García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during MAIDSTONE cruise from Spithead to New York started at 1777-10-14 [dataset]. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, United Kingdom, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.750591, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Project(s):
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 32.453750 * Median Longitude: -32.787708 * South-bound Latitude: 27.180000 * West-bound Longitude: -64.620000 * North-bound Latitude: 49.320000 * East-bound Longitude: -3.050000
Date/Time Start: 1777-10-14T12:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1777-11-30T16:00:00
Event(s):
Maidstone_17771014_NMM_ADM/L/M28 * Latitude Start: 50.680000 * Longitude Start: -0.960000 * Latitude End: 40.670000 * Longitude End: -74.040000 * Date/Time Start: 1777-10-14T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1777-11-30T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Maidstone (6th Rate Frigate), Voyage: Spithead - New York, 1st Observer: Alan Gardner (Captain), Company: Royal Navy, Other ship information: 28G 586BM
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DATE/TIME | Date/Time | Geocode | |||
| 2 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Geocode | |||
| 3 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Geocode | |||
| 4 | Wind direction | dd | deg | Wind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected. | ||
| 5 | Wind speed | ff | m/s | calculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations | ||
| 6 | Landmark | Landmark | Name of first landmark | |||
| 7 | Bearing | Bearing | Bearing of the first landmark | |||
| 8 | Distance to landmark | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance to the first landmark | ||
| 9 | - | - | 1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances) | |||
| 10 | Course | Course | Course of the ship during the past 24 hours | |||
| 11 | Distance | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance travelled during the previous 24 hours | ||
| 12 | Declination | Decl | deg | It is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction. | ||
| 13 | Wind direction description | Wind dir descr | All reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from. | |||
| 14 | Wind force description | Wind force descr | All reported wind forces on this day | |||
| 15 | Precipitation description | Precip descr | ||||
| 16 | State of the sea description | State sea descr | ||||
| 17 | Clearness | Clearness | ||||
| 18 | Gusts | Gusts | 1 If wind gusts are reported | |||
| 19 | Precipitation/Rain | Rain | 1 If rain was reported | |||
| 20 | Fog | Fog | 1 If fog was reported | |||
| 21 | Snow type | Snow | 1 If snow was reported | |||
| 22 | Thunder | Thunder | 1 If thunder and or lightning was reported | |||
| 23 | Hail | Hail | 1 If hail was reported | |||
| 24 | Sea ice | Sea ice | 1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported | |||
| 25 | Identification | ID | CLIWOC 2.1 line number |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
914 data points
Data
| 1 Date/Time | 2 Latitude | 3 Longitude | 4 dd [deg] (Wind direction (from which th...) | 5 ff [m/s] (calculated from the descripti...) | 6 Landmark (Name of first landmark) | 7 Bearing (Bearing of the first landmark) | 8 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance to the first landmark) | 9 - (1 If position is considered t...) | 10 Course (Course of the ship during the...) | 11 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance travelled during the...) | 12 Decl [deg] (It is generally accepted by t...) | 13 Wind dir descr (All reported wind directions ...) | 14 Wind force descr (All reported wind forces on t...) | 15 Precip descr | 16 State sea descr | 17 Clearness | 18 Gusts (1 If wind gusts are reported) | 19 Rain (1 If rain was reported) | 20 Fog (1 If fog was reported) | 21 Snow (1 If snow was reported) | 22 Thunder (1 If thunder and or lightning...) | 23 Hail (1 If hail was reported) | 24 Sea ice (1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...) | 25 ID (CLIWOC 2.1 line number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1777-10-14T12:00 | 49.32 | -3.05 | 46 | 9.3 | START | N68E | 43 | 1 | S68W | 130.00 | -22 | NNE, NE, ENE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159236 | ||
| 1777-10-15T12:00 | 47.42 | -5.62 | 47 | 9.3 | START | N54E | 92 | S42W | 154.00 | -21 | NE, ENE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159237 | |||
| 1777-10-16T13:00 | 45.47 | -7.53 | 350 | 1.0 | START | N48E | 139 | S34W | 141.00 | -21 | NWBN, NBW, NBE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH BREEZES, LATTER LIGHT AIRS | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159238 | |||
| 1777-10-17T13:00 | 45.25 | -7.98 | 305 | 2.6 | START | N48E | 146 | S54W | 23.00 | -21 | SSW, WBS, W, NWBN | LIGHT BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159239 | |||
| 1777-10-18T13:00 | 44.73 | -8.70 | 249 | 2.6 | START | N48E | 158 | S44W | 43.00 | -21 | WNW, SWBS, SSW, W | LIGHT BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159240 | |||
| 1777-10-19T13:00 | 44.83 | -9.73 | 204 | 2.6 | START | N57E | 164 | N82W | 43.00 | -21 | SWBW, SW | LIGHT BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159241 | |||
| 1777-10-20T13:00 | 44.40 | -10.27 | 204 | 9.3 | CAPE FINISTER | S67E | 66 | S41W | 35.00 | -21 | WSW, NW, SW | FRESH BREEZES | RAIN AT TIMES | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159242 | |||
| 1777-10-21T13:00 | 43.67 | -9.93 | 283 | 6.7 | START | N49E | 191 | S23E | 36.00 | -21 | WBN, SW, NWBW | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS STRONG GALES AND SQUALLY, LATTER MODERATE | LATTER RAIN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159243 | |||
| 1777-10-22T13:00 | 42.93 | -10.87 | 182 | 6.7 | CAPE FINISTER | N85E | 66 | S37W | 67.00 | -21 | SBE, SE, SSW | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159244 | |||
| 1777-10-23T13:00 | 40.82 | -11.90 | 126 | 9.3 | CAPE FINISTER | N62E | 101 | S20W | 134.00 | -20 | SE, SEBE, SEBS | FIRST AND LATTER PARTS FRESH BREEZES, MIDDLE SQUALLY | MIDDLE RAIN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159245 | |||
| 1777-10-24T13:00 | 38.25 | -12.42 | 48 | 9.3 | ST MARYS | S78W | 181 | S9W | 156.00 | -20 | E, ENE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159246 | |||
| 1777-10-25T13:00 | 36.08 | -13.13 | 50 | 6.7 | ST MARYS | N19W | 98 | S16W | 135.00 | -18 | NEBE, ENE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY, LATTER MODERATE | LATTER FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159247 | |||
| 1777-10-26T13:00 | 35.48 | -14.07 | 50 | 6.7 | ST MARYS | N70W | 88 | S44W | 51.00 | -18 | WNW, ENE | MODERATE | SWELL FROM E | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159248 | ||
| 1777-10-27T13:00 | 34.48 | -13.33 | 275 | 6.7 | MADEIRA | S9W | 35 | S31E | 70.00 | -18 | WSW, WBS, WNW | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159249 | |||
| 1777-10-28T13:00 | 33.42 | -14.35 | 252 | 9.3 | MADEIRA | S60E | 18 | S38W | 82.00 | -18 | NBW, NNE, W | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159250 | |||
| 1777-10-29T13:00 | 31.97 | -16.13 | 28 | 6.7 | MADEIRA | N70E | 45 | S46W | 125.00 | -17 | N, NE | FIRST PART SQUALLY, MIDDLE AND LATTER MODERATE | MIDDLE AND LATTER CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159251 | |||
| 1777-10-30T13:00 | 30.75 | -17.23 | 28 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N87W | 726 | S38W | 92.00 | -17 | NWBW, NE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159252 | |||
| 1777-10-31T13:00 | 29.28 | -18.42 | 278 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N85W | 708 | S35W | 108.00 | -16 | NW, NNE, WNW | FIRST PART FRESH BREEZES, LATTER MODERATE | FIRST PART CLOUDY, LATTER FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159253 | |||
| 1777-11-01T13:00 | 28.12 | -19.95 | 30 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N83W | 693 | S49W | 109.00 | -16 | ENE, NE | FIRST AND LATTER PARTS MODERATE, MIDDLE FRESH BREEZES | MIDDLE RAIN | FIRST AND LATTER PARTS FAIR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159254 | ||
| 1777-11-02T13:00 | 27.93 | -21.92 | 64 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N82W | 657 | S84W | 113.00 | -16 | EBN | MODERATE | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159255 | |||
| 1777-11-03T14:00 | 27.82 | -23.23 | 76 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N82W | 639 | S84W | 73.00 | -14 | SE, E | MODERATE | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159256 | |||
| 1777-11-04T14:00 | 27.75 | -24.77 | 87 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N81W | 609 | S87W | 81.00 | -14 | EBS | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159257 | |||
| 1777-11-05T14:00 | 27.63 | -26.53 | 87 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N81W | 579 | S85W | 94.00 | -14 | EBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159258 | |||
| 1777-11-06T14:00 | 27.57 | -28.08 | 44 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N80W | 555 | S87W | 82.00 | -12 | NEBE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159259 | |||
| 1777-11-07T14:00 | 27.45 | -30.03 | 91 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N79W | 579 | S86W | 104.00 | -10 | NEBE, EBS | MODERATE | RAIN AT TIMES | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159260 | ||
| 1777-11-08T14:00 | 27.38 | -32.53 | 60 | 9.3 | BERMUDAS | N78W | 480 | S88W | 134.00 | -8 | ENE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159261 | |||
| 1777-11-09T14:00 | 27.30 | -34.55 | 60 | 9.3 | BERMUDAS | N77W | 444 | S87W | 108.00 | -8 | EBN, ENE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159262 | |||
| 1777-11-10T14:00 | 27.18 | -36.88 | 93 | 9.3 | BERMUDAS | N75W | 405 | S87W | 124.00 | -8 | NEBN, NNE, EBS | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159263 | |||
| 1777-11-11T15:00 | 27.27 | -39.88 | 17 | 9.3 | BERMUDAS | N73W | 357 | N88W | 160.00 | -6 | NE, NNE | FRESH BREEZES | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159264 | |||
| 1777-11-12T15:00 | 27.27 | -42.33 | 39 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N71W | 315 | W | 131.00 | -6 | NE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159265 | |||
| 1777-11-13T15:00 | 27.37 | -44.52 | 97 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N69W | 276 | N87W | 119.00 | -4 | S, EBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159266 | |||
| 1777-11-14T15:00 | 27.52 | -46.55 | 173 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N66W | 246 | N85W | 109.00 | -7 | SBW, S | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159267 | |||
| 1777-11-15T15:00 | 27.75 | -47.98 | 198 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N65W | 221 | N79W | 77.00 | -5 | WNW, SSE, SSW | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159268 | |||
| 1777-11-16T15:00 | 27.82 | -48.98 | 164 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N63W | 206 | N85W | 53.00 | -5 | SBE | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159269 | |||
| 1777-11-17T15:00 | 27.97 | -50.53 | 164 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N60W | 179 | N84W | 83.00 | -5 | SE, S, SBE | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159270 | |||
| 1777-11-18T15:00 | 28.18 | -52.07 | 153 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N75W | 155 | N81W | 82.00 | -5 | SE, SSE | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159271 | |||
| 1777-11-19T16:00 | 28.40 | -53.82 | 165 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N51W | 128 | N82W | 93.00 | -4 | SWBS, SBE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159272 | |||
| 1777-11-20T16:00 | 28.53 | -55.08 | 221 | BERMUDAS | N54W | 130 | N83W | 68.00 | -4 | W, WBN, SW | SQUALLY | RAIN AT TIMES | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159273 | ||||
| 1777-11-21T16:00 | 28.07 | -56.32 | 345 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N46W | 119 | S67W | 72.00 | -4 | NW, NWBN, NBW, NBW | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159274 | |||
| 1777-11-22T16:00 | 28.18 | -57.88 | 358 | 19.0 | BERMUDAS | N35W | 99 | N85W | 84.00 | -2 | NNE, NBE, N | FRESH GALES AND SQUALLY | GREAT SEA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159275 | |||
| 1777-11-23T16:00 | 28.43 | -58.88 | 9 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N28W | 86 | N73W | 52.00 | -2 | NNE, NBE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159276 | |||
| 1777-11-24T16:00 | 28.05 | -59.87 | 324 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N16W | 88 | S66W | 56.00 | -2 | NW, NNW, NWBN | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159277 | |||
| 1777-11-25T16:00 | 28.05 | -61.02 | 358 | 6.7 | BERMUDAS | N2W | 84 | W | 61.00 | -2 | NNW, N | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159278 | |||
| 1777-11-26T16:00 | 27.98 | -61.33 | 358 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | NE | 85 | S77W | 17.00 | -2 | NNE, SSE, N | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159279 | |||
| 1777-11-27T16:00 | 28.13 | -62.23 | 279 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N12E | 84 | N79W | 48.00 | -2 | E, SE, WBN | LIGHT AIRS | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159280 | |||
| 1777-11-28T16:00 | 28.13 | -62.52 | 325 | 1.0 | BERMUDAS | N15E | 85 | W | 15.00 | -1 | E, SE, NWBN | LIGHT AIRS | FAIR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159281 | |||
| 1777-11-29T16:00 | 29.42 | -64.27 | 157 | 19.0 | BERMUDAS | N43E | 77 | N57W | 123.00 | -1 | SSW, SWBS, SSE | FRESH GALES | RAIN AT TIMES | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159282 | |||
| 1777-11-30T16:00 | 30.58 | -64.62 | 235 | 22.6 | BERMUDAS | N60E | 67 | N15W | 72.00 | -1 | SW, WSW, SWBW | STRONG GALES AND SQUALLY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 159283 |