T13:00 | 48.37 | -8.17 | 116 | 19.0 | START POINT | N50:20E | 66 | S49:45W | 96.00 | -19 | SSE, SE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES, LATTER FRESH GALES | LATTER RAIN | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS CLEAR WEATHER, LATTER THICK | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168358 | |
| 1759-09-22T13:00 | 46.62 | -10.42 | 27 | 19.0 | START POINT | N50:00E | 102 | SW1/2W | 143.00 | -18 | SE, NE | FRESH GALES | NW SWELL | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168359 | |
| 1759-09-23T13:00 | 44.68 | -11.97 | 27 | 19.0 | START POINT | N45:20E | 155 | SSW3/4W | 129.00 | -18 | NE | FRESH GALES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168360 | ||
| 1759-09-24T13:00 | 43.38 | -13.22 | 27 | 19.0 | START POINT | N42:30E | 185 | S30W | 108.00 | -18 | NE | FRESH GALES | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168361 | ||
| 1759-09-25T13:00 | 41.78 | -14.82 | 7 | 6.7 | START POINT | N42:40E | 28 | S39W | 111.00 | -16 | NE, NNE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES, LATTER MODERATE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS CLEAR, LATTER THICK HAZY WE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168362 | ||
| 1759-09-26T13:00 | 38.82 | -15.92 | 29 | 19.0 | START POINT | N39:45E | 269 | S22:50W | 129.00 | -16 | NEBE, NE | FRESH GALES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168363 | ||
| 1759-09-27T13:00 | 37.87 | -17.15 | 29 | 19.0 | START POINT | N38E | 310 | SSW1/4W | 129.00 | -16 | NE | FRESH GALES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168364 | ||
| 1759-09-28T13:00 | 36.68 | -17.83 | 20 | 2.6 | START POINT | N38E | 337 | SSW1/4W | 78.00 | -14 | NE, CALM, NEBN | FIRST PART FRESH BREEZES, MIDDLE AND LATTER LITTLE WIND AND CALM AT TIMES | FIRST PART CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168365 | ||
| 1759-09-29T13:00 | 36.47 | -18.80 | 200 | 19.0 | START POINT | N38:35E | 350 | S74W | 49.00 | -14 | NEBN, VARIABLE, SWBS | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS LIGHT AIRS, LATTER FRESH GALES | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS CLEAR, LATTER CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168366 | ||
| 1759-09-30T13:00 | 35.83 | -18.70 | 245 | 6.7 | START POINT | N37:30E | 360 | S7:30W | 39.00 | -14 | SW, WBS | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES, LATTER MORE MODERATE | FIRST AND MIDDLE CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168367 | ||
| 1759-10-01T13:00 | 34.90 | -18.70 | 301 | 6.7 | START POINT | N35:50E | 375 | S | 54.00 | -14 | WSW, NW | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY, LATTER MODERATE | FIRST AND MIDDLE RAIN | LATTER CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168368 | |
| 1759-10-02T13:00 | 34.38 | -19.00 | 99 | 1.0 | START POINT | N35:30E | 386 | SSW1/4W | 35.00 | -14 | NNE, CALM, ESE | LIGHT AIRS WITH CALMS | RAIN AT TIMES | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168369 | |
| 1759-10-03T00:00 | 6.7 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | SSE | 20 | MOST PART MODERATE | MOST PART FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168370 | |||||||||
| 1759-10-04T13:00 | 32.03 | -19.22 | 32 | 6.7 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N73:50E | 31 | S73:50W | 94.00 | -13 | NE, ENE, NE | MOST PART MODERATE | MOST PART FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168371 | ||
| 1759-10-05T13:00 | 31.07 | -20.07 | 32 | 6.7 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N59:25E | 52 | SW3/4S | 72.00 | -13 | NE | MOST PART MODERATE | MOST PART FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168372 | ||
| 1759-10-06T13:00 | 30.60 | -20.38 | 178 | 1.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N54:00E | 61 | S28W | 34.00 | -13 | NE, CALM, SBW | FIRST PART MODERATE, MIDDLE CALM, LATTER LIGHT AIRS | FIRST PART CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168373 | ||
| 1759-10-07T13:00 | 30.80 | -21.00 | 212 | 1.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N62E | 68 | N67:15W | 34.00 | -13 | SW | LIGHT AIRS | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168374 | ||
| 1759-10-08T13:00 | 30.98 | -21.50 | 32 | 1.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N67:30E | 73 | N67W | 28.00 | -13 | SW-NE | LIGHT AIRS | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168375 | ||
| 1759-10-09T13:00 | 30.20 | -22.03 | 32 | 1.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N61:00E | 90 | S30W | 52.00 | -13 | NE | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168376 | ||
| 1759-10-10T14:00 | 28.23 | -22.95 | 68 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N48:45E | 125 | S22:30W | 125.00 | -11 | EBN | FIRST PART MODERATE, MIDDLE AND LATTER FRESH BREEZES | FIRST PART CLEAR, MIDDLE AND LATTER HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168377 | ||
| 1759-10-11T14:00 | 26.60 | -23.68 | 25 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N43:20E | 158 | S21W | 108.00 | -9 | ENE, NEBE | MOST PART FRESH GALES | MOST PART HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168378 | ||
| 1759-10-12T14:00 | 25.88 | -26.00 | 59 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N54:40E | 198 | S72:10W | 131.00 | -9 | ENE | FRESH GALES | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168379 | ||
| 1759-10-13T14:00 | 25.68 | -28.28 | 61 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N54:40E | 234 | S84:30W | 124.00 | -7 | ENE | FRESH GALES | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168380 | ||
| 1759-10-14T14:00 | 25.80 | -30.65 | 83 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N60:15E | 270 | N86:45W | 129.00 | -7 | EBN, E | FRESH GALES | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168381 | ||
| 1759-10-15T14:00 | 25.95 | -32.37 | 72 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N63:45E | 293 | W1/2N | 94.00 | -7 | EBN | FRESH GALES | CLEAR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168382 | ||
| 1759-10-16T14:00 | 26.08 | -33.90 | 84 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N66:15E | 315 | N84:20W | 84.00 | -6 | E | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168383 | ||
| 1759-10-17T14:00 | 26.08 | -35.93 | 107 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N68:45E | 348 | W | 106.00 | -6 | ESE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168384 | ||
| 1759-10-18T15:00 | 25.98 | -38.22 | 109 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N70:30E | 384 | W1/2S | 124.00 | -4 | ESE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168385 | ||
| 1759-10-19T15:00 | 25.95 | -40.25 | 86 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N72:53E | 419 | S89W | 109.00 | -4 | ESE, E | FRESH BREEZES | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168386 | ||
| 1759-10-20T15:00 | 25.83 | -42.35 | 75 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N73:39E | 457 | W1/2S | 122.00 | -4 | E, EBN | FRESH BREEZES | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168387 | ||
| 1759-10-21T15:00 | 26.05 | -44.57 | 42 | 9.3 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N75:59E | 497 | N83W | 111.00 | -3 | NEBE, NE | FRESH BREEZES | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168388 | ||
| 1759-10-22T15:00 | 26.18 | -46.73 | 65 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N76:13E | 527 | N87W | 117.00 | -3 | ENE | FRESH GALES | RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168389 | |
| 1759-10-23T15:00 | 26.25 | -49.47 | 67 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N77:28E | 572 | N88W | 147.00 | -1 | ENE | FRESH GALES | RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168390 | |
| 1759-10-24T15:00 | 26.25 | -51.75 | 67 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N78:35E | 611 | W | 123.00 | -1 | ENE | FRESH GALES | RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168391 | |
| 1759-10-25T16:00 | 26.17 | -52.77 | 349 | 0.6 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N78:23E | 630 | S85W | 55.00 | 0 | EBN, NW, NBW | FIRST PART MODERATE, MIDDLE AND LATTER LIGHT AIRS INCLINABLE TO CALMS, AT 4AM NEAR CALM | AT 4AM A SWELL FROM THE NE | FIRST PART FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168392 | |
| 1759-10-27T16:00 | 26.38 | -57.43 | 23 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N80:45E | 707 | W1/2N | 149.00 | 0 | NNE | FIRST PART FRESH GALES | FIRST PART CLOUDY WEATHER, MIDDLE AND LATTER CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168393 | |||
| 1759-10-28T16:00 | 27.13 | -60.37 | 35 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N83E | 755 | N74W | 162.00 | 1 | NEBN | FRESH GALES | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168394 | ||
| 1759-10-29T16:00 | 27.88 | -62.70 | 90 | 6.7 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N83:23E | 793 | N70W | 129.00 | 0 | NE, E | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES, LATTER MODERATE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168395 | ||
| 1759-10-30T16:00 | 28.47 | -64.25 | 169 | 6.7 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N82:28E | 812 | WNW | 90.00 | 0 | E-SBE | MODERATE | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168396 | ||
| 1759-10-31T16:00 | 29.38 | -66.38 | 191 | 19.0 | THE WEST END OF MADEIRA | N85:57E | 848 | WNW | 142.00 | 0 | S, SBW | FRESH GALES | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168397 | ||
| 1759-11-01T17:00 | 29.67 | -67.68 | 350 | 19.0 | MADEIRA | N86:24E | 865 | N72W | 56.00 | 1 | SW-NBW | FIRST PART MODERATE, MIDDLE LIGHT AIRS AND VARIABLE, LATTER FRESH GALES | FIRST PART CLEAR, LATTER CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168398 | ||
| 1759-11-02T17:00 | 31.07 | -70.35 | 69 | 19.0 | MADEIRA | N88:20E | 906 | N58W | 160.00 | 1 | NBW-ENE | FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY | RAIN AT TIMES | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168399 | ||
| 1759-11-03T17:00 | 32.00 | -73.18 | 103 | 19.0 | MADEIRA | N89:32E | 966 | N69W | 157.00 | 2 | EBN, EBS | FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168400 | |||
| 1759-11-04T17:00 | 32.10 | -74.53 | 328 | 19.0 | MADEIRA | N89:40E | 974 | N85:50W | 69.00 | 2 | S-NWBN | FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY | RAIN AT TIMES | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168401 | ||
| 1759-11-05T17:00 | 31.63 | -75.18 | 103 | 1.0 | MADEIRA | N89:00E | 991 | S50W | 43.00 | 2 | WNW, N, EBS | FIRST PART FRESH GALES, MIDDLE AND LATTER LIGHT AIRS | FIRST PART CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168402 | ||
| 1759-11-06T17:00 | 31.70 | -75.83 | 317 | 2.6 | MADEIRA | N89:13E | 999 | N83W | 33.00 | 2 | EBS-NW | FIRST PART MODERATE, MIDDLE CALM, LATTER LITTLE WIND | FIRST PART FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168403 | ||
| 1759-11-07T17:00 | 31.85 | -76.73 | 2 | 6.7 | MADEIRA | N88:58E | 998 | WBN | 47.00 | 2 | NW-N | FIRST AND MIDDLE PART LIGHT AIRS INCLINABLE TO CALMS, LATTER MODERATE | LATTER HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168404 | ||
| 1759-11-08T17:00 | 32.40 | -77.93 | 352 | 6.7 | MADEIRA | N89:36E | 1008 | N61:46W | 70.00 | 3 | NBE-NBW | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 168405 |