García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during COLCHESTER cruise from Madras to Batavia started at 1754-04-14 [dataset]. British Library, London, United Kingdom, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.747923, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Project(s):
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 4.137674 * Median Longitude: 92.594186 * South-bound Latitude: -7.630000 * West-bound Longitude: 81.950000 * North-bound Latitude: 14.600000 * East-bound Longitude: 105.000000
Date/Time Start: 1754-04-14T07:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1754-05-26T05:00:00
Event(s):
Colchester_17540414_BL_L/MAR/B/113C * Latitude Start: 12.100000 * Longitude Start: 80.500000 * Latitude End: -6.100000 * Longitude End: 106.860000 * Date/Time Start: 1754-04-14T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1754-05-26T00:00:00 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Colchester, Voyage: Madras - Batavia, 1st Observer: Roger Mainwaring (Captain), 2nd Observer: Frances Reed (1st Officer/Master), Company: Royal Navy
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DATE/TIME | Date/Time | Geocode | |||
| 2 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Geocode | |||
| 3 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Geocode | |||
| 4 | Wind direction | dd | deg | Wind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected. | ||
| 5 | Wind speed | ff | m/s | calculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations | ||
| 6 | Course | Course | Course of the ship during the past 24 hours | |||
| 7 | Distance | Distance | arbitrary units | Distance travelled during the previous 24 hours | ||
| 8 | Declination | Decl | deg | It is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction. | ||
| 9 | Wind direction description | Wind dir descr | All reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from. | |||
| 10 | Current direction description | Cur dir descr | Direction of the current. This direction points to where the current is flowing towards to. | |||
| 11 | Current speed description | V descr | ||||
| 12 | Wind force description | Wind force descr | All reported wind forces on this day | |||
| 13 | Present weather | ww | Weather description | |||
| 14 | Precipitation description | Precip descr | ||||
| 15 | State of the sea description | State sea descr | ||||
| 16 | Clearness | Clearness | ||||
| 17 | Gusts | Gusts | 1 If wind gusts are reported | |||
| 18 | Precipitation/Rain | Rain | 1 If rain was reported | |||
| 19 | Fog | Fog | 1 If fog was reported | |||
| 20 | Snow type | Snow | 1 If snow was reported | |||
| 21 | Thunder | Thunder | 1 If thunder and or lightning was reported | |||
| 22 | Hail | Hail | 1 If hail was reported | |||
| 23 | Sea ice | Sea ice | 1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported | |||
| 24 | Comment | Comment | ||||
| 25 | Identification | ID | CLIWOC 2.1 line number |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)
Size:
729 data points
Data
| 1 Date/Time | 2 Latitude | 3 Longitude | 4 dd [deg] | 5 ff [m/s] | 6 Course | 7 Distance [arbitrary units] | 8 Decl [deg] | 9 Wind dir descr | 10 Cur dir descr | 11 V descr | 12 Wind force descr | 13 ww | 14 Precip descr | 15 State sea descr | 16 Clearness | 17 Gusts | 18 Rain | 19 Fog | 20 Snow | 21 Thunder | 22 Hail | 23 Sea ice | 24 Comment | 25 ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1754-04-14T07:00 | 13.93 | 81.95 | 168 | 9.3 | N88E | 100.00 | -1 | SSE, SEBS, SSE, S, SBE | A PLEASANT GALE | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43477 | |||||
| 1754-04-15T06:00 | 14.60 | 83.10 | 158 | 6.7 | N89E | 69.00 | 0 | SBE, SSE, SEBS, SSE, SBE, SSE, SBE, SSE | N | STRONG | A PLEASANT BREEZES | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43478 | |||
| 1754-04-16T06:00 | 13.92 | 84.23 | 180 | 9.3 | S73E | 70.00 | 0 | SBE, S, SBE, S | A FRESH BREEZE | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43479 | |||||
| 1754-04-17T06:00 | 13.28 | 85.93 | 191 | 6.7 | S85E | 78.00 | 0 | SBW, SSW, S, SBW, S, SBW | A MODERATE BREEZES | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43480 | |||||
| 1754-04-18T06:00 | 13.00 | 85.93 | 203 | 2.6 | S54E | 39.00 | 0 | SSW, SWBS, SW, SBE, S, SBW, SSW | A LIGHT BREEZE | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43481 | |||||
| 1754-04-19T06:00 | 12.98 | 85.96 | 180 | 0.0 | S68E | 2.00 | 0 | S | CALM THESE 24 HOURS | HOT SULTRY WEATHER | SMOOTH WATER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43482 | |||||
| 1754-04-20T06:00 | 12.77 | 86.01 | 135 | 1.0 | S15E | 10.00 | 0 | SEBS, E, ESE, SE, ESE, SEBE, SEBS, SE | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | HOT SULTRY WEATHER | SMOOTH WATER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43483 | |||||
| 1754-04-21T06:00 | 12.72 | 86.26 | 169 | 1.0 | S80E | 15.00 | 0 | SEBS, SSE, SEBS, SE, S, SBW, SBE | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | EXCESSIVE HOT SULTRY WEATHER | SMOOTH WATER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43484 | |||||
| 1754-04-22T06:00 | 12.67 | 86.21 | 135 | 1.0 | S45W | 4.00 | 0 | SE, SEBE, SSE, E, EBS, SE, SEBS, SE | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | HOT SULTRY WEATHER | SMOOTH WATER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43485 | |||||
| 1754-04-23T06:00 | 12.50 | 86.33 | 101 | 1.0 | S19E | 23.00 | 0 | ESE, SEBE, ESE, SE, EBS | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS THE FIRST AND LATTER PARTS, THE LATTER ENDED A PLEASANT BREEZES | SMOOTH WATER | LATTER FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43486 | |||||
| 1754-04-24T06:00 | 11.13 | 86.43 | 338 | 1.0 | S12E | 28.00 | 0 | E, ENE, E, NE, NNW | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43487 | |||||
| 1754-04-25T06:00 | 10.47 | 86.76 | 203 | S21E | 54.00 | 0 | NW, E, EBS, SEBE, SBW, WSW, SWBW, SSW | FIRST PART A PLEASANT BREEZE, MIDDLE AND LATTER SQUALLY | LATTER MUCH THUNDER AND LIGHTNING | LATTER RAIN | LARGE SWELL FROM THE WESTWARD | FIRST PART FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43488 | ||||
| 1754-04-26T06:00 | 10.13 | 87.35 | 214 | S60E | 41.00 | 0 | ENE, SW, SSW, SWBS | MODERATE WEATHER FOR THE FIRST PART, MIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS VERY SEVERE SQUALLS ALL ROUND THE COMPASS | MUCH THUNDER AND LIGHTNING | HEAVY RAIN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43489 | ||||||
| 1754-04-27T06:00 | 9.50 | 87.65 | 225 | 6.7 | S64E | 43.00 | 0 | N, NBW, NNW, WBN, SW, W, SW | WINDS VARIABLE WITH HARD SQUALLS THE FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS, LATTER MODERATE | FIRST AND MIDDLE RAIN | LATTER A LARGE SWELL FROM THE SOUTHWARD | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43490 | |||||
| 1754-04-28T06:00 | 8.08 | 88.43 | 214 | 19.0 | S49E | 61.00 | 0 | SBW, SWBS, SSW, SWBS, SW, SBW, SSW, SWBS | MAJOR PART OF THESE 24 HOURS FRESH GALES | LARGE SWELL FROM THE SW | FOR THE MOST PART CLOUDY WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43491 | |||||
| 1754-04-29T06:00 | 7.23 | 89.23 | 180 | 19.0 | S43E | 71.00 | 0 | SW, WSW, SW, WSW, SWBS, SW, SWBS, S | SQUALLY THE FIRST PART, MIDDLE AND LATTER A FRESH GALE | RAIN | MIDDLE AND LATTER A LARGE SWELL FROM THE SW | MIDDLE AND LATTER FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43492 | ||||
| 1754-04-30T06:00 | 6.03 | 90.20 | 225 | 19.0 | S40E | 90.00 | 0 | SSW, SSW, SWBS, SW, SWBS, SW, SWBW, SW | A FRESH GALE | UNSETTLED WEATHER | SWELL SOMEWHAT GONE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43493 | |||||
| 1754-05-01T06:00 | 5.02 | 90.63 | 214 | 19.0 | S39E | 89.00 | 0 | SWBW, WSW, WSW, SWBW, SW, SSW, SWBS | A FRESH GALE | FOR THE MOST PART FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43494 | ||||||
| 1754-05-02T06:00 | 4.32 | 92.12 | 203 | 19.0 | S55E | 95.00 | 0 | SWBS, SW, SWBS, SSW, SWBS, SBW, S, SSW | A FRESH GALE | FAIR WEATHER FOR THE MAJOR PART | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43495 | ||||||
| 1754-05-03T06:00 | 3.75 | 93.02 | 214 | 19.0 | S46E | 87.00 | 0 | SWBS, SWBS, SSW, SBW, SSW, SWBS | A FRESH GALE | SWELL FROM THE SW | FAIR WEATHER FOR THE MAJOR PART | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43496 | |||||
| 1754-05-04T06:00 | 3.45 | 92.99 | 180 | 1.0 | S14E | 29.00 | 0 | SWBW, SW, SWBS, SSW, S | FIRST PART A PLEASANT BREEZE THE MIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | MIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43497 | ||||||
| 1754-05-05T06:00 | 3.47 | 92.84 | 180 | 0.0 | S16W | 3.00 | 0 | S, SBW, SBE, SSE, S, SBW, S | CALM THE FIRST AND LATTER PARTS, THE MIDDLE PART A PLEASANT BREEZE | MIDDLE PART SMOOTH WATER | MIDDLE PART FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43498 | |||||
| 1754-05-06T06:00 | 3.43 | 92.85 | 158 | 1.0 | S65E | 10.00 | 0 | SBW, SBW, S, SBE, SSE | FIRST AND MIDDLE PARTS CALM, THE LATTER LIGHT AIRS | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43499 | |||||
| 1754-05-07T06:00 | 3.22 | 93.07 | 180 | 1.0 | S46E | 31.00 | 0 | S, S, SBE, S, SSW, SWBS, S | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS THE FIRST AND LATTER PARTS, THE MIDDLE PART A PLEASANT BREEZE | SERENE SKY | SMOOTH WATER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43500 | |||||
| 1754-05-08T06:00 | 3.02 | 93.15 | 135 | 1.0 | S39E | 21.00 | 0 | S, SWBS, SBW, S, SBW, SSE, S, SE | LIGHT AIRS THE FIRST AND LATTER PARTS, THE MIDDLE PART A PLEASANT BREEZE | MIDDLE SMOOTH WATER | MIDDLE FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43501 | |||||
| 1754-05-09T06:00 | 2.90 | 93.28 | 113 | 2.6 | S51E | 21.00 | 0 | SEBS, SEBS, SBE, SSE, SEBS, SE, SEBE, ESE | LIGHT BREEZES FOR THE MAJOR PART OF THESE 24 HOURS | LARGE SWELL FROM THE WESTWARD | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43502 | |||||
| 1754-05-10T06:00 | 2.43 | 93.34 | 113 | 1.0 | S23E | 31.00 | 0 | ESE, NNE, NNW, NWBW, WBN, E, EBS, ESE | CHIEFLY LIGHT AIRS | CONFUSED SWELL | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43503 | |||||
| 1754-05-11T06:00 | 2.30 | 93.45 | 45 | 1.0 | S64E | 17.00 | 0 | NE, W, NWBN, NNE, E, NE | FIRST PART CALM, MIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT AIRS VARIABLE WITH SQUALLS | HEAVY SHOWERS OF RAIN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43504 | ||||||
| 1754-05-12T06:00 | 2.00 | 93.89 | 360 | 2.6 | S60E | 21.00 | 0 | SBE, SSE, WSW, NW, SWBW, WSW, NNE, N | LIGHT BREEZES VARIABLE | VERY UNSETTLED WEATHER | LARGE SWELL FROM THE SOUTHWARD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | a trivial correction was made in this observation | 43505 | ||||
| 1754-05-13T06:00 | 1.30 | 94.67 | 315 | 9.3 | S53E | 69.00 | 0 | NW, WNW, NW, W, WSW, NW | A PLEASANT GALE FOR THE MOST PART | LIGHTNING IN THE NIGHT | SWELL FROM THE SOUTHWARD | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43506 | ||||
| 1754-05-14T06:00 | 0.05 | 95.15 | 203 | 15.4 | S25E | 84.00 | 0 | NW, NWBW, W, WNW, SW, SSW, SBW, SSW | MODERATE GALES WITH CONSTANT SQUALLS | RAIN | SWELL FROM THE SOUTHWARD | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43507 | |||||
| 1754-05-15T06:00 | -1.07 | 95.82 | 293 | 0.0 | S38E | 79.00 | 0 | SWBS, NWBN, NWBW, NWBN, NE, WNW | FIRST PART A FRESH GALE, LATTER PART ENDED CALM, THE WINDS VERY VARIABLE WITH SQUALLY WETAHER | MUCH RAIN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43508 | ||||||
| 1754-05-16T06:00 | -1.33 | 96.07 | 225 | 1.0 | S68E | 24.00 | 0 | WNW, SW, WSW, SW | CALM THE FIRST PART, THE MIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT AIRS | CHIEFLY FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43509 | ||||||
| 1754-05-17T06:00 | -1.63 | 96.63 | 293 | S63E | 48.00 | 0 | SSW, SBW, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW | WINDS VERY VARIABLE | RAIN | MAJOR PART CLOUDY WEATHER | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43510 | ||||||
| 1754-05-18T05:00 | -2.53 | 97.60 | 314 | 19.0 | S51E | 85.00 | -1 | WNW, NW, WNW, NW, WBN, NW | A FRESH GALE WITH HARD SQUALLS | HEAVY SHOWERS OF RAIN | MAJOR PART CLOUDY | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43511 | |||||
| 1754-05-19T05:00 | -4.18 | 98.68 | 235 | 19.0 | S36E | 124.00 | -1 | NWBN, NWBN, W, NWBW, W, SWBW | MAJOR PART A FRESH GALE WITH HARD SQUALLS | RAIN | LARGE SWELL FROM THE NW | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43512 | |||||
| 1754-05-20T05:00 | -5.53 | 99.89 | 337 | 6.7 | S45E | 114.00 | -1 | NNW, NNE, N, NNW | FRESH GALES THE FIRST PART ATTENDED WITH SQUALLS, LATTER MORE MODERATE | FIRST PART RAIN | CHIEFLY FAIR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43513 | |||||
| 1754-05-21T05:00 | -6.08 | 101.00 | 359 | 6.7 | S66E | 83.00 | -1 | NBE, NW, N, NEBE, NEBN, W, WNW, N | FRESH GALES THE FIRST PART ATTENDED WITH SQUALLS, LATTER MORE MODERATE | FIRST PART RAIN | CHIEFLY FAIR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43514 | |||||
| 1754-05-22T05:00 | -6.42 | 104.12 | 111 | 6.7 | S61W | 30.00 | -2 | NNW, NBE, N, NBW, NNW, NWBN, NNW, NBE, ESE | FRESH GALES THE FIRST PART ATTENDED WITH SQUALLS, LATTER MORE MODERATE | FIRST PART RAIN | CHIEFLY FAIR | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43515 | |||||
| 1754-05-23T05:00 | -7.05 | 104.60 | 21 | 1.0 | S53W | 36.00 | -2 | ENE, NE, NEBN, NEBE, NE, NEBN, NNE | LIGHT AIRS | SMOOTH WATER | MAJOR PART FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43516 | |||||
| 1754-05-24T05:00 | -7.63 | 104.78 | 357 | 0.0 | E | 11.00 | -3 | SBW, N, NEBN, NNE, N | FIRST PART LIGHT AIRS, THE MIDDLE AND LATTER PART CALM | MIDDLE AND LATTER FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43517 | ||||||
| 1754-05-25T05:00 | -7.33 | 104.95 | 358 | 1.0 | N30E | 20.00 | -2 | SEBE, SE, ESE, NE, N | LIGHT AIRS AND CALMS | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43518 | |||||
| 1754-05-26T05:00 | -6.90 | 105.00 | 291 | 1.0 | N4E | 34.00 | -2 | SW, SSE, S, E, NEBE, WNW, NWBW, WNW | LIGHT AIRS | SMOOTH WATER | FAIR WEATHER | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | a trivial correction was made in this observation | 43519 |