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García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during MERAPI cruise from Batavia to Falmouth started at 1848-10-22 [dataset]. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750714, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088

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Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: -1.572314 * Median Longitude: 9.959091 * South-bound Latitude: -35.020000 * West-bound Longitude: -42.070000 * North-bound Latitude: 49.100000 * East-bound Longitude: 104.300000
Date/Time Start: 1848-10-22T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-03-14T00:00:00
Event(s):
Merapi_18481022_V_REIS_9_P77-82 * Latitude Start: -6.100000 * Longitude Start: 106.860000 * Latitude End: 49.950000 * Longitude End: -5.000000 * Date/Time Start: 1848-10-22T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1849-03-14T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Merapi (Steamer), Voyage: Batavia - Falmouth, 1st Observer: Hoogenhouck Fullekes (Ltz-1)
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
DATE/TIMEDate/TimeGeocode
LATITUDELatitudeGeocode
LONGITUDELongitudeGeocode
Wind directiondddegWind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected.
Wind speedffm/scalculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations
Pressure, atmosphericPPPPhPaNo temperature correction was applied. The following factors have been used for the conversion to hPa: 2.54 cm in an inch; 13.596 specific gravity of mercury; 980.65 cm/s gravity at 45° latitude
Temperature, airTTT°C
LandmarkLandmarkName of first landmark
BearingBearingBearing of the first landmark
10 Distance to landmarkDistancearbitrary unitsDistance to the first landmark
11 LandmarkLandmarkName of second landmark
12 BearingBearingBearing of the second landmark
13 Distance to landmarkDistancearbitrary unitsDistance to the second landmark
14 LandmarkLandmarkName of third landmark
15 BearingBearingBearing of the third landmark
16 --1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances)
17 WatchWatchName of the period of 4 hours which is known as a watch or duty on board ships
18 GlassesGlassesNumber of glasses within a watch; one watch equals 8 glasses
19 CommentCommentOther remarks, that were not possible to put in the other remark fields
20 DeclinationDecldegIt is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction.
21 Wind scale referenceWind scale ref#Name of, or reference to the wind scale that has been used
22 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the (outside) air thermometer
23 Sensor readingReadingarbitrary unitsReading of the air pressure
24 Wind direction descriptionWind dir descrAll reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from.
25 Current direction descriptionCur dir descrDirection of the current. This direction points to where the current is flowing towards to.
26 Wind force descriptionWind force descrAll reported wind forces on this day
27 Present weatherwwWeather description
28 Precipitation descriptionPrecip descr
29 State of the sea descriptionState sea descr
30 Cloud typeCloud type
31 ClearnessClearness
32 GustsGusts1 If wind gusts are reported
33 Precipitation/RainRain1 If rain was reported
34 FogFog1 If fog was reported
35 Snow typeSnow1 If snow was reported
36 ThunderThunder1 If thunder and or lightning was reported
37 HailHail1 If hail was reported
38 Sea iceSea ice1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported
39 CommentComment
40 IdentificationIDCLIWOC 2.1 line number
Size:
2566 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Date/Time

Latitude

Longitude

dd [deg]
(Wind direction (from which th...)

ff [m/s]
(calculated from the descripti...)

PPPP [hPa]
(No temperature correction was...)

TTT [°C]

Landmark
(Name of first landmark)

Bearing
(Bearing of the first landmark)
10 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance to the first landmark)
11 
Landmark
(Name of second landmark)
12 
Bearing
(Bearing of the second landmark)
13 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance to the second landmark)
14 
Landmark
(Name of third landmark)
15 
Bearing
(Bearing of the third landmark)
16 
-
(1 If position is considered t...)
17 
Watch
(Name of the period of 4 hours...)
18 
Glasses
(Number of glasses within a wa...)
19 
Comment
(Other remarks, that were not ...)
20 
Decl [deg]
(It is generally accepted by t...)
21 
Wind scale ref [#]
(Name of, or reference to the ...)
22 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the (outside) air ...)
23 
Reading [arbitrary units]
(Reading of the air pressure)
24 
Wind dir descr
(All reported wind directions ...)
25 
Cur dir descr
(Direction of the current. Thi...)
26 
Wind force descr
(All reported wind forces on t...)
27 
ww
(Weather description)
28 
Precip descr
29 
State sea descr
30 
Cloud type
31 
Clearness
32 
Gusts
(1 If wind gusts are reported)
33 
Rain
(1 If rain was reported)
34 
Fog
(1 If fog was reported)
35 
Snow
(1 If snow was reported)
36 
Thunder
(1 If thunder and or lightning...)
37 
Hail
(1 If hail was reported)
38 
Sea ice
(1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...)
39 
Comment
40 
ID
(CLIWOC 2.1 line number)
1848-10-22T00:0021412.3VM8ANKER OP EN ONDER ZEIL..6ZWTZ6W20V04H000100000166181
1848-10-23T00:002369.31017.126.7Z HOEK DWARS IN DE WEGWTZBRABANTSHOEDJEZTO 1/2 O?TOPPERSHOEDJENTO 1/2 O580.0029.16ZWTW5V04, V03H000000000166182
1848-10-24T05:00-7.08104.3013612.31017.127.21681.0029.16NW, ZO5-6W20V04, V100100000166183
1848-10-25T05:00-8.00102.4515812.306ZZO6W20H000100000166184
1848-10-26T05:00-9.2899.921589.305ZZO5V01, V00H000000000166185
1848-10-27T05:00-10.1897.831699.31017.425.60578.0029.17ZTO5W20V00, V04H000100000166186
1848-10-28T06:00-11.6595.6013412.31018.526.1-1679.0029.20ZO5-6W20V01, V03H000100000166187
1848-10-29T06:00-12.5792.9713312.3-26ZO5-6H000000000166188
1848-10-30T06:00-14.1391.231219.31020.926.1-3579.0029.27ZOTO4-5V00H000000000166189
1848-10-31T06:00-15.7289.281216.71021.624.4-3476.0029.29ZOTO4V00H000000000166190
1848-11-01T06:00-16.3887.251329.31020.624.4-3576.0029.26ZO5H000000000166191
1848-11-02T06:00-17.3784.8514312.31025.123.3-3674.0029.39ZOTZ7-6V00, V01H000000000166192
1848-11-03T06:00-18.7282.8011912.31024.123.3-5674.0029.36ZOTO5-6V00H000000000166193
1848-11-04T07:00-20.3880.2712912.31025.523.3-6674.0029.40ZO5-6W20V10H000100000166194
1848-11-05T07:00-21.9578.151299.31025.523.9-6575.0029.40ZO5V01, V00H000000000166195
1848-11-06T07:00-23.5076.031036.71025.523.3-10474.0029.40OZO5-4V04H000000000166196
1848-11-07T07:00-24.7774.27919.31027.223.3-10574.0029.45OTZ5V01, V04, V00H000000000166197
1848-11-08T07:00-25.2771.581029.31027.223.9-11575.0029.45OZO5H000000000166198
1848-11-09T07:00-26.2269.43794.61028.9-11329.50O3V00H000000000166199
1848-11-10T07:00-26.7568.28906.71029.3-11429.51OTZ4V00H000000000166200
1848-11-11T08:00-27.1066.53786.71032.823.3-12474.0029.61OS004H000000000166201
1848-11-12T08:00-27.3364.73676.71032.4-12429.60OTN4H000000000166202
1848-11-13T08:00-27.5562.55744.61028.9-16329.50O3W20H000100000166203
1848-11-14T08:00-27.7860.93624.61028.923.3-17374.0029.50OTN3V00H000000000166204
1848-11-15T08:00-27.9359.58514.61028.923.9-17375.0029.50ONO3V00H000000000166205
1848-11-16T08:00-28.3057.753439.31025.5-17529.40N5H000000000166206
1848-11-17T08:00-28.9855.433611019.522.8-1973.0029.23STILV04H000000000166207
1848-11-18T08:00-28.7554.883194.61028.923.3-19374.0029.50NNW3V03, V00H000000000166208
1848-11-19T08:00-27.6052.951619.31028.923.3-19574.0029.50Z5V01H000000000166209
1848-11-20T09:00-27.1051.45846.71022.025.0-17477.0029.30OTZ4V00, V01H000000000166210
1848-11-21T09:00-27.1849.273439.31018.525.6-17578.0029.20N5V00H000000000166211
1848-11-22T09:00-27.2346.782064.61021.622.8-19373.0029.29ZW3V04, V00H000000000166212
1848-11-23T09:00-26.9745.851169.31023.023.3-19574.0029.33ZO5V04H00, H010000000166213
1848-11-24T09:00-27.8043.0810212.31022.023.9-22675.0029.30ZOTO5-6V04H000000000166214
1848-11-25T09:00-27.7340.20446.71018.524.4-24476.0029.20ONO4V04H000000000166215
1848-11-26T09:00-28.7738.473256.71011.525.0-24477.0029.00NTW3-4V04H000000000166216
1848-11-27T10:00-29.2836.4314315.41025.123.3-26774.0029.39ZTO6-7V03, V03H000000000166217
1848-11-28T10:00-29.0534.4215412.31025.523.3-26674.0029.40Z5-6W00V13, V00, V10H001000000166218
1848-11-29T10:00-29.4532.95199.3981.924.4-26576.0028.15NO5V01, V00H000000000166219
1848-11-30T10:00-31.4730.2818715.41015.023.9-27775.0029.10ZWTZ7W00, W01W20V051100000166220
1848-12-01T10:00-32.2030.421649.31022.025.6-27578.0029.30ZTW5V01, V04H000000000166221
1848-12-02T10:00-32.8029.47394.61037.323.3-29374.0029.74ONO4-3V03, V01H000000000166222
1848-12-03T10:00-33.9227.00839.31022.023.3-30574.0029.30NO, OZO5W20V10, V04H000100000166223
1848-12-04T10:00-34.4724.782741.01021.622.2-30172.0029.29NWTW1V04H000000000166224
1848-12-05T10:00-34.5324.77946.71022.022.2-30472.0029.30ZOTO4V01, V00H000000000166225
1848-12-06T11:00-34.8222.482199.31026.2-29529.42WZW5V00, V04H000000000166226
1848-12-07T10:00-35.0222.501746.71022.023.3-29474.0029.30ZZW4V01, V00H000000000166227
1848-12-08T11:00-34.7720.771511018.520.6-2969.0029.20ZV00H000000000166228
1848-12-09T00:0010000000166229
1848-12-23T00:0018015.41023.421.1VM8ANKER OP EN ONDER ZEIL.770.0029.34ZOTZ, Z7V00H000000000166230
1848-12-24T00:001469.31023.421.1VM8570.0029.34ZOTZ5H000000000166231
1848-12-25T11:00-32.7514.771299.31018.521.1-29570.0029.20ZZO5V00H00, H010000000166232
1848-12-26T11:00-31.2513.032209.31016.421.1-28570.0029.14WZW5V03H01, H000000000166233
1848-12-27T11:00-29.6711.532324.61019.921.7-27371.0029.24WTZ3H000000000166234
1848-12-28T11:00-28.3311.122214.61018.823.3-27374.0029.21NW, WZW3V000000000166235
1848-12-29T11:00-28.3711.202324.61019.5-27329.23WTZ3V00H000000000166236
1848-12-30T11:00-27.6710.852434.61021.623.9-27375.0029.29W3V00H000000000a trivial correction was made in this observation166237
1848-12-31T11:00-26.439.051314.61022.024.4-27376.0029.30ZZO3V00H000000000166238
1849-01-01T12:00-25.156.631544.61023.023.3-26374.0029.33Z3V000000000166239
1849-01-02T12:00-23.434.571099.31022.023.3-26574.0029.30ZO5V04H000000000166240
1849-01-03T12:00-22.723.301546.71022.723.3-26474.0029.32Z4V03H000000000166241
1849-01-04T12:00-21.681.831229.31022.023.9-24575.0029.30ZOTZ5V00H000000000166242
1849-01-05T12:00-20.800.681674.61022.023.9-24375.0029.30ZTW3H000000000166243
1849-01-06T12:00-19.970.181224.61022.0-24329.30ZOTZ3V01, V000000000166244
1849-01-07T12:00-19.12-1.371224.61018.824.4-24376.0029.21ZOTZ30000000166245
1849-01-08T12:00-18.30-2.671124.61022.025.0-23377.0029.30ZO3V00, V04H000000000166246
1849-01-09T12:00-16.47-4.581124.61011.525.0-23377.0029.00ZO3V000000000166247
1849-01-10T00:0010000000166248
1849-01-12T00:001139.31020.625.0ANKER OP.577.0029.26OZO4-5V10, V04, V03H000000000166249
1849-01-13T00:00904.61022.023.3374.0029.30O3W20V00, V04H000100000166250
1849-01-14T12:00-14.48-7.48909.31022.023.9-23575.0029.30OZO5V00, V01, V04H000000000166251
1849-01-15T13:00-13.37-9.12929.31021.324.4-21576.0029.28OZO5W20V04H000100000166252
1849-01-16T13:00-11.63-10.60929.31020.625.0-21577.0029.26OZO5W20V04H000100000166253
1849-01-17T13:00-10.00-12.123059.31019.525.0-21577.0029.23NWTN5V04, V00H000000000166254
1849-01-18T13:00-8.43-13.471169.31019.526.1-19579.0029.23ZO5V04, V01H000000000166255
1849-01-19T13:00-7.27-14.281399.31019.226.1-19579.0029.22ZZO5V00H000000000166256
1849-01-20T13:00-5.87-15.231399.31019.527.2-19581.0029.23ZZO5V00, V04H000000000166257
1849-01-21T13:00-4.60-15.851399.31020.627.8-19582.0029.26ZZO5V00H000000000166258
1849-01-22T13:00-3.42-17.371396.71018.526.9-19480.5029.20ZZO4V01, V00H000000000166259
1849-01-23T13:00-1.88-18.521419.31018.126.7-17580.0029.19ZZO5V01H000000000166260
1849-01-24T13:00-0.13-19.131414.61018.526.1-17379.0029.20ZZO3W20V05H000100000166261
1849-01-25T13:000.43-19.952316.71018.126.7-17480.0029.19WZW4V04H000000000166262
1849-01-26T13:002.68-21.47289.31018.527.2-17581.0029.20NNW, NO5W20V04H000100000166263
1849-01-27T13:004.55-22.3869.31017.1-17529.16NNO5V04H000000000166264
1849-01-28T14:005.37-23.733566.71018.126.7-15480.0029.19NTO4V10H01, H000000000166265
1849-01-29T14:005.55-25.023006.71017.126.7-15480.0029.16NTO, NW4H00, H010000000166266
1849-01-30T14:006.32-26.23419.31017.426.7-15580.0029.17NOTO5H01, H000000000166267
1849-01-31T14:007.88-27.43299.31019.225.6-16578.0029.22NO5H01, H000000000166268
1849-02-01T14:009.13-28.92429.31019.225.6-14578.0029.22NOTO5H01, H000000000166269
1849-02-02T14:0010.03-29.90204.61018.525.0-14377.0029.20NOTN3V00H000000000166270
1849-02-03T14:0010.77-31.05209.31020.225.0-14577.0029.25NOTN5V05H000000000166271
1849-02-04T06:0011.87-32.18209.31024.124.4HW8-14576.0029.36NOTN5V000000000166272
1849-02-05T14:0013.13-33.703212.31024.124.4-13676.0029.36NO5-6V04, V00H000000000166273
1849-02-06T14:0014.52-35.38439.31024.823.9-13575.0029.38NOTO5V04, V00H000000000166274
1849-02-07T14:0016.37-36.68439.31022.322.8-13573.0029.31NOTO5W00W20V101100000166275
1849-02-08T15:0018.02-38.00449.31022.322.8-12573.0029.31NOTO5W20V10, V04, V00H000100000166276
1849-02-09T15:0019.80-39.076712.31026.923.3-12674.0029.44OTN5-6V00, V05H000000000166277
1849-02-10T15:0021.88-39.73679.31028.923.9-12575.0029.50OTN5V00, V04H000000000166278
1849-02-11T15:0023.90-40.07549.31032.422.2-14572.0029.60ONO5V00, V01H000000000166279
1849-02-12T15:0025.50-41.03879.31031.021.7-14571.0029.56OTZ5V04, V00H000000000166280
1849-02-13T15:0027.47-41.601109.31031.421.1-14570.0029.57ZOTO5W20V04, V10, V01H000100000166281
1849-02-14T15:0029.33-42.07969.31027.520.6-17569.0029.46OZO5V00H000000000166282
1849-02-15T15:0030.57-41.921744.61032.420.6-17369.0029.60ZTW3V00H000000000166283
1849-02-16T15:0031.82-41.65966.71037.720.6-17469.0029.75OZO4V00H000000000166284
1849-02-17T15:0033.32-41.27484.61036.618.9-20366.0029.72ONO3V00H000000000166285
1849-02-18T15:0034.33-41.47484.61032.819.4-20367.0029.61ONO3V00H000000000166286
1849-02-19T15:0035.68-41.551389.31033.818.3-20565.0029.64ZZO5V00H01, H000000000166287
1849-02-20T15:0037.27-40.331269.31028.918.9-20566.0029.50ZOTZ5V00, V01H000000000166288
1849-02-21T15:0038.02-38.733149.31028.618.3-24565.0029.49Z, NNW5W20V04H000100000166289
1849-02-22T14:0038.72-36.8534615.41028.917.2-25763.0029.50NTO6-7W20V100100000166290
1849-02-23T14:0037.75-36.853469.31031.715.6-25560.0029.58NTO6-5V01, V00, V04H000000000166291
1849-02-24T14:0037.92-36.70659.31035.915.6-25560.0029.70O6-5V01H000000000166292
1849-02-25T15:0039.83-37.758912.31035.915.6-24660.0029.70OZO6V01, V07H000000000166293
1849-02-26T14:0041.48-36.6513312.31015.716.7-25662.0029.12ZZO6W00V01, V04H001000000166294
1849-02-27T14:0043.08-34.0518526.8980.118.3-291065.0028.10ZWTZ9-10W01, W02W20Z02V10, V111100000166295
1849-02-28T14:0043.85-32.3017415.41016.718.3-29765.0029.15ZZW6-7W00W20Z01V10H001100000166296
1849-03-01T14:0044.95-31.9316212.31018.518.3-29665.0029.20ZTW6W20Z01V10H000100000166297
1849-03-02T14:0046.60-29.1816226.81027.518.3-291065.0029.46ZTW7-10W02Z02V101000000166298
1849-03-03T14:0047.15-27.6515115.41033.817.8-29764.0029.64Z9-7W01W20Z02V071100000166299
1849-03-04T14:0047.43-25.603324.61035.915.6-28360.0029.70N3V04H000000000166300
1849-03-05T14:0047.85-24.331379.31037.315.6-32560.0029.74ZTO5V04H000000000166301
1849-03-06T13:0048.63-21.0718412.31032.415.6-30660.0029.60ZWTZ6W10W20V04H000110000166302
1849-03-07T13:0048.67-18.122069.31031.713.9-30557.0029.58ZWTW5V01H000000000166303
1849-03-08T13:0048.42-15.823434.61030.012.8-29355.0029.53NTO3V04H000000000166304
1849-03-09T13:0048.05-14.4335512.31039.411.1-29652.0029.80NNO6V04H000000000166305
1849-03-10T13:0047.45-13.03754.61042.911.1-26352.0029.90OTZ3V01, V00H000000000166306
1849-03-11T13:0047.82-12.522659.31040.112.8-29555.0029.82WNW5W20V04H000100000166307
1849-03-12T13:0048.48-10.2229912.31034.512.2-27654.0029.66NWTN6V04H000000000166308
1849-03-13T13:0049.10-7.533119.31033.512.8KAAP LEZARDNOTO 1/3 O26ST AGNES/SORLINGSNO W/Z N17-27555.0029.63NNW5V04H000000000166309
1849-03-14T00:0049.80116.7PUNT LEZARDNO314NTO5-4V04H000000000166310