García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during GIBRALTAR cruise from St. Helena to Spithead started at 1784-04-14 [dataset]. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, United Kingdom, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.749415, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Project(s):
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 17.403696 * Median Longitude: -23.383913 * South-bound Latitude: -14.830000 * West-bound Longitude: -35.090000 * North-bound Latitude: 42.230000 * East-bound Longitude: -6.630000
Date/Time Start: 1784-04-14T12:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1784-05-31T13:00:00
Event(s):
Gibraltar_17840414_NMM_ADM/L/G30 * Latitude Start: -15.890000 * Longitude Start: -5.750000 * Latitude End: 50.680000 * Longitude End: -0.960000 * Date/Time Start: 1784-04-14T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1784-05-31T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Gibraltar (3rd Rate Frigate), Voyage: St Helena - Spithead, 1st Observer: Thomas Hicks (Captain), Company: Royal Navy, Other ship information: 80G 2157BM
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DATE/TIME | Date/Time | Geocode | |||
| 2 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Geocode | |||
| 3 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Geocode | |||
| 4 | Wind direction | dd | deg | Wind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected. | ||
| 5 | Wind speed | ff | m/s | calculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations | ||
| 6 | Landmark | Landmark | Name of first landmark | |||
| 7 | Bearing | Bearing | Bearing of the first landmark | |||
| 8 | Distance to landmark | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance to the first landmark | ||
| 9 | - | - | 1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances) | |||
| 10 | Course | Course | Course of the ship during the past 24 hours | |||
| 11 | Distance | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance travelled during the previous 24 hours | ||
| 12 | Declination | Decl | deg | It is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction. | ||
| 13 | Wind direction description | Wind dir descr | All reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from. | |||
| 14 | Wind force description | Wind force descr | All reported wind forces on this day | |||
| 15 | Precipitation description | Precip descr | ||||
| 16 | State of the sea description | State sea descr | ||||
| 17 | Clearness | Clearness | ||||
| 18 | Gusts | Gusts | 1 If wind gusts are reported | |||
| 19 | Precipitation/Rain | Rain | 1 If rain was reported | |||
| 20 | Fog | Fog | 1 If fog was reported | |||
| 21 | Snow type | Snow | 1 If snow was reported | |||
| 22 | Thunder | Thunder | 1 If thunder and or lightning was reported | |||
| 23 | Hail | Hail | 1 If hail was reported | |||
| 24 | Sea ice | Sea ice | 1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported | |||
| 25 | Identification | ID | CLIWOC 2.1 line number |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
913 data points
Data
| 1 Date/Time | 2 Latitude | 3 Longitude | 4 dd [deg] (Wind direction (from which th...) | 5 ff [m/s] (calculated from the descripti...) | 6 Landmark (Name of first landmark) | 7 Bearing (Bearing of the first landmark) | 8 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance to the first landmark) | 9 - (1 If position is considered t...) | 10 Course (Course of the ship during the...) | 11 Distance [arbitrary units] (Distance travelled during the...) | 12 Decl [deg] (It is generally accepted by t...) | 13 Wind dir descr (All reported wind directions ...) | 14 Wind force descr (All reported wind forces on t...) | 15 Precip descr | 16 State sea descr | 17 Clearness | 18 Gusts (1 If wind gusts are reported) | 19 Rain (1 If rain was reported) | 20 Fog (1 If fog was reported) | 21 Snow (1 If snow was reported) | 22 Thunder (1 If thunder and or lightning...) | 23 Hail (1 If hail was reported) | 24 Sea ice (1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...) | 25 ID (CLIWOC 2.1 line number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1784-04-14T12:00 | -14.83 | -6.63 | 144 | 2.6 | ASCENSION | N47W | 205 | N36W | 80.00 | -14 | NE, SW, SSE | LIGHT BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101035 | |||
| 1784-04-15T13:00 | -13.42 | -7.82 | 101 | 6.7 | ASCENSION | N49W | 170 | N39W | 109.00 | -12 | EBN, ESE | MODERATE BREEZES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101036 | |||
| 1784-04-16T13:00 | -12.30 | -8.63 | 100 | 9.3 | ASCENSION | N51W | 141 | N36W | 83.00 | -13 | ESE | FRESH BREEZES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101037 | |||
| 1784-04-17T13:00 | -11.35 | -9.30 | 133 | 2.6 | ASCENSION | N55W | 121 | N35W | 69.00 | -13 | SEBS | LIGHT BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101038 | |||
| 1784-04-18T13:00 | -9.47 | -10.58 | 122 | 6.7 | ASCENSION | N68W | 82 | N34W | 137.00 | -13 | SE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101039 | |||
| 1784-04-19T13:00 | -8.12 | -11.93 | 122 | 9.3 | ASCENSION | N86W | 48 | N46W | 114.00 | -13 | SE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101040 | |||
| 1784-04-20T00:00 | 158 | 6.7 | FLAGGSTAFF ON CROSS HILL | SSE | 1 | 1 | SSE | MODERATE | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101041 | |||||||
| 1784-04-21T13:00 | -6.73 | -14.85 | 135 | 6.7 | ST PETERS ISLE | N57W | 281 | S38W | 91.00 | -11 | SEBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101042 | |||
| 1784-04-22T13:00 | -4.72 | -17.04 | 135 | 6.7 | ST PETERS ISLE | N60W | 225 | N45W | 172.00 | -11 | SEBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101043 | |||
| 1784-04-23T13:00 | -3.35 | -19.23 | 115 | 6.7 | ST PETERS ISLE | N61W | 176 | N56W | 148.00 | -9 | SEBE | MODERATE | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101044 | |||
| 1784-04-24T13:00 | -2.13 | -21.38 | 125 | 9.3 | ST PETERS ISLE | N62W | 129 | N59W | 141.00 | -10 | SEBE, SSE, SE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101045 | |||
| 1784-04-25T14:00 | -0.18 | -23.04 | 117 | 9.3 | ST PETERS ISLE | N75W | 86 | N38W | 148.00 | -7 | SEBE | FRESH BREEZES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101046 | |||
| 1784-04-26T14:00 | 1.97 | -23.99 | 106 | 6.7 | BIAVA | N21W | 256 | N21W | 138.00 | -7 | SEBE, E, EBS, ESE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101047 | |||
| 1784-04-27T14:00 | 2.60 | -24.68 | 26 | 2.6 | BIAVA | N1W | 243 | N40W | 50.00 | -8 | SEBE, S, VARIABLE, NEBN | LIGHT WINDS AND VARIABLE AT TIMES CALM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101048 | ||||
| 1784-04-28T14:00 | 3.62 | -25.04 | 362 | 1.0 | BIAVA | N1E | 223 | N12W | 63.00 | -8 | VARIABLE, E, NE, VARIABLE | LIGHT AIRS | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101049 | |||
| 1784-04-29T14:00 | 4.53 | -25.69 | 37 | BIAVA | N4E | 205 | N29W | 63.00 | -8 | ENE, NEBE, VARIABLE, NE | MODERATE BREEZES, MIDDLE AND LATTER SQUALLY | MIDDLE AND LATTER RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101050 | |||
| 1784-04-30T14:00 | 5.45 | -26.76 | 362 | BIAVA | N10E | 189 | N45W | 78.00 | -8 | NEBN, VARIABLE | MODERATE BREEZES, MIDDLE AND LATTER SQUALLY | MIDDLE AND LATTER HEAVY RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101051 | |||
| 1784-05-01T14:00 | 6.92 | -28.45 | 362 | 9.3 | BIAVA | N22W | 168 | N46W | 126.00 | -5 | NE, VARIABLE | FRESH BREEZES | HIGH SEA FROM NE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101052 | ||
| 1784-05-02T14:00 | 8.63 | -29.81 | 38 | 6.7 | BIAVA | N35W | 148 | N35W | 126.00 | -7 | NE | MODERATE | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101053 | |||
| 1784-05-03T14:00 | 10.18 | -31.05 | 49 | 6.7 | BIAVA | N49E | 140 | N35W | 114.00 | -7 | NE, NEBE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101054 | |||
| 1784-05-04T14:00 | 12.00 | -32.14 | 38 | 6.7 | BIAVA | N66E | 135 | N27W | 122.00 | -7 | NEBE, NE | MODERATE BREEZES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101055 | |||
| 1784-05-05T14:00 | 14.07 | -33.37 | 50 | 6.7 | BIAVA | N85W | 150 | N27W | 140.00 | -6 | NE, NEBE | MODERATE | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101056 | |||
| 1784-05-06T14:00 | 16.35 | -34.38 | 62 | 9.3 | CORVO | N3E | 467 | N20W | 146.00 | -6 | NE, NEBE, ENE | FRESH BREEZES | AM RAIN AT TIMES | CLEAR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101057 | ||
| 1784-05-07T14:00 | 18.47 | -34.67 | 83 | 9.3 | CORVO | N3E | 423 | N4W | 128.00 | -7 | EBN, ENE, EBS, E | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101058 | |||
| 1784-05-08T14:00 | 20.82 | -35.09 | 72 | 6.7 | CORVO | N4E | 382 | N7W | 140.00 | -7 | ENE, NEBE, EBN | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101059 | |||
| 1784-05-09T14:00 | 23.22 | -34.98 | 104 | 6.7 | CORVO | N4E | 331 | N6E | 145.00 | -9 | EBN, EBS, E, ESE | MODERATE | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101060 | |||
| 1784-05-10T14:00 | 25.55 | -34.19 | 115 | 6.7 | CORVO | N2E | 283 | N20E | 149.00 | -9 | EBS, E, ESE, SEBE | MODERATE BREEZES | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101061 | |||
| 1784-05-11T14:00 | 27.70 | -33.14 | 113 | 6.7 | CORVO | N3W | 240 | N26E | 144.00 | -11 | ESE, SEBE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101062 | |||
| 1784-05-12T14:00 | 29.55 | -31.98 | 88 | 6.7 | CORVO | N9W | 209 | N34E | 122.00 | -13 | ESE, SEBE, SE, EBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101063 | |||
| 1784-05-13T14:00 | 30.80 | -31.55 | 88 | 6.7 | CORVO | N13W | 183 | N19E | 90.00 | -13 | ESE, SEBE, SE, EBS | MODERATE BREEZES | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101064 | |||
| 1784-05-14T14:00 | 32.50 | -30.14 | 133 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N25E | 98 | N28E | 130.00 | -13 | SEBE, SE, SEBS | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101065 | |||
| 1784-05-15T14:00 | 33.25 | -28.10 | 154 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N3E | 74 | N68E | 120.00 | -15 | SSE, S, ESE, SEBS, SBE | MODERATE BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101066 | |||
| 1784-05-16T14:00 | 33.90 | -26.30 | 174 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N35W | 74 | N68E | 104.00 | -17 | SBW | MODERATE | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101067 | |||
| 1784-05-17T14:00 | 34.42 | -24.61 | 362 | 6.7 | MADEIRA | S59E | 74 | N71E | 96.00 | -17 | WSW, WBN, NNE, VARIABLE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101068 | |||
| 1784-05-18T14:00 | 34.07 | -24.16 | 28 | 1.0 | SCILLY LIGHTHOUSE | N34E | 367 | N63E | 33.00 | -17 | NBE, N, NNW, NWBW, CALM, NE | LIGHT BREEZES, AM LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101069 | |||
| 1784-05-19T14:00 | 35.37 | -25.00 | 51 | 2.6 | SCILLY LIGHTHOUSE | N36E | 360 | N37W | 54.00 | -17 | WNW, NEBE, VARIABLE, NE, ENE | PM LIGHT AIRS, AM LIGHT BREEZES | PM RAIN AT TIMES | AM CLEAR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101070 | ||
| 1784-05-20T00:00 | 36.85 | 68 | 1.0 | ST MARIES | N68W | 4 | 1 | EBN, VARIABLE, ENE | LIGHT AIRS | CLEAR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101071 | ||||||
| 1784-05-21T14:00 | 36.40 | -24.35 | 362 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N50W | 17 | S50E | 50.00 | -17 | NEBE, ENE, VARIABLE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101072 | |||
| 1784-05-22T14:00 | 36.33 | -23.47 | 28 | 9.3 | ST MARIES | N66W | 29 | S66E | 88.00 | -17 | NEBE, VARIABLE, NE | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101073 | |||
| 1784-05-23T13:00 | 36.18 | -21.73 | 362 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N74W | 53 | S84E | 90.00 | -18 | NEBN, NNE, NE, VARIABLE | MODERATE BREEZES | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101074 | |||
| 1784-05-24T13:00 | 36.33 | -20.73 | 72 | 9.3 | ST MARIES | N80W | 72 | N80E | 51.00 | -18 | NEBN, NNE, EBN, E | FRESH BREEZES | CLOUDY, AM THICK HAZY WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101075 | |||
| 1784-05-25T13:00 | 36.80 | -21.30 | 72 | 6.7 | ST MARIES | N88W | 62 | N44E | 39.00 | -18 | VARIABLE, NEBN, EBN, E | LIGHT WINDS, AM MODERATE | DRIZZLING RAIN | AM CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101076 | ||
| 1784-05-26T13:00 | 38.08 | -19.73 | 3 | ST MARIES | S75W | 89 | N44E | 107.00 | -20 | NNW, NBW, NBE, NNE | MODERATE, 7AM HEAVY SQUALLS OF WIND | 7AM RAIN | CLOUDY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101077 | |||
| 1784-05-27T13:00 | 38.12 | -19.07 | 3 | 6.7 | ST AGNES LIGHTHOUSE ON SCILLY | N37E | 29 | N87E | 37.00 | -20 | NNE, VARIABLE, NNE | MODERATE | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101078 | |||
| 1784-05-28T13:00 | 38.65 | -18.75 | 250 | 1.0 | ST AGNES LIGHTHOUSE ON SCILLY | N38E | 285 | N25E | 35.00 | -20 | SW, WBS, NNW, W | CALM, AM LIGHT AIRS | HEAVY SWELL FROM N | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101079 | |||
| 1784-05-29T13:00 | 40.38 | -17.60 | 239 | 2.6 | ST AGNES LIGHTHOUSE ON SCILLY | N39E | 246 | N27E | 117.00 | -20 | WSW, NW, NNW, WBS | LIGHT WINDS | CLOUDY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101080 | |||
| 1784-05-30T13:00 | 41.73 | -15.55 | 362 | 9.3 | ST AGNES LIGHTHOUSE ON SCILLY | N37E | 206 | N49E | 122.00 | -20 | W, N, NNE, VARIABLE | FRESH BREEZES | HIGH SEA FROM NW | HAZY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101081 | ||
| 1784-05-31T13:00 | 42.23 | -13.68 | 340 | 9.3 | CAPE FINISTRE | N70E | 62 | N70E | 90.00 | -20 | NBW, NBE, VARIABLE, N | FRESH BREEZES AT TIMES SQUALLY | RAIN | HAZY | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101082 |