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García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during MERCATOR cruise from Hellevoetsluis to Batavia started at 1848-12-11 [dataset]. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750715, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088

Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.

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Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: -6.464324 * Median Longitude: 16.907748 * South-bound Latitude: -41.420000 * West-bound Longitude: -32.270000 * North-bound Latitude: 51.220000 * East-bound Longitude: 106.860000
Date/Time Start: 1848-12-11T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-04-02T05:00:00
Event(s):
Mercator_18481211_G_REIS_38 * Latitude Start: 51.940000 * Longitude Start: 3.720000 * Latitude End: -6.100000 * Longitude End: 106.860000 * Date/Time Start: 1848-12-11T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-04-02T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Mercator (Bark), Voyage: Hellevoetsluis - Batavia, 1st Observer: E. Brouwers (Kapitein), 2nd Observer: J. Gagestein (1E Stuurman)
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
DATE/TIMEDate/TimeGeocode
LATITUDELatitudeGeocode
LONGITUDELongitudeGeocode
Wind directiondddegWind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected.
Wind speedffm/scalculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations
Pressure, atmosphericPPPPhPaNo temperature correction was applied. The following factors have been used for the conversion to hPa: 2.54 cm in an inch; 13.596 specific gravity of mercury; 980.65 cm/s gravity at 45° latitude
Temperature, airTTT°C
--1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances)
WatchWatchName of the period of 4 hours which is known as a watch or duty on board ships
10 GlassesGlassesNumber of glasses within a watch; one watch equals 8 glasses
11 CourseCourseCourse of the ship during the past 24 hours
12 DistanceDistancearbitrary unitsDistance travelled during the previous 24 hours
13 DeclinationDecldegIt is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction.
14 Wind scale referenceWind scale ref#Name of, or reference to the wind scale that has been used
15 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the (outside) air thermometer
16 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the air pressure
17 Wind direction descriptionWind dir descrAll reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from.
18 Wind force descriptionWind force descrAll reported wind forces on this day
19 Present weatherwwWeather description
20 State of the sea descriptionState sea descr
21 GustsGusts1 If wind gusts are reported
22 Precipitation/RainRain1 If rain was reported
23 FogFog1 If fog was reported
24 Snow typeSnow1 If snow was reported
25 ThunderThunder1 If thunder and or lightning was reported
26 HailHail1 If hail was reported
27 Sea iceSea ice1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported
28 IdentificationIDCLIWOC 2.1 line number
Size:
2490 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Date/Time

Latitude

Longitude

dd [deg]
(Wind direction (from which th...)

ff [m/s]
(calculated from the descripti...)

PPPP [hPa]
(No temperature correction was...)

TTT [°C]

-
(1 If position is considered t...)

Watch
(Name of the period of 4 hours...)
10 
Glasses
(Number of glasses within a wa...)
11 
Course
(Course of the ship during the...)
12 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance travelled during the...)
13 
Decl [deg]
(It is generally accepted by t...)
14 
Wind scale ref [#]
(Name of, or reference to the ...)
15 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the (outside) air ...)
16 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the air pressure)
17 
Wind dir descr
(All reported wind directions ...)
18 
Wind force descr
(All reported wind forces on t...)
19 
ww
(Weather description)
20 
State sea descr
21 
Gusts
(1 If wind gusts are reported)
22 
Rain
(1 If rain was reported)
23 
Fog
(1 If fog was reported)
24 
Snow
(1 If snow was reported)
25 
Thunder
(1 If thunder and or lightning...)
26 
Hail
(1 If hail was reported)
27 
Sea ice
(1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...)
28 
ID
(CLIWOC 2.1 line number)
1848-12-11T00:0051.7523612.31022.812.21VM8W 1/4 N9.00654.0030.20ZW, ZWTW60000000166311
1848-12-12T00:002369.31025.512.81VM8ZO 3/4 Z4.25555.0030.28ZWTW50000000166312
1848-12-13T12:0051.221.8319212.31021.412.21VM8ZOTO 1/2 O3.00-22654.0030.16ZWTZ60000000166313
1848-12-14T12:0050.32-1.1515812.31006.512.21VM8ZWTW 1/2 W16.25-22654.0029.72Z60000000166314
1848-12-15T12:0049.92-2.5821115.41005.112.81VM8ZWTW 3/4 W14.25-25755.0029.68ZWTW70000000166315
1848-12-16T12:0049.97-3.852341.01009.211.71VM8W 1/4 Z12.25-25153.0029.80WTZ10000000166316
1848-12-17T12:0049.57-6.303356.71004.112.2VM8WZW9.00-25454.0029.65NTO, N40000000166317
1848-12-18T13:0049.95-8.1015330.9995.712.2VM8W 1/4 N17.25-271154.0029.40Z110000000166318
1848-12-19T13:0049.60-8.082541.01017.712.2VM8ZTO 1/2 O9.50-27154.0030.05WTN10000000166319
1848-12-20T13:0049.23-8.52182.61020.711.7VM8ZW 1/2 Z6.00-27253.0030.14NO20000000166320
1848-12-21T13:0048.70-10.001424.61021.411.7VM8ZW 3/8 W18.50-27353.0030.16ZTO30000000166321
1848-12-22T13:0048.17-12.631299.31018.012.8VM8WZW 1/2 W27.75-29555.0030.06ZZO50000000166322
1848-12-23T13:0047.32-15.7213215.41005.812.2VM8WZW33.50-26754.0029.70ZZO70000000166323
1848-12-24T13:0047.33-16.1512022.6992.311.7VM8W 1/8 N5.75-26953.0029.30ZOTZ90000000166324
1848-12-25T13:0047.27-14.6017722.6993.611.7VM8O 1/4 Z15.75-26953.0029.34ZZW90000000166325
1848-12-26T13:0045.98-13.7719930.91012.313.9VM8O 7/8 Z11.75-261157.0029.89ZW11HOGE ZEE0000000166326
1848-12-27T13:0045.37-13.271431.0992.314.4VM8ZZO 5/8 O11.00-26158.0029.30ZZW, ZTO10000000166327
1848-12-28T13:0044.68-11.9317915.41022.815.6VM8ZO 3/8 O18.50-24760.0030.20ZW, ZZW70000000166328
1848-12-29T13:0044.37-14.481889.31009.915.0VM8WTZ31.25-26559.0029.82ZWTZ50000000166329
1848-12-30T13:0043.23-15.8710922.61002.414.4VM8ZW 1/4 Z22.00-26958.0029.60ZO90000000166330
1848-12-31T13:0042.05-15.8819015.4998.715.0VM8Z17.50-24759.0029.49ZWTZ70000000166331
1849-01-01T13:0041.45-17.1711115.4990.216.1VM8ZWTW 1/4 W23.25-24761.0029.24ZO70000000166332
1849-01-02T13:0040.75-17.5736215.4988.916.7VM8ZW 3/4 Z15.00-25762.0029.20VARIABEL70000000166333
1849-01-03T13:0038.15-17.5330115.41005.816.7VM8Z 1/2 W37.50-25762.0029.70NWTN70000000166334
1849-01-04T13:0035.32-18.2030322.61015.616.7VM8ZTW44.25-23962.0029.99NWTN90000000166335
1849-01-05T13:0032.18-18.7328312.31021.118.9VM8Z 1/2 W43.00-21666.0030.15NWTW60000000166336
1849-01-06T13:0029.17-18.6226012.31019.420.6VM8Z 1/4 W44.00-21669.0030.10WTN60000000166337
1849-01-07T13:0026.00-20.1235112.31018.720.0VM8ZTW 7/8 W48.50-20668.0030.08NTO60000000166338
1849-01-08T13:0023.42-21.832512.31022.122.2VM8ZZW 3/8 W46.00-20672.0030.18NO60000000166339
1849-01-09T14:0020.73-23.90509.31021.423.9VM8ZZW 3/8 W47.00-18575.0030.16ONO50000000166340
1849-01-10T14:0018.00-25.735012.31019.422.8VM8ZZW 1/2 W47.25-18673.0030.10ONO60000000166341
1849-01-11T14:0014.93-25.338412.31017.323.3VM8ZTO 3/8 O45.25-17674.0030.04O, OTZ60000000166342
1849-01-12T14:0012.80-24.12624.61017.024.4VM8ZZO 1/2 O36.25-17376.0030.03OTN30000000166343
1849-01-13T14:009.78-23.30749.31016.325.6VM8ZZO 1/4 O43.75-16578.0030.01O50000000166344
1849-01-14T13:007.08-21.98629.31015.627.2VM8ZZO 1/2 O44.75-17581.0029.99OTN50000000166345
1849-01-15T13:006.23-21.50731.01015.627.8VM8ZTO 1/8 O18.50-17182.0029.99O10000000166346
1849-01-16T13:005.05-21.08280.01015.328.3VM8Z 5/8 O18.00-17083.0029.98NO00000000166347
1849-01-17T13:004.30-20.673620.01015.628.9VM8Z 5/8 O13.50-17084.0029.99VARIABEL0W300000100166348
1849-01-18T13:003.57-19.872196.71015.628.9VM8ZOTZ19.50-17484.0029.99ZWTW40000000166349
1849-01-19T13:003.30-19.402081.01015.328.3VM8ZTO 1/2 O4.75-17183.0029.98ZZW, ZW10000000166350
1849-01-20T13:002.73-18.752084.61015.328.9VM8ZO 1/2 Z12.75-17384.0029.98ZW30000000166351
1849-01-21T13:001.85-18.522086.71015.327.2VM8Z 7/8 O19.25-17481.0029.98ZWTZ, ZW4W300000100166352
1849-01-22T13:000.97-18.751742.61015.628.9VM8ZTW 3/4 W10.50-17284.0029.99ZTW20000000166353
1849-01-23T13:00-0.18-20.881746.71015.629.4VM8ZWTW 1/4 W25.50-17485.0029.99ZTW40000000166354
1849-01-24T14:00-1.60-22.871549.31016.328.3VM8ZW 1/8 W34.50-15583.0030.01ZTO50000000166355
1849-01-25T14:00-3.55-24.881449.3992.328.9VM8ZW 1/8 Z39.00-14584.0029.30ZZO50000000166356
1849-01-26T14:00-6.23-26.7213212.31017.728.3VM8ZZW 7/8 W48.00-14683.0030.05ZOTZ60000000166357
1849-01-27T14:00-9.37-28.3712412.31017.328.9VM8ZZW 1/4 W51.25-11684.0030.04ZO60000000166358
1849-01-28T14:00-12.08-29.7012412.31019.428.9VM8ZWTZ47.25-11684.0030.10ZO60000000166359
1849-01-29T14:00-14.40-29.83912.61019.028.9VM8Z 5/8 W34.50-10284.0030.09OTZ20000000166360
1849-01-30T14:00-17.10-29.501146.71018.728.9VM8Z 1/2 W41.00-10484.0030.08OTZ, ZOTO40000000166361
1849-01-31T14:00-19.50-29.18812.61019.428.9VM8Z 1/2 O35.50-9284.0030.10O20000000166362
1849-02-01T14:00-21.87-29.921159.31019.428.9VM8ZTW 3/8 W37.50-9584.0030.10ZOTO50000000166363
1849-02-02T14:00-24.02-30.731059.31022.828.3VM8ZZW 1/8 W35.50-8583.0030.20OTZ, OZO50000000166364
1849-02-03T14:00-26.70-31.8810512.31023.126.7VM8ZTW 3/4 W42.50-8680.0030.21OZO60000000166365
1849-02-04T14:00-29.60-32.2710612.31024.526.1VM8ZTW42.50-7679.0030.25OZO60000000166366
1849-02-05T14:00-31.58-30.554912.31021.125.6VM8ZO 5/8 Z39.50-7678.0030.15NOTO60000000166367
1849-02-06T14:00-33.08-26.781412.31015.324.4VM8ZOTO 3/4 O50.50-9676.0029.98NNO60000000166368
1849-02-07T14:00-34.13-23.2326112.31012.623.9VM8OZO 1/8 O48.00-9675.0029.90NW, W60000000166369
1849-02-08T13:00-34.48-19.6016819.01018.719.4VM8O 3/4 Z46.50-12867.0030.08ZZW, Z80000000166370
1849-02-09T13:00-34.30-15.831769.31022.819.4VM8O 1/4 Z43.50-15567.0030.20Z, ZTW50000000166371
1849-02-10T13:00-33.67-13.071764.61028.920.0VM8ONO 5/8 O36.00-15368.0030.38ZTW30000000166372
1849-02-11T13:00-33.88-13.201090.01018.722.8VM8Z 7/8 W7.50-15073.0030.08ZOTO00000000166373
1849-02-12T13:00-33.97-13.122101.01027.523.9VM8ZO2.00-15175.0030.34VARIABEL, ZWSTIL0000000166374
1849-02-13T13:00-34.42-12.503610.01027.523.9VM8ZO8.75-18075.0030.34STIL00000000166375
1849-02-14T13:00-36.17-10.22166.71026.523.3VM8ZO35.50-18474.0030.31NOTN40000000166376
1849-02-15T12:00-37.55-7.1539.31030.923.3VM8ZOTO 1/4 O45.00-20574.0030.44NNO50000000166377
1849-02-16T12:00-38.03-3.723406.71026.122.2VM8OZO 5/8 O40.00-20472.0030.30N40000000166378
1849-02-17T12:00-38.33-0.223626.71016.021.7VM8O 1/2 Z40.00-23471.0030.00NTO, VARIABEL40000000166379
1849-02-18T12:00-38.724.0833512.31012.320.6VM8O 1/2 Z50.00-25669.0029.89NTW, N60000000166380
1849-02-19T11:00-38.677.6031112.31015.619.4VM8O 3/8 Z44.00-27667.0029.99NNW60000000166381
1849-02-20T11:00-39.1710.302886.71012.320.0VM8OZO 5/8 O31.50-27468.0029.89NW40000000166382
1849-02-21T11:00-38.9814.2732012.31004.119.4VM8O 1/4 Z46.50-29667.0029.65NTW60000000166383
1849-02-22T11:00-38.8017.4724112.31019.419.4VM8O 3/8 N46.50-29667.0030.10W6HOGE ZEE0000000166384
1849-02-23T11:00-39.4021.5025115.41015.322.2VM8O 3/4 Z51.00-30772.0029.98WTN7HOGE ZEE0000000166385
1849-02-24T10:00-39.2226.103189.31012.623.3VM8O 1/4 Z53.50-31574.0029.90NTW50000000166386
1849-02-25T10:00-39.5529.872959.31009.223.9VM8O 5/8 Z45.50-31575.0029.80NWTN50000000166387
1849-02-26T10:00-38.9433.1517222.61012.617.2VM8NOTO 3/8 O44.00-31963.0029.90ZZW9HOGE ZEE0000000166388
1849-02-27T10:00-38.3336.4817222.61016.017.8VM8ONO 1/4 O40.00-31964.0030.00ZZW90000000166389
1849-02-28T09:00-38.5540.0818415.41014.319.4VM8O 1/8 Z43.50-30767.0029.95ZWTZ70000000166390
1849-03-01T09:00-39.0044.332649.31015.318.9VM8O 7/8 Z44.75-29566.0029.98WNW50000000166391
1849-03-02T09:00-39.0347.6719712.31012.916.7VM8O 1/8 N42.00-28662.0029.91W, ZW6HOGE ZEE0000000166392
1849-03-03T09:00-38.8851.732652.61002.818.9VM8O 1/4 N39.00-28266.0029.61WNW20000000166393
1849-03-04T08:00-38.4254.7319815.41019.416.7VM8O 5/8 N39.00-27762.0030.10ZW7AFSLECHTENDE ZEE0000000166394
1849-03-05T08:00-39.4256.18180.01028.918.9VM8O 1/2 Z17.25-27066.0030.38NOSTIL0000000166395
1849-03-06T08:00-40.4259.32539.31031.618.9VM8OZO39.50-26566.0030.46OTN50000000166396
1849-03-07T08:00-41.4263.67209.31027.818.9VM8OTZ50.25-25566.0030.35NOTO, NO50000000166397
1849-03-08T07:00-41.0068.7234712.31016.018.3VM8ONO 7/8 O54.50-24665.0030.00NTO60000000166398
1849-03-09T07:00-40.3572.781809.31021.132.2VM8ONO 5/8 O47.50-23590.0030.15ZZW50000000166399
1849-03-10T07:00-39.0376.4013512.31026.114.4VM8NOTO 3/4 O46.50-23658.0030.30ZZO60000000166400
1849-03-11T07:00-38.0778.931366.71026.116.1VM8NO 1/2 O39.00-22461.0030.30ZZO40000000166401
1849-03-12T07:00-37.1280.531299.31019.419.4VM8ONO 1/2 O22.50-17567.0030.10ZOTZ50000000166402
1849-03-13T06:00-37.5582.88474.61008.520.0VM8ZO 5/8 O35.00-21368.0029.78ONO30000000166403
1849-03-14T06:00-37.9885.4220415.41012.617.2VM8ONO 7/8 O36.00-21763.0029.90ZW70000000166404
1849-03-15T06:00-36.9588.422339.31018.717.8VM8NOTO 7/8 O40.25-15564.0030.08WZW50000000166405
1849-03-16T06:00-35.5591.3516512.31022.118.9VM8NOTO 5/8 O44.75-15666.0030.18Z60000000166406
1849-03-17T06:00-34.8392.301650.01019.420.0VM8NO 1/2 O15.00-15068.0030.10VARIABEL, ZSTIL0000000166407
1849-03-18T06:00-34.1094.734.61014.620.0VM8NOTO 5/8 O32.00-13368.0029.9630000000166408
1849-03-19T06:00-32.3097.4033912.31011.922.8VM8NO 5/8 O46.00-10673.0029.88NTW60000000166409
1849-03-20T05:00-29.6899.273069.31015.323.3VM8NTO 3/4 O44.50-9574.0029.98NW50000000166410
1849-03-21T05:00-26.82100.702879.31019.423.3VM8NTO 1/4 O45.00-6574.0030.10WNW50000000166411
1849-03-22T05:00-24.57101.421746.71021.123.9VM8NTO 1/8 O39.50-6475.0030.15Z40000000166412
1849-03-23T05:00-22.18101.751099.31019.424.4VM8N 3/4 O42.50-4576.0030.10OZO50000000166413
1849-03-24T05:00-20.23101.82866.71016.025.6VM8N 1/2 O30.25-4478.0030.00O40000000166414
1849-03-25T05:00-17.98102.22866.71016.727.2VM8N 3/4 O34.25-4481.0030.02O40000000166415
1849-03-26T05:00-15.05103.2536212.31017.328.3VM8NTO 3/8 O50.50-1683.0030.04VARIEREND60000000166416
1849-03-27T05:00-12.05104.2311312.31017.329.4VM8NTO 1/4 O49.750685.0030.04OZO60000000166417
1849-03-28T05:00-9.42104.581469.31012.630.0VM8N 1/2 O40.750586.0029.90ZOTZ50000000166418
1849-03-29T05:00-7.05105.00916.71012.630.6VM8NTO 1/2 O34.501487.0029.90O40000000166419
1849-03-30T05:00-6.38105.3736212.31010.930.0VM81686.0029.85OZO, VARIEREND6W300000100166420
1849-03-31T05:00-6.32105.821252.61009.229.4VM81285.0029.80ZOTO20000000166421
1849-04-01T05:00-6.18105.723620.01010.231.1VM81088.0029.83ZO, VARIERENDSTIL0000000166422
1849-04-02T05:00-6.10106.863624.61010.630.01VM81386.0029.84VARIEREND30000000166423