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García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during MERCATOR cruise from Batavia to Rotterdam started at 1849-06-05 [dataset]. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750716, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088

Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.

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Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 2.735596 * Median Longitude: 9.042661 * South-bound Latitude: -36.150000 * West-bound Longitude: -38.670000 * North-bound Latitude: 51.750000 * East-bound Longitude: 105.050000
Date/Time Start: 1849-06-05T05:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-09-24T12:00:00
Event(s):
Mercator_18490605_G_REIS_39 * Latitude Start: -6.100000 * Longitude Start: 106.860000 * Latitude End: 51.900000 * Longitude End: 3.930000 * Date/Time Start: 1849-06-05T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-09-24T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Mercator (Bark), Voyage: Batavia - Rotterdam, 1st Observer: E. Brouwers (Kapitein), 2nd Observer: J. Gagestein (1E Stuurman)
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
DATE/TIMEDate/TimeGeocode
LATITUDELatitudeGeocode
LONGITUDELongitudeGeocode
Wind directiondddegWind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected.
Wind speedffm/scalculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations
Pressure, atmosphericPPPPhPaNo temperature correction was applied. The following factors have been used for the conversion to hPa: 2.54 cm in an inch; 13.596 specific gravity of mercury; 980.65 cm/s gravity at 45° latitude
Temperature, airTTT°C
--1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances)
WatchWatchName of the period of 4 hours which is known as a watch or duty on board ships
10 GlassesGlassesNumber of glasses within a watch; one watch equals 8 glasses
11 CourseCourseCourse of the ship during the past 24 hours
12 DistanceDistancearbitrary unitsDistance travelled during the previous 24 hours
13 DeclinationDecldegIt is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction.
14 Wind scale referenceWind scale ref#Name of, or reference to the wind scale that has been used
15 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the (outside) air thermometer
16 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the air pressure
17 Wind direction descriptionWind dir descrAll reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from.
18 Current direction descriptionCur dir descrDirection of the current. This direction points to where the current is flowing towards to.
19 Wind force descriptionWind force descrAll reported wind forces on this day
20 Present weatherwwWeather description
21 State of the sea descriptionState sea descr
22 GustsGusts1 If wind gusts are reported
23 Precipitation/RainRain1 If rain was reported
24 FogFog1 If fog was reported
25 Snow typeSnow1 If snow was reported
26 ThunderThunder1 If thunder and or lightning was reported
27 HailHail1 If hail was reported
28 Sea iceSea ice1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported
29 CommentComment
30 IdentificationIDCLIWOC 2.1 line number
Size:
2438 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Date/Time

Latitude

Longitude

dd [deg]
(Wind direction (from which th...)

ff [m/s]
(calculated from the descripti...)

PPPP [hPa]
(No temperature correction was...)

TTT [°C]

-
(1 If position is considered t...)

Watch
(Name of the period of 4 hours...)
10 
Glasses
(Number of glasses within a wa...)
11 
Course
(Course of the ship during the...)
12 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance travelled during the...)
13 
Decl [deg]
(It is generally accepted by t...)
14 
Wind scale ref [#]
(Name of, or reference to the ...)
15 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the (outside) air ...)
16 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the air pressure)
17 
Wind dir descr
(All reported wind directions ...)
18 
Cur dir descr
(Direction of the current. Thi...)
19 
Wind force descr
(All reported wind forces on t...)
20 
ww
(Weather description)
21 
State sea descr
22 
Gusts
(1 If wind gusts are reported)
23 
Rain
(1 If rain was reported)
24 
Fog
(1 If fog was reported)
25 
Snow
(1 If snow was reported)
26 
Thunder
(1 If thunder and or lightning...)
27 
Hail
(1 If hail was reported)
28 
Sea ice
(1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...)
29 
Comment
30 
ID
(CLIWOC 2.1 line number)
1849-06-05T05:00-6.80105.051704.6VM813ZTO30000000166424
1849-06-06T05:00-8.42102.5213512.31018.730.0VM8ZWTW45.000686.0030.08ZO60000000166425
1849-06-07T05:00-9.8299.681249.31018.729.4VM8ZWTW 1/2 W45.500585.0030.08ZOTO50000000166426
1849-06-08T06:00-10.9596.4013412.31018.729.4VM8ZWTW 7/8 W47.75-1685.0030.08ZO60000000166427
1849-06-09T06:00-11.8893.1814512.31018.028.9VM8WZW48.00-1684.0030.06ZOTZ60000000166428
1849-06-10T06:00-12.8890.381439.31019.426.1VM8ZWTW 7/8 W45.00-3579.0030.10ZOTZ50000000166429
1849-06-11T06:00-13.8887.508712.31022.826.1VM8ZWTW 3/4 W46.00-3679.0030.20ZO, O60000000166430
1849-06-12T06:00-15.2885.031109.31019.427.8VM8ZWTW 3/8 W40.00-3582.0030.10OZO50000000166431
1849-06-13T06:00-16.0383.233629.31019.025.6VM8ZWTW 1/2 W28.50-3578.0030.09VARIEREND50000000166432
1849-06-14T07:00-16.7780.571209.31018.723.9VM8WZW 5/8 W44.00-4575.0030.08ZOTO50000000166433
1849-06-15T07:00-17.4877.3213112.31021.423.3VM8WZW 3/8 W51.75-4674.0030.16ZO60000000166434
1849-06-16T07:00-18.6774.331399.31022.825.6VM8ZWTW 3/4 W43.00-7578.0030.20ZOTZ50000000166435
1849-06-17T07:00-19.9871.673629.31025.523.9VM8ZWTW 1/2 W42.25-8575.0030.28VARIEREND50000000166436
1849-06-18T07:00-21.4769.6710512.31022.823.3VM8ZWTW 1/2 W46.00-8674.0030.20OZO60000000166437
1849-06-19T08:00-22.4765.921049.31026.123.9VM8WZW 1/8 W43.00-9575.0030.30OZO50000000166438
1849-06-20T08:00-23.3363.001016.71029.523.9VM8WZW43.50-12475.0030.40OZO40000000166439
1849-06-21T08:00-24.1760.081009.31030.223.3VM8WZW 1/2 W40.25-13574.0030.42OZO50000000166440
1849-06-22T08:00-24.9557.431099.31032.922.8VM8WZW 1/4 W42.50-15573.0030.50ZOTO50000000166441
1849-06-23T08:00-25.7254.221659.31029.522.8VM8WZW41.50-15573.0030.40Z50000000166442
1849-06-24T09:00-26.8550.8811812.31029.919.4VM8ZWTW 7/8 W40.00-17667.0030.41ZO60000000166443
1849-06-25T09:00-27.6047.37919.31032.923.9VM8WZW41.50-22575.0030.50OZO50000000166444
1849-06-26T09:00-28.1345.28912.61032.221.1VM8WZW 1/8 W29.75-22270.0030.48OZO20000000166445
1849-06-27T09:00-28.0243.89570.01022.422.2VM8W 5/8 N9.25-22072.0030.19OOST, OTN00000000166446
1849-06-28T09:00-27.1042.5020415.41022.820.6VM8NWTW 1/2 W25.50-21769.0030.20ZW70000000166447
1849-06-29T09:00-27.5739.201679.31022.121.1VM8W 5/8 Z35.50-24570.0030.18ZTW50000000166448
1849-06-30T10:00-28.7536.4213212.31031.621.7VM8ZWTW 1/4 W41.75-26671.0030.46Z, ZZO60000000166449
1849-07-01T10:00-29.9034.281436.71032.924.4VM8ZWTW 1/8 W39.00-26476.0030.50ZTO40000000166450
1849-07-02T10:00-31.5231.971812.31022.123.3VM8ZWTW 3/4 W45.50-27674.0030.18NOO60000000166451
1849-07-03T10:00-33.0329.333549.31019.423.3VM8ZWTW 5/8 W39.50-29574.0030.10NNO50000000166452
1849-07-04T10:00-34.6526.7835312.31014.320.6VM8ZWTW22.25-30669.0029.95NO, NNOZW6HOGE DEINING0000000166453
1849-07-05T10:00-35.2026.9226322.61022.821.7VM8ZTO 5/8 O12.25-30971.0030.20WNW90000000166454
1849-07-06T10:00-35.1825.58159.31018.721.7VM8WTN20.75-30571.0030.08NO50000000166455
1849-07-07T10:00-34.7522.87159.31012.323.3VM8WNW24.75-30574.0029.89NO50000000166456
1849-07-08T11:00-35.2222.3325222.61001.820.0VM8ZW 1/2 W13.50-29968.0029.58WTN90000000166457
1849-07-09T11:00-36.1521.6732022.61006.518.3VM8ZW 3/4 Z16.00-29965.0029.72NTW90000000166458
1849-07-10T11:00-35.1821.3223030.91022.117.2VM8NTW 1/8 W15.25-291163.0030.18W, WTZ11HOGE ZEE0000000166459
1849-07-11T11:00-35.4820.9326419.01024.117.8VM8ZZW 7/8 W8.75-29864.0030.24NW, WNW80000000166460
1849-07-12T11:00-35.7720.6327522.61025.518.3VM8ZW 3/4 W10.75-29965.0030.28NWTW90000000166461
1849-07-13T11:00-34.6219.3026415.41025.517.8VM8NWTW 7/8 W18.00-29764.0030.28WNW70000000166462
1849-07-14T11:00-33.4715.7715112.31028.917.8VM8NWTW 7/8 W54.50-29664.0030.38Z60000000166463
1849-07-15T11:00-31.9713.109612.31024.520.0VM8NW 3/8 W49.00-28668.0030.25ZOTO60000000166464
1849-07-16T11:00-30.1710.771089.31022.120.6VM8NW 1/4 N41.25-27569.0030.18ZO50000000166465
1849-07-17T11:00-28.839.121762.61022.820.0VM8NW 1/2 N30.50-27268.0030.20ZZW20000000166466
1849-07-18T12:00-27.257.251549.31019.421.7VM8NW 1/2 N40.00-26571.0030.10Z50000000166467
1849-07-19T12:00-25.105.2213212.31019.421.1VM8NWTN44.00-26670.0030.10ZZO60000000166468
1849-07-20T12:00-23.123.421209.31019.421.7VM8NNW 7/8 W36.25-26571.0030.10ZOTZ50000000166469
1849-07-21T12:00-22.272.383620.01023.122.8VM8NW 7/8 W17.75-24073.0030.21VARIEREND00000000166470
1849-07-22T12:00-21.521.82771.01025.522.8VM8NNW 7/8 W13.50-24173.0030.28OTZ10000000166471
1849-07-23T12:00-20.280.531226.71022.422.8VM8NW 5/8 N31.50-24473.0030.19ZOTZ40000000166472
1849-07-24T12:00-18.90-1.281569.31020.023.3VM8NW 1/2 N29.00-24574.0030.12Z50000000166473
1849-07-25T12:00-17.85-2.472014.61022.123.3VM8NW 3/8 N28.75-24374.0030.18ZW30000000166474
1849-07-26T12:00-16.58-3.832256.71026.122.8VM8NW 3/8 N28.75-23473.0030.30WZW40000000166475
1849-07-27T00:00-16.581919.31025.822.2VM8572.0030.29ZTW50000000166476
1849-07-29T12:00-14.60-7.3812312.31026.123.3VM8NW 1/2 N36.75-23674.0030.30ZOTZ60000000166477
1849-07-30T13:00-12.63-9.9013712.31022.123.3VM8NW 7/8 N48.25-21674.0030.18ZZO60000000166478
1849-07-31T13:00-10.93-11.6712512.31019.424.4VM8NW 3/8 N41.50-21676.0030.10ZOTZ60000000166479
1849-08-01T13:00-9.03-13.6013912.31021.425.6VM8NW 1/2 N41.50-19678.0030.16ZZO60000000166480
1849-08-02T13:00-7.38-15.381399.31022.826.7VM8NW 1/8 N38.00-19580.0030.20ZZO50000000166481
1849-08-03T13:00-5.77-17.231396.71022.826.7VM8NW 1/2 N34.50-19480.0030.20ZZO40000000166482
1849-08-04T13:00-3.97-19.43969.31022.127.2VM8NW 3/8 N36.50-17581.0030.18OZO50000000166483
1849-08-05T13:00-1.82-21.38969.31021.427.2VM8NNW 3/4 W39.00-17581.0030.16OZO50000000166484
1849-08-06T14:000.53-23.23989.31019.427.2VM8NNW34.50-15581.0030.10OZO50000000166485
1849-08-07T14:003.23-24.751549.31020.027.2VM8N 3/4 W40.75-15581.0030.12ZTO50000000166486
1849-08-08T14:005.65-24.731659.31019.427.8VM8N 1/4 O34.00-15582.0030.10Z50000000166487
1849-08-09T14:007.87-25.271879.31018.727.2VM8NTW41.50-16581.0030.08ZZW50000000166488
1849-08-10T14:0010.08-24.872439.31018.727.2VM8N 7/8 W33.75-16581.0030.08WTZ50000000166489
1849-08-11T14:0011.90-24.382999.31016.727.8VM8NTO31.00-16582.0030.02NWTW, NW50000000166490
1849-08-12T14:0012.75-24.82281.01016.727.8VM8NNW 1/2 W15.25-17182.0030.02NO10000000166491
1849-08-13T14:0014.17-25.33516.71016.727.8VM8NTW 1/2 W22.75-17482.0030.02ONO40000000166492
1849-08-14T14:0014.25-25.830.01018.028.9VM8NW 1/8 N6.00-1784.0030.06STIL0000000166493
1849-08-15T14:0014.52-27.533626.71017.327.8VM8NTW26.25-15482.0030.04NNO, VARIEREND40000000166494
1849-08-16T14:0015.22-29.35306.71017.727.8VM8NWTW 1/2 W30.25-15482.0030.05NO40000000166495
1849-08-17T14:0016.95-31.50419.31019.026.7VM8NW 1/4 N40.00-15580.0030.09NOTO50000000166496
1849-08-18T14:0019.22-33.504212.31018.026.1VM8NW 3/8 N44.25-14679.0030.06NOTO60000000166497
1849-08-19T14:0021.25-34.90319.31021.126.1VM8NWTN38.00-14579.0030.15NO50000000166498
1849-08-20T14:0023.10-36.30636.71023.126.7VM8NNW 7/8 W36.00-16480.0030.21OTN40000000166499
1849-08-21T15:0024.38-37.77319.31022.827.2VM8NW31.00-14581.0030.20NO50000000166500
1849-08-22T15:0026.15-38.67546.71022.127.8VM8NTW 3/4 W35.50-14482.0030.18ONO40000000166501
1849-08-23T15:0028.52-38.503629.31022.827.8VM8N 1/8 O33.00-17582.0030.20VARIEREND50000000166502
1849-08-24T15:0030.02-38.321076.71025.528.3VM8NTO 1/8 O23.00-17483.0030.28ZOTO40000000166503
1849-08-25T15:0031.83-38.08844.61026.527.8VM8NTO26.00-17382.0030.31OTZ30000000166504
1849-08-26T15:0033.13-37.781046.71028.928.3VM8NTO 3/4 O23.00-20483.0030.38ZOTO40000000166505
1849-08-27T15:0034.42-37.80939.31026.526.7VM8N 3/4 O22.00-20580.0030.31OTN, OZO50000000166506
1849-08-28T15:0035.22-37.98592.61022.126.7VM8N 1/4 W13.25-20280.0030.18OTN20000000166507
1849-08-29T14:0035.98-36.853626.71023.126.7VM8NO 5/8 O22.50-22480.0030.21VARIEREND40000000166508
1849-08-30T14:0037.00-37.23576.71027.225.0VM8N 1/8 O16.75-22477.0030.33OTN40000000166509
1849-08-31T15:0038.17-37.65550.01028.925.0VM8N 5/8 W18.75-24077.0030.38OTN00000000166510
1849-09-01T14:0039.05-36.471781.01028.225.6VM8NO 7/8 O22.75-25178.0030.36ZZW10000000166511
1849-09-02T14:0040.03-35.001212.61028.925.0VM8NO 3/4 O24.50-25277.0030.38ZOTZ20000000166512
1849-09-03T14:0042.00-32.4236212.31028.923.9VM8NO 3/4 O42.50-25675.0030.38VARIEREND60000000166513
1849-09-04T14:0043.72-28.8514012.31028.924.4VM8NOTO 5/8 O45.00-29676.0030.38ZTO60000000166514
1849-09-05T14:0045.12-25.0515212.31024.822.8VM8ONO 1/4 O43.75-28673.0030.26Z60000000166515
1849-09-06T14:0046.35-23.631419.31024.822.2VM8NO 3/4 O32.00-28572.0030.26ZTO50000000a trivial correction was made in this observation166516
1849-09-07T14:0047.13-22.753624.61022.121.1VM8N12.25-28370.0030.18VARIERENDNW3HOGE DEINING0000000166517
1849-09-08T13:0046.22-20.67529.31026.120.0VM8ZOTO 1/8 O22.50-27568.0030.30OTN50000000a trivial correction was made in this observation166518
1849-09-09T13:0045.72-18.73416.71022.820.6VM8OZO 7/8 O18.75-27469.0030.20ONO4AFNEMENDE DEINING0000000166519
1849-09-10T13:0046.58-14.7531215.4987.517.2VM8NOTO 7/8 O44.00-26763.0029.16N, NNW70000000166520
1849-09-11T13:0047.28-12.3332519.0999.716.7VM8ONO 1/8 O28.50-24862.0029.52NTW80000000166521
1849-09-12T13:0048.37-8.4332230.9995.716.1VM8NOTO 1/8 O43.25-271161.0029.40NNW, NTW11W300000100166522
1849-09-13T12:0049.37-6.0030219.01016.716.7VM8NOTO 3/8 O29.50-24862.0030.02NWTN8AFNEMENDE ZEE0000000166523
1849-09-14T12:0050.12-3.072809.31026.118.91VM8ONO 1/4 O33.75-24566.0030.30NWTW50000000166524
1849-09-15T12:0050.52-0.132489.31024.518.31VM8-22565.0030.25W50000000166525
1849-09-16T12:0050.851.121472.61025.519.41VM8-22267.0030.28OZO, ZTO20000000166526
1849-09-17T12:0051.131.673384.61026.819.41VM8-22367.0030.32N30000000166527
1849-09-18T12:0051.182.1733815.41025.518.31VM8ONO 1/4 O5.50-22765.0030.28NTO, N70000000166528
1849-09-19T12:0051.051.5532722.61031.917.81VM8-22964.0030.47NTW90000000166529
1849-09-20T12:0051.321.80112.31029.516.11VM8-22661.0030.40NNO60000000166530
1849-09-21T12:0051.401.932322.61022.817.81VM8NTW 3/8 W7.50-22964.0030.20NO90000000166531
1849-09-22T12:0051.472.0310222.61020.717.21VM8NTW 1/8 W4.00-22963.0030.14ZOTO90000000166532
1849-09-23T12:0051.752.1236212.31016.018.91VM8NNW6.00-22666.0030.00OZO, VARIEREND60000000166533
1849-09-24T12:002.853611015.320.01VM8ONO7.0068.0029.98STIL0000000166534