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García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2010): Meteorological observations during SWALLOW cruise from Fort William to Malacca Town started at 1750-03-21 [dataset]. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, United Kingdom, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.747086, In: Jones, Philip D; Wheeler, Dennis A; Können, Gunther P; Koek, Frits B; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; García-Herrera, Ricardo (2007): Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1) [dataset publication series]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.611088

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Related to:
García-Herrera, Ricardo; Können, Gunther P; Wheeler, Dennis A; Prieto, Maria del Rosario; Jones, Philip D; Koek, Frits B (2005): CLIWOC: A Climatological Database for the World's Oceans 1750–1854 (and 10 more publications about CLIWOC results in the same volume). Climatic Change, 73(1-2), 1-12ff, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6952-6
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00090: Climatological Database for the Worlds Oceans: 1750-1854
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 9.280870 * Median Longitude: 93.009348 * South-bound Latitude: 4.300000 * West-bound Longitude: 90.010000 * North-bound Latitude: 19.850000 * East-bound Longitude: 100.000000
Event(s):
Swallow_17500321_NMM_ADM/L/S567 * Latitude Start: 19.850000 * Longitude Start: 90.210000 * Latitude End: 9.170000 * Longitude End: 92.590000 * Campaign: Cliwoc_cruise * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT) * Comment: Ship: Swallow (Sloop), Start of voyage: 1750-04-01, End of voyage: 1750-06-08, Voyage: Fort William - Malacca Town, 1st Observer: Henry Speke (Captain), 2nd Observer: John Kestell (1st Officer/Master), Company: Royal Navy, Other ship information: 10G 272BM
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
Date/time startDate/time start
LATITUDELatitudeGeocode
LONGITUDELongitudeGeocode
Wind directiondddegWind direction (from which the wind is blowing) in whole degrees from: 1-360; 361 = calm, 362 = variable. It is not clear from many logbook entries whether the wind direction has been corrected for the magnetic variation (or declination). To avoid any misunderstanding, all winds from reports that included a valid position in the period 1750-1854 were corrected. All other wind directions are given without being corrected.
Wind speedffm/scalculated from the descriptive terms of wind force given in the observations
LandmarkLandmarkName of first landmark
BearingBearingBearing of the first landmark
Distance to landmarkDistancearbitrary unitsDistance to the first landmark
LandmarkLandmarkName of second landmark
10 BearingBearingBearing of the second landmark
11 Distance to landmarkDistancearbitrary unitsDistance to the second landmark
12 --1 If position is considered to be coastal (in port or near coastal disturbances)
13 CourseCourseCourse of the ship during the past 24 hours
14 DistanceDistancearbitrary unitsDistance travelled during the previous 24 hours
15 CommentCommentAny remark, found in the logbook on this particular day, about any biological item
16 CommentCommentOther remarks, that were not possible to put in the other remark fields
17 DeclinationDecldegIt is generally accepted by the CLIWOC team that the wind directions, reported by the ships officers, were relative to the magnetic North direction. Navigators were well aware of the difference between the true and magnetic north direction, but the compasses (we assumed that the bearing-compasses were mostly used for determining the wind direction) were not always adjusted. Therefore the wind direction has to be corrected. The magnetic declination (or variation, as it is known on board ships) is given for the whole CLIWOC period (1750-1850) for every 5x5 degree square. The number was added to the wind direction to get the true wind direction.
18 Wind direction descriptionWind dir descrAll reported wind directions on this day. The wind direction is the direction that points to where the wind comes from.
19 Current direction descriptionCur dir descrDirection of the current. This direction points to where the current is flowing towards to.
20 Current speed descriptionV descr
21 Wind force descriptionWind force descrAll reported wind forces on this day
22 Present weatherwwWeather description
23 Precipitation descriptionPrecip descr
24 State of the sea descriptionState sea descr
25 ClearnessClearness
26 GustsGusts1 If wind gusts are reported
27 Precipitation/RainRain1 If rain was reported
28 FogFog1 If fog was reported
29 Snow typeSnow1 If snow was reported
30 ThunderThunder1 If thunder and or lightning was reported
31 HailHail1 If hail was reported
32 Sea iceSea ice1 If sea-ice or icebergs were reported
33 IdentificationIDCLIWOC 2.1 line number
Size:
1385 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Date/time start

Latitude

Longitude

dd [deg]
(Wind direction (from which th...)

ff [m/s]
(calculated from the descripti...)

Landmark
(Name of first landmark)

Bearing
(Bearing of the first landmark)

Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance to the first landmark)

Landmark
(Name of second landmark)
10 
Bearing
(Bearing of the second landmark)
11 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance to the second landmark)
12 
-
(1 If position is considered t...)
13 
Course
(Course of the ship during the...)
14 
Distance [arbitrary units]
(Distance travelled during the...)
15 
Comment
(Any remark, found in the logb...)
16 
Comment
(Other remarks, that were not ...)
17 
Decl [deg]
(It is generally accepted by t...)
18 
Wind dir descr
(All reported wind directions ...)
19 
Cur dir descr
(Direction of the current. Thi...)
20 
V descr
21 
Wind force descr
(All reported wind forces on t...)
22 
ww
(Weather description)
23 
Precip descr
24 
State sea descr
25 
Clearness
26 
Gusts
(1 If wind gusts are reported)
27 
Rain
(1 If rain was reported)
28 
Fog
(1 If fog was reported)
29 
Snow
(1 If snow was reported)
30 
Thunder
(1 If thunder and or lightning...)
31 
Hail
(1 If hail was reported)
32 
Sea ice
(1 If sea-ice or icebergs were...)
33 
ID
(CLIWOC 2.1 line number)
1750-04-01T06:0019.8590.212246.7POINT PALMIRASN63:00W39SEBS1/4E76.00-1SWBS SW SWBS SWSMODERATE1AM LITTLE WIND AND CLOUDY 10AM MODERATE AND FAIRHAZEY0000000247518
1750-04-02T06:0018.9390.812246.7POINT PALMIRASN52:00W59S32:00E65.00-1SW SWBS SSW SWBS SWSMODERATE4AM LIGHT AIRS/CALMSWELL FROM WFAIR0000000247519
1750-04-03T06:0018.1891.312476.7POINT PALMIRASNW1/4W76SSE3/4E53.00-1SWBW, SW, SWBS, WSWNMODERATEFAIR0000000247520
1750-04-04T06:0017.3891.312256.7POINT PALMIRASNWBN1/2W88S48.000WBS, W, WSW, SWMODERATE10PM LITTLE WINDSMOOTH WATERFAIR0000000247521
1750-04-05T06:0017.0091.313620.0POINT PALMIRASNWBN1/4W95S23.000W, WNW, SWBS, VARIABLENW0.333CALM0000000247522
1750-04-06T06:0017.1291.01203POINT PALMIRASN35:00W88WNW17.000SE, NW, SSWW0000000247523
1750-04-07T06:0016.6590.80900.0POINT PALMIRASN30:00W93SSW31.000NNE, NE, EBS, SEBE, SE, ECALM3PM LIGHT AIRSSMOOTH WATERHAZEY0000000247524
1750-04-08T06:0015.6790.481249.3POINT PALMIRASN22:00W110S22:00W62.000ESE, EBS, SEBEPLEASANT GALESSWELL FROM SOUTHWARDFAIR0000000247525
1750-04-09T06:0014.3890.481016.7POINT PALMIRASN18:00W133S77.000EBN, EBS, SEBE, ESE, EBSMODERATELIGHTNING FROM EAST 1AM MODERATE AND CLOUDY 4AM WINDY AND CLOUDYSHOWERSCLOUDY1000100247526
1750-04-10T06:0013.1390.311466.7POINT PALMIRASN14:00W157S8:00W76.000ESE, EBS, ESE, SEBE, SSE, SEBSMODERATESQUALLY WITH LIGHTNING. 6PM SQUALLY 5AM MODERATE AND SQUALLY WITH THUNDER AND LIGHTNINGRAINCLOUDY0100100247527
1750-04-11T06:0012.4290.36135POINT PALMIRASN13:00W171S1/2E43.000NNE, NBW, SEBE, SESQUALLY AND FRESH GALES7:30 PM SQUALLY WITH THUNDER AND LIGHTNINGRAIN0100100247528
1750-04-12T06:0011.9590.013496.7POINT PALMIRASN10:00W179S36:00W35.000SE, SWBW, NBWMODERATEMID PART FRESH GALES WITH RAIN. LATTER PART LITTLE WIND WITH THUNDER AND LIGHTNINGRAINHAZEY0100100247529
1750-04-13T06:0011.7090.082036.7POINT PALMIRASN10:00W184S16:00E16.000ESE, SSE, SWBS, SSWMODERATECLOUDY0000000247530
1750-04-14T06:0011.4790.08236POINT PALMIRASN10:00W189S14.000WNW, NE, SWBWSQUALLYMID PART AND LATTER PART MODERATE BREEZE AND FAIR WEATHERRAIN0100000247531
1750-04-15T06:0010.8890.083491.0POINT PALMIRASN9:35W200S35.000N, NBWESE0.125LIGHT AIRSLATTER PART LIGHT AIRS AND FAIR WEATHER MID PART LIGHT AIRS AND CLOUDYFAIR0000000247532
1750-04-16T06:0010.0890.15566.7POINT PALMIRASN09:08W219S03:10E56.000NNE, SEBE, NEBEMODERATEMIDDLE PART SQUALLY LATTER MODERATE AND FAIRRAINFAIR0100000247533
1750-04-17T06:009.1790.311016.7POINT PALMIRASN09:00W235S12:00E48.000EBN, ESE, EBSMODERATEFAIR0000000247534
1750-04-18T06:008.5890.58231.0POINT PALMIRASN10:12W245SSE1/2E35.000EBN, EBS, ENE, NNELIGHT AIRSFAIR0000000247535
1750-04-19T06:008.0091.03451.0POINT PALMIRASN11:32W260SEBS48.00KELP SPOTTED SOUTHWARD 19 MILES0NBE, NEBE, NELIGHT AIRSMIDDLE PART LIGHT SQUALLSRAINFAIR0100000247536
1750-04-20T06:007.8091.232931.0POINT PALMIRASN12:11W265SE17.00KELP SPOTTED SOUTHWARD 7MILES0NEBN, WNWLIGH AIRSFAIR0000000247537
1750-04-21T06:007.6391.71341.0POINT PALMIRASNBW1/4W270ESE1/4E30.000WNW SW, NNW, NEBNLIGH AIRSFAIR0000000247538
1750-04-22T06:007.4292.232931.0POINT PALMIRASN16:00W277ESE33.000NBW, WNW, NBW, WNWLIGH AIRSLATTER PART MODERATE AND FAIRSAW SEVERAL RIPPLINGSFAIR0000000247539
1750-04-23T06:007.2892.732486.7POINT PALMIRASN17:30W284ESE1/4E30.000NBW, NNE, NE, ENE, SEBE, WSWMODERATELATTER PART MODERATE WITH THUNDER LIGHTNINGRAINSTRONG RIPPLINGFAIR0100100247540
1750-04-24T06:007.5793.011351.0POINT PALMIRASN19:00W277NE24.000SEBE, ESE, SEBE, SENLIGHT AIRSMIDDLE PART CALM AND CLOUDY WITH LIGHTNINGFAIR0000100247541
1750-04-25T06:007.7793.081586.7POINT PALMIRASN19:45E272ISLANDSNE1/2E5N18:00E13.00SOUNDING NO GROUND WITH 60 FATHAMS0SEBE, SSE, ESE, NE, SSW, SSEMODERATEMIDDLE PART SQUALLY LATTER PART LIGHT AIRS AND CLOUNDY WITH LIGHTNING FROM SOUTHWARDRAINFAIR0100100247542
1750-04-26T06:006.9092.711246.7POINT PALMIRASN17:00W292SSW56.000E, EBS, EBN, SEBEMODERATEMIDDLE PART SQUALLY WITH LIGHT WINDRAINSTRONG RIPPLINGCLOUDY0100000247543
1750-04-27T06:006.0892.631016.7POINT PALMIRASN16:00W307S1/2W49.000SEBE, ESE, EBN, EBSMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PART LIGHTNING AND SQUALLYRAINFAIR0100000247544
1750-04-28T06:005.2392.65906.7POINT PALMIRASN15:30W321S51.000E, ENE, EMODERATESECOND AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT AND FAIRSW SWELLCLOUDY0000000247545
1750-04-29T06:004.5892.983381.0POINT PALMIRASN15:00W333SSE1/2E44.000W, WBN, NBE, NNWLIGHT AIRSSECOND AND LATTER PARTS LIGHTNINGCLEAR0000100247546
1750-04-30T06:004.5093.15686.7POINT PALMIRASN16:20W339S63:00E11.000NW, N, NNW, NNE, ENEMODERATEMIDDLE PART LIGHT AIRS WITH LIGHTNING FROM THE NE QUARTERSOUTHWARD SWELLFAIR0000100247547
1750-05-01T06:004.3092.98113POINT PALMIRASN15:40W342SWBS1/4W16.000ENE, EBS, NE, E, ESEWNW3.125SQUALLYMIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT AIRS AND CLOUDY LIGHTNING TO THE EAST AND SOUTHRAINCLOUDY0100100247548
1750-05-02T06:005.0793.63158POINT PALMIRASN19:00W333N40:00E60.000NBE, W, SWBS, SEBE, SSESQUALLYLIGHTNING. MIDDLE PART LITTLE WIND WITH LIGHTNING IN THE SE. LATTER PART MODERATE AND FAIRRAIN0100100247549
1750-05-03T06:005.3593.932142.6POINT PALMIRASN19:40W331N47:00E25.00SEVERAL DRIFTS OF WEED.FOUND OURSELVES SOUTHWARD OF OUR ACCOUNT 12MILES0SSW, S, SWBSSEBE0.25LIGHT BREEZEFAIR0000000247550
1750-05-04T06:005.6794.332362.6POINT PALMIRASN21:32W324NE1/2E30.000SWBS, SBW, SWBWLIGHT BREEZEMIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS CLOUDYFAIR0000000247551
1750-05-05T06:006.3894.612482.6POINT PALMIRASN23:30W315NICOBAR ISLANDSNBW7NNE44.000SWBS, SSW, SWBW, W, WSW0.5LIGHT BREEZEMIDDLE PART THUNDER AND LIGHTNING WITH LIGHT BREEZE. LATTER FRESH BREEZE AND SQUALLYFAIR0000100247552
1750-05-06T06:006.7394.242706.7SOUTHERN MOST NICOBAR ISLANDSNE-NBW1/2W210WSW, W, WSW, WBS, WNE0.5MODERATEFAIR0000000247553
1750-05-07T06:006.1795.1620319.0MALLACA PASSAGESSW3/4WGOLDEN MOUNTSSWESE1/2E114.000SW, WNW, WSW, SSWFRESH GALESMIDDLE PART SQUALLY. LATTER PART LITTLE WIND AND CLOUDYRAINCLOUDY0100000247554
1750-05-08T06:005.9595.921586.7PULA ROUNDAN88:30W42SUMATRA EASTEND, SUNSETSWBW/SWBSS81:00E90.000WSW, W, SSEMODERATEFAIR0000000247555
1750-05-09T06:006.0595.86113PULA ROUNDAS88:30W40NWBN7.00CAST OFF HAPPY STRONG RIPPLING FROM WSW THEN WNW0ENE, WNW, SSW, SE, ESENW0.5STRONG RIPPLING FROM WSW THEN WNWFAIR0000000247556
1750-05-10T06:006.1796.071801.0PULA ROUNDAS86:00W45NEBE1/2E15.000SEBS, SW, SEBS, SSE, SLIGHT AIRSLIGHTNING IN THE SW QUARTER. LATTER PART LIGHT BREEZES AND CLOUDY COULD NOT SEE THE LAND0000100247557
1750-05-11T06:006.2096.692811.0PULA ROUNDAS86:00W57E1/4N36.000SSE, W, WBNLIGHT AIRSLATTER PART MODERATE AND CLOUDY. LIGHTNING ALL AROUNDSAW SEVERAL RIPPLINGSFAIR0000100247558
1750-05-12T05:006.1298.41446.7PULO ROUNDAW90E1/4S102.00SOUNDING NO GROUND WITH 40 FATHAMS-1WNW, NW, N, NNE, NEMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER SQUALLY WITH THUNDER LIGHTNINGRAINCLOUDY0100100247559
1750-05-13T05:005.8398.711346.7PULO ROUNDAN88:00W96NEBN6S47:00E26.00-1NW, NBW, SBE, ESE, SESMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS LIGHT WINDS AND HAZEYDRIZZLY RAIN0100000247560
1750-05-14T05:005.6399.0710EXTREME OF POULA PENANGE-EBSSEBE1/2E25.00-1NNE, NNW, NBEFAIR0000000247561
1750-05-15T00:006.071136.7SOUTH END OF POULO LADASWBW41NNW, NW, WNW, NNE, SW, ESEMODERATEMIDDLE PART SQUALLYRAINFAIR0100000247562
1750-05-16T00:003621SBW, SBE, SSW, SW, WSW, VARIABLEMIDDLE PART WITH CLOUDY THUNDER LIGHTNINGRAINFAIR0100100247563
1750-05-17T00:003626.71VARIABLEMODERATEFAIR0000000247564
1750-05-18T00:001016.71WSW-EBSMODERATEFAIR0000000247565
1750-05-19T00:00906.71WSW, VARIABLE, EMODERATEMIDLE PART SQUALLY WITH LIGHTNING THUNDERRAINCLOUDY0100100247566
1750-05-20T00:001356.7EXTREME OF POULA PENANGSEBE1/2E-SSE1WSW, EBN, ENE, SSE, SEMODERATELATTER PART FRESH GALES, CLOUDYDRIZZLEY RAINFAIR0100000247567
1750-05-21T00:001806.71SSE, SSW, SEBE, EBS, SE, SMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PARTS SQUALLY WITH LIGHTNINGRAINCLOUDY0100000247568
1750-05-22T00:001916.7WEST POINT OF POULO PENANGWBS1S, SWBS, SSW, SW, EBS, SBWMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PART SQUALLY WITH THUNDER LIGHTNINGRAIN0100100247569
1750-05-23T00:00906.71WSW, ENE, EMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PART ADDITIONAL LIGHNINGFAIR0000100247570
1750-05-24T00:002486.71E, S, WSWMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER ADDITIONAL LIGHTNING IN THE NE QUARTERFAIR0000100247571
1750-05-25T00:001136.71WSW, ESEMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER ADDITIONAL LIGHNING IN THE NE QUARTERFAIR0000100247572
1750-05-26T00:002146.7EXTREME OF POINT PENANGSBE - ESEBE31WSW, SW, SBE, ESE, SWBSMODERATEMIDDLE PART SQUALLY WITH THUNDER LIGHTNINGRAINFAIR0100100247573
1750-05-27T05:005.42100.003142.6EXTREME OF POINT PENANGEBN1/2N -ESE8-1SSW, S, SE, SSW, NWLITTLE WINDCLOUDY0000000247574
1750-05-28T05:004.58100.002926.7EXTREME OF POINT PENANGNE1/2N -SE10-1NW, NE, SSW, WNWMODERATEFAIR0000000247575
1750-05-29T00:001356.7POLO JARANWBW31W, WBS, NEBE, SEBS, SEMODERATEMIDDLE AND LATTER PART MODERATE AND CLOUDYFAIR0000000247576
1750-05-30T00:003.581356.7THE TWO BROTHERSWSW1/2W9SBE, SEBE, SE, SEBS, SEMODERATEMIDDLE SQUALLY. LATTER PART MODERATE AND CLOUDYRAINFAIR0100000247577
1750-05-31T00:003152.6POLO JARANBW8ESE, EBN, ESE, NWLITTLE WINDFAIR0000000247578
1750-06-01T00:003.40146SUMATRA SHORESW14ESE, SE, SEBSMIDDLE SAME WITH LIGHTNING. LATTER MODERATE AND CLOUDYFAIR0000100247579
1750-06-02T00:003.221356.7LANDN1/2E - NNESEBS, SE, ESE, SEMODERATELATTER PART FRESH BREESE AND HAZEYFAIR0000000247580
1750-06-03T00:003.25169ARAS FORTHN21:30W7SEBS, SSE, SBEFAIR0000000247581
1750-06-04T00:001916.7THE ARASSW - WSW1/4S5SEBS, SBE, SSW, SWBS, SBWMODERATEHAZEY0000000247582
1750-06-05T00:001466.7THE ARASSW - WSW1/2S9S, SW, SEBSMODERATEFAIR0000000247583
1750-06-06T00:002.731916.7PAFLORE HILLEBN1/4N21MANY SOUNDINGS TAKENSEBS, SE, ESE, SEBE, ESE, SBWMODERATEFAIR0000000247584
1750-06-07T00:001586.7CAPE RICHARDESE1/4E5ESE, EBS, ESE, SSE, SBE, SSEMODERATEFAIR0000000247585
1750-06-08T00:001696.7MALACCA TOWNEBS8SE, ESE, EBS, SBW, SEBS, SBEMODERATEFAIR0000000247586