PANGAEA_995900
Occurrence and distribution of elasmobranchs with offshore energy infrastructure in Scotland's North Sea and west of Shetland: a multi-source data collation from 1993-2025
McAllister, Mia; Henry, Lea-Anne; Benjamins, Steven; Masden, Elizabeth; Montabaranom, Jessica; Gillespie, Douglas; Hastie, Gordon; Vad, Johanne; Green, Millie; Thorpe, Andrew; Gates, Andrew R; Harris, Lucy; Thorburn, James
Occurrence and distribution of elasmobranchs with offshore energy infrastructure in Scotland's North Sea and west of Shetland: a multi-source data collation from 1993-2025
2026-08-21
PANGAEA
Dataset
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.995900
Investigator
Mia
McAllister
miamcallister14@gmail.com
Earth Science
Event label
Taxon/taxa
Taxon/taxa, unique identification
Taxon/taxa, unique identification (URI)
Taxon/taxa, unique identification (Semantic URI)
Timestamp
Number of observations
Sex
DEPTH, water
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
Behaviour
Habitat type, EUNIS
Offshore energy site
Industry type
Data source
Fish, total length
Fish, width
Fish, distance to SONAR, minimum
Fish, distance to SONAR, maximum
Speed, swimming
Tidal speed
Tide
Reference/source
Uniform resource locator/link to reference
geoscientificInformation
AER_EIA_1.1
AER_EIA_1.2
AER_EIA_1.3
AER_EIA_2
AER_EIA_3.1
AER_EIA_3.2
AER_EIA_3.3
AER_EIA_3.4
AER_EIA_3.5
AER_EIA_3.6
AER_EIA_4
AER_ES_1.1
AER_ES_1.2
AER_ES_1.3
AER_REP_1
Aerial visual observations: aerial survey conducted from aircraft
Baited Remote Underwater Video
Boat-based visual observations: visual scans conducted aboard vessels
BRUVS_SERPENT_1
BRUVS_SERPENT_2
DDV_EIA_1
DDV_EIA_3.7
DDV_EIA_3.8
DIVE_SERPENT_1
DIVE_YT_2
Diver footage
Drop Down Video
elasmobranchs
High Current Underwater Platform (HiCUP) with dual Tritech Gemini 720is multibeam SONARs
Incidental surface observation from oil platform
Land-based visual observations: visual scans from land-based vantage points
North Sea
OBS_BIC_1
OBS_BIC_10
OBS_BIC_11
OBS_BIC_12
OBS_BIC_13
OBS_BIC_14
OBS_BIC_15
OBS_BIC_16
OBS_BIC_17
OBS_BIC_18
OBS_BIC_19
OBS_BIC_2
OBS_BIC_20
OBS_BIC_21
OBS_BIC_3
OBS_BIC_4
OBS_BIC_5
OBS_BIC_6
OBS_BIC_7
OBS_BIC_8
OBS_BIC_9
OBS_EIA_1
OBS_EIA_1.1
OBS_EIA_1.2
OBS_EIA_2.1
OBS_EIA_2.2
OBS_FOW_1
OBS_FOW_10
OBS_FOW_100
OBS_FOW_101
OBS_FOW_102
OBS_FOW_103
OBS_FOW_104
OBS_FOW_105
OBS_FOW_106
OBS_FOW_107
OBS_FOW_108
OBS_FOW_109
OBS_FOW_11
OBS_FOW_110
OBS_FOW_111
OBS_FOW_112
OBS_FOW_113
OBS_FOW_114
OBS_FOW_115
OBS_FOW_116
OBS_FOW_117
OBS_FOW_118
OBS_FOW_119
OBS_FOW_12
OBS_FOW_120
OBS_FOW_121
OBS_FOW_122
OBS_FOW_123
OBS_FOW_124
OBS_FOW_125
OBS_FOW_126
OBS_FOW_127
OBS_FOW_128
OBS_FOW_129
OBS_FOW_13
OBS_FOW_130
OBS_FOW_131
OBS_FOW_132
OBS_FOW_133
OBS_FOW_14
OBS_FOW_15
OBS_FOW_16
OBS_FOW_17
OBS_FOW_18
OBS_FOW_19
OBS_FOW_2
OBS_FOW_20
OBS_FOW_21
OBS_FOW_22
OBS_FOW_23
OBS_FOW_24
OBS_FOW_25
OBS_FOW_26
OBS_FOW_27
OBS_FOW_28
OBS_FOW_29
OBS_FOW_3
OBS_FOW_30
OBS_FOW_31
OBS_FOW_32
OBS_FOW_33
OBS_FOW_34
OBS_FOW_35
OBS_FOW_36
OBS_FOW_37
OBS_FOW_38
OBS_FOW_39
OBS_FOW_4
OBS_FOW_40
OBS_FOW_41
OBS_FOW_42
OBS_FOW_43
OBS_FOW_44
OBS_FOW_45
OBS_FOW_46
OBS_FOW_47
OBS_FOW_48
OBS_FOW_49
OBS_FOW_5
OBS_FOW_50
OBS_FOW_51
OBS_FOW_52
OBS_FOW_53
OBS_FOW_54
OBS_FOW_55
OBS_FOW_56
OBS_FOW_57
OBS_FOW_58
OBS_FOW_59
OBS_FOW_6
OBS_FOW_60
OBS_FOW_61
OBS_FOW_62
OBS_FOW_63
OBS_FOW_64
OBS_FOW_65
OBS_FOW_66
OBS_FOW_67
OBS_FOW_68
OBS_FOW_69
OBS_FOW_7
OBS_FOW_70
OBS_FOW_71
OBS_FOW_72
OBS_FOW_73
OBS_FOW_74
OBS_FOW_75
OBS_FOW_76
OBS_FOW_77
OBS_FOW_78
OBS_FOW_79
OBS_FOW_8
OBS_FOW_80
OBS_FOW_81
OBS_FOW_82
OBS_FOW_83
OBS_FOW_84
OBS_FOW_85
OBS_FOW_86
OBS_FOW_87
OBS_FOW_88
OBS_FOW_89
OBS_FOW_9
OBS_FOW_90
OBS_FOW_91
OBS_FOW_92
OBS_FOW_93
OBS_FOW_94
OBS_FOW_95
OBS_FOW_96
OBS_FOW_97
OBS_FOW_98
OBS_FOW_99
OBS_LIT_1
OBS_NSBC_1
OBS_NSBC_10
OBS_NSBC_11
OBS_NSBC_12
OBS_NSBC_13
OBS_NSBC_14
OBS_NSBC_15
OBS_NSBC_16
OBS_NSBC_17
OBS_NSBC_18
OBS_NSBC_19
OBS_NSBC_2
OBS_NSBC_20
OBS_NSBC_21
OBS_NSBC_22
OBS_NSBC_23
OBS_NSBC_24
OBS_NSBC_25
OBS_NSBC_26
OBS_NSBC_27
OBS_NSBC_28
OBS_NSBC_29
OBS_NSBC_3
OBS_NSBC_30
OBS_NSBC_31
OBS_NSBC_32
OBS_NSBC_33
OBS_NSBC_34
OBS_NSBC_35
OBS_NSBC_36
OBS_NSBC_37
OBS_NSBC_38
OBS_NSBC_39
OBS_NSBC_4
OBS_NSBC_40
OBS_NSBC_41
OBS_NSBC_42
OBS_NSBC_43
OBS_NSBC_44
OBS_NSBC_45
OBS_NSBC_46
OBS_NSBC_47
OBS_NSBC_48
OBS_NSBC_49
OBS_NSBC_5
OBS_NSBC_50
OBS_NSBC_51
OBS_NSBC_52
OBS_NSBC_53
OBS_NSBC_54
OBS_NSBC_55
OBS_NSBC_56
OBS_NSBC_57
OBS_NSBC_58
OBS_NSBC_59
OBS_NSBC_6
OBS_NSBC_60
OBS_NSBC_61
OBS_NSBC_62
OBS_NSBC_63
OBS_NSBC_64
OBS_NSBC_65
OBS_NSBC_66
OBS_NSBC_67
OBS_NSBC_68
OBS_NSBC_69
OBS_NSBC_7
OBS_NSBC_8
OBS_NSBC_9
OBS_REP_1
OBS_SHAP_1
OBS_SHAP_2
OBS_SHAP_3
Offshore energy
Remotely Operated Vehicle video
ROV_BENLAWERS_1
ROV_ENQUEST_1
ROV_EV_1
ROV_EV_3
ROV_LAGGAN_1
ROV_LAGGAN_2
ROV_LAGGAN_3
ROV_LAGGAN_4
ROV_LAGGAN_5
ROV_LAGGAN_6
ROV_LIZARDSHARK_1
ROV_MILLER_1
ROV_MURLACH_1
ROV_SCH_1
ROV_SERPENT_1
ROV_SERPENT_10
ROV_SERPENT_11
ROV_SERPENT_2
ROV_SERPENT_3
ROV_SERPENT_4
ROV_SERPENT_5
ROV_SERPENT_6
ROV_SERPENT_7
ROV_SERPENT_8
ROV_SERPENT_9
ROV_SULIVEN_1
ROV_YT_3
ROV_YT_5
Scotland
SONAR_MEYGEN_1
Reference in WoRMS
ISO 8601
Counted
Presence or absence of claspers (Leigh-Sharpe, 1926)
Recorded depth of observation
Assigned categories according to EMEC and SMRU (2013)
According to the European Environment Agency (EEA, 2022)
Various methods
Estimated using tools within Tritech Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37; methodology according to Gillespie et al. (2022), Gillespie et al. (2023), and Montabaranom et al. (2025)
Calculated as the approximate distance travelled divided by the track duration, using measurement tools within Tritech Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37
Calculated as √[(FlowMagEast)² + (FlowMagNorth)²]
1993-09-22
2025-08-22
Complete
54.929042
62.6561
-4.93393
3.220443
0.0 m (DEPTH, water)
1567.0 m (DEPTH, water)
SharkScape
Groundbreaking project to study sharks and skates in Scottish waters
unrestricted
CC-BY-4.0: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
English
PANGAEA
Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
https://www.pangaea.de/
Data Center Contact
Michael
Diepenbroek
info@pangaea.de
Leobener Str.
Bremen
Bremen
28359
Germany
online
4773 data points
text/tab-separated-values
McAllister, Mia; Henry, Lea-Anne; Thorburn, James (in prep.): Occurrence, distribution, and interactions of elasmobranchs with offshore energy infrastructure in Scotland’s North Sea and west of Shetland.
APEM Ltd. (2024): Final Report – Ocean Winds Caledonia OWF Digital Aerial Surveys, May 2021 to April 2023. APEM Scientific Report P6477. Ocean Winds UK Ltd., 14/03/2024, 718 pp., v1.4. Available in Appendix 19 at: https://marine.gov.scot/?q=node/25808, https://marine.gov.scot/datafiles/lot/caledonia/241115_Caledonia_EIA_Application_Vol7_App19_Caledonia_OWF_Digital_Aerial_Surveys.pdf (APEM (2024))
Brown & May Marine Ltd. (2014): Dogger Bank Teesside A & B Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Chapter 13 Appendix A: Fish and Shellfish Ecology Technical Report. Application Reference 6.13.1. Forewind, March 2014. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2512/2014-brown-and-may-marine-zone-3-dogger-bank-teesside-a-and-b-fish-and-shellfish-technical-report, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2512/2014-brown-and-may-marine-zone-3-dogger-bank-teesside-a-and-b-fish-and-shellfish-technical-report (Brown & May Marine (2014))
Energy Voice (2014): Video: Rare shark captured on ROV pilot’s camera in North Sea (2014, November 26) [webpage]. Energy Voice magazine. Available at: https://www.energyvoice.com/, https://www.energyvoice.com/all-news/69541/video-rare-shark-captured-rov-pilots-camera-north-sea/ (Energy Voice (2014); accessed: 2 March 2026)
Energy Voice (2019): Video: Critically endangered shark spotted at UK gas field (2019, October 23) [webpage]. Energy Voice magazine. Available at: https://www.energyvoice.com/, https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/north-sea/210328/video-critically-endangered-shark-at-uk-north-sea-field/ (Energy Voice (2019))
European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) (2015): European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Fall of Warness Wildlife Observation Data [dataset]. Marine Scotland Science. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/european-marine-energy-centre-fall-warness-wildlife-observation-data, https://doi.org/10.7489/1684-1 (EMEC (2015b))
European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) (2017): EMEC Billia Croo Wildlife Observation Programme data [dataset]. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/information/emec-billia-croo-wildlife-observation-programme, https://marine.gov.scot/information/emec-billia-croo-wildlife-observation-programme (EMEC (2017))
HaskoningDHV UK Ltd. (2014): Brims Tidal Array: Marine mammal and basking shark boat based visual survey data analysis. Reference PB2561/R/304183/Edin. Brims Tidal Array, 12/11/2014. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-51/2016-openhydro-and-sse-brims-tidal-array-environmental-statement, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-51/2016-openhydro-and-sse-brims-tidal-array-environmental-statement (HaskoningDHV UK (2014))
Haugen, Janne B; Papastamatiou, Yannis (2019): Observation of a porbeagle shark Lamna nasus aggregation at a North Sea oil platform. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(6), 1496-1499, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14149 (Haugen & Papastamatiou (2019))
Hexter, R (2009): High resolution video survey of seabirds and mammals in the Moray Firth, Hastings, West Isle of Wight and Bristol Channel Areas in Periods 5, 6 and 7 2009 – Technical Report. Cowrie Ltd. 2009. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2372/2009-hidef-wind-enabling-actions-survey-of-seabirds-and-mammals-moray-firth-hastings-west-isle-of-wight-and-bristol-channel, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2372/2009-hidef-wind-enabling-actions-survey-of-seabirds-and-mammals-moray-firth-hastings-west-isle-of-wight-and-bristol-channel (Hexter (2009))
HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd. (2014): Ultra High Resolution Video Survey of Dogger Bank: Monthly Report - September 2013. Document Number HP00036/602-09. Forewind, 09/01/2014. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2481/2012-2013-hidef-zone-3---dogger-bank-aerial-bird-surveys-of-dogger-bank-ultra-high-resolution-video, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2481/2012-2013-hidef-zone-3---dogger-bank-aerial-bird-surveys-of-dogger-bank-ultra-high-resolution-video (HiDef Aerial Surveying (2014))
HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd. (2015): Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm: Final Report on Aerial Surveys from April 2013 to September 2014. Document Number HP00043-802. COBRA, 28/08/2015. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/kincardine-offshore-wind-farm-environmental-statement-appendix-b-aerial-surveys-report, https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/kincardine-offshore-wind-farm-environmental-statement-appendix-b-aerial-surveys-report (HiDef Aerial Surveying (2015))
HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd. (2023): West of Orkney Windfarm digital video aerial survey methodology and marine mammal and other megafauna results: 27-Month Report July 2020 to September 2022. Document No. HC0077-1009-08-SurveyReport. TotalEnergies E&P UK (TEPUK), 04/07/2023. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/?q=node/24472, https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/supporting_study_8_-_digital_video_aerial_survey_methodology_and_marine_mammal_resu.pdf (HiDef Aerial Surveying (2023))
Jones, Daniel O B; Gates, Andrew R; Curry, Robert A; Thomson, M; Pile, A; Benfield, Marc C; (eds.) (2009): SERPENT project. Media database archive [web service]. Available at: https://archive.serpentproject.com/, https://archive.serpentproject.com/ (Jones et al. (2009); accessed: 30 March 2026)
Jones, Daniel O B; Gates, Andrew R; Lausen, B (2012): Recovery of deep-water megafaunal assemblages from hydrocarbon drilling disturbance in the Faroe−Shetland Channel. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 461, 71-82, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09827 (Jones et al. (2012))
MMT (2022): Pentland Floating Offshore Wind Farm Offshore EIAR Volume 3: Appendix 9.1 - Environmental Baseline Report. Document No. GBPNTD-SCL-MMT-RP-00013. Highland Wind Limited, 28/02/2022. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/?q=node/22753, https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/chapter_11._marine_mammals_and_other_megafauna.pdf (MMT (2022))
nakeddiver71 (2010): Fulmar shark (2010, October 11) [audiovisual]. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDLlfifasi4 (Nakeddiver71 (2010))
Natural Power Consultants Ltd. (2015): Lashy Sound, Orkney, Bird and Marine Mammal Surveys 24 Month Report: March 2013 to February 2015. Document Reference No. 1064392. Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd., 21/04/2015. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-201/2013-2015-natural-power-lashy-sound-ornithology-and-marine-mammal-surveys, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-201/2013-2015-natural-power-lashy-sound-ornithology-and-marine-mammal-surveys (Natural Power Consultants (2015))
Ocean Infinity (2023): West of Orkney Offshore EIA Report Volume 2, Supporting Study 5: Benthic Environmental Baseline Report. Document No. 104164-TOT-OI-SUR-REP-ENVBASRE. TotalEnergies E&P UK (TEPUK), 21/04/2023. Available at: https://marine.gov.scot/?q=node/24472. Available in: Supporting Study 5, https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/supporting_study_5_-_benthic_environmental_baseline_report_redacted.pdf (Ocean Infinity (2023))
RPS (2011): Inner Sound tidal energy project: Distribution and abundance of marine mammals and basking sharks in the Inner Sound and Wider Pentland Firth and Orkney waters. Report No. EOR0602-R-02-02. MeyGen Ltd, November 2011. Available at: https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-126/2009-2011-rps-inner-sound-bird-and-mammal-survey/packages/553?directory=%2F&type=Report#downloads, https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-126/2009-2011-rps-inner-sound-bird-and-mammal-survey/packages/553?directory=%2F&type=Report#downloads (RPS (2011))
Smith, K; Date, H; Waggitt, J (2021): Shetland tidal array monitoring report: Vantage point surveys. Report No. EnFAIT-0347 Version 5.0. Nova Innovation, 09/03/2021. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-vantage-point-surveys#apa-citation, https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-vantage-point-surveys#apa-citation (Smith et al. (2021))
Thorpe, Andrew (2022): The North Sea Bird Club 1979-2019: Birds, bats and beasties - forty years of offshore wildlife recording. North Sea Bird Club, Abederdeen, UK, 240, https://www.nhbs.com/the-north-sea-bird-club-1979-2019-book (Thorpe (2022))
Vad, Johanne; Kazanidis, Georgios; Henry, Lea-Anne; Jones, Daniel O B; Gates, Andrew R; Roberts, J Murray (2019): Environmental controls and anthropogenic impacts on deep-sea sponge grounds in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic: the importance of considering spatial scale to distinguish drivers of change. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(1), 451-461, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz185 (Vad et al. (2020))
European Environment Agency (EEA) (2022): EUNIS 2022 habitat type hierarchical view (marine version 2022 & terrestrial version 2021). European Environment Agency, European Nature Information System (EUNIS), https://biodiversity.europa.eu/resources/search-habitat/eunis-habitat-types-hierarchical-view-2021-2022 (EEA (2022); accessed: 20 April, 2026)
European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC); Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Ltd. (2013): Fall of Warness wildlife observations methodology (GUIDE017-01) [dataset]. Available at: https://data.marine.gov.scot/dataset/european-marine-energy-centre-fall-warness-wildlife-observation-data, https://data.marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files//Fall%20of%20Warness%20Observation%20Methodology%20GUIDE017-01%2020130327.pdf (EMEC & SMRU (2013))
Gillespie, Douglas; Hastie, Gordon; Montabaranom, Jessica; Longden, Emma; Rapson, Katie; Holoborodko, Anhelina; Sparling, Carol (2023): Automated detection and tracking of marine mammals in the vicinity of tidal turbines using multibeam sonar. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(11), 2095, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112095 (Gillespie et al. (2023))
Gillespie, Douglas; Oswald, Michael; Hastie, Gordon; Sparling, Carol (2022): Marine mammal HiCUP: A High Current Underwater Platform for the long-term monitoring of fine-scale marine mammal behavior around tidal turbines. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 850446, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.850446 (Gillespie et al. (2022))
Leigh-Sharpe, W Harold (1926): The comparative morphology of the secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes. The claspers, clasper siphons, and clasper glands. Memoir X. Journal of Morphology, 42(1), 335-348, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420111 (Leigh-Sharpe (1926))
Montabaranom, Jessica; Gillespie, Douglas; Longden, Emma; Rapson, Katie; Holoborodko, Anhelina; Sparling, Carol; Hastie, Gordon (2025): Seals exhibit localised avoidance of operational tidal turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 62(2), 242-252, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14844 (Montabaranom et al. (2025))
Tritech International Ltd.: Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37 [software]. https://www.tritech.co.uk/support/software/genesis
This dataset presents collated observations of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) associated with offshore energy infrastructure in Scotland's central and northern North Sea and west of Shetland, spanning 1993 to 2025. Data were compiled from five broad 'data streams': systematic literature search and trade publications, Environmental Impact Assessments and industry reports, industry-academic project collaborations, industry-held survey data, and citizen science and social media. Data collation was conducted between July 2025 and April 2026. Observations were extracted from a range of sources within each 'data stream' including Remotely Operated Vehicle footage, multibeam SONAR detections, surface observations, aerial surveys, and Baited Remote Underwater Video. The dataset was compiled to address a critical knowledge gap in elasmobranch occurrence, distribution, and interactions with offshore energy infrastructure in this region, forming a component of the SharkScape Project - a research initiative aimed at filling key knowledge gaps in elasmobranch biology, ecology, and distribution in Scotland's North Sea. Records were standardised to common parameters including species, number of observations, sex, coordinates, depth, date, behaviour, habitat type, and data collection method. ** For all details see the full metadata description at "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.995900"!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709
LATITUDE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709
LONGITUDE
https://archive.serpentproject.com/
SERPENT project. Media database archive
https://biodiversity.europa.eu/resources/search-habitat/eunis-habitat-types-hierarchical-view-2021-2022
EUNIS 2022 habitat type hierarchical view (marine version 2022 & terrestrial version 2021)
https://data.marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files//Fall%20of%20Warness%20Observation%20Methodology%20GUIDE017-01%2020130327.pdf
Fall of Warness wildlife observations methodology (GUIDE017-01)
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420111
Presence or absence of claspers (Leigh-Sharpe, 1926)
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050420111
The comparative morphology of the secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes. The claspers, clasper siphons, and clasper glands. Memoir X
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz185
Environmental controls and anthropogenic impacts on deep-sea sponge grounds in the Faroe-Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic: the importance of considering spatial scale to distinguish drivers of change
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14844
Seals exhibit localised avoidance of operational tidal turbines
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14149
Observation of a porbeagle shark Lamna nasus aggregation at a North Sea oil platform
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09827
Recovery of deep-water megafaunal assemblages from hydrocarbon drilling disturbance in the Faroe−Shetland Channel
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.850446
Marine mammal HiCUP: A High Current Underwater Platform for the long-term monitoring of fine-scale marine mammal behavior around tidal turbines
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112095
Automated detection and tracking of marine mammals in the vicinity of tidal turbines using multibeam sonar
https://doi.org/10.7489/1684-1
European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Fall of Warness Wildlife Observation Data
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
ISO 8601
https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats-code-browser-revised.jsp
According to the European Environment Agency (EEA, 2022)
https://marine.gov.scot/datafiles/lot/caledonia/241115_Caledonia_EIA_Application_Vol7_App19_Caledonia_OWF_Digital_Aerial_Surveys.pdf
Final Report – Ocean Winds Caledonia OWF Digital Aerial Surveys, May 2021 to April 2023
https://marine.gov.scot/information/emec-billia-croo-wildlife-observation-programme
EMEC Billia Croo Wildlife Observation Programme data
https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/chapter_11._marine_mammals_and_other_megafauna.pdf
Pentland Floating Offshore Wind Farm Offshore EIAR Volume 3: Appendix 9.1 - Environmental Baseline Report
https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/supporting_study_5_-_benthic_environmental_baseline_report_redacted.pdf
West of Orkney Offshore EIA Report Volume 2, Supporting Study 5: Benthic Environmental Baseline Report
https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/supporting_study_8_-_digital_video_aerial_survey_methodology_and_marine_mammal_resu.pdf
West of Orkney Windfarm digital video aerial survey methodology and marine mammal and other megafauna results: 27-Month Report July 2020 to September 2022
https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/kincardine-offshore-wind-farm-environmental-statement-appendix-b-aerial-surveys-report
Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm: Final Report on Aerial Surveys from April 2013 to September 2014
https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-vantage-point-surveys#apa-citation
Shetland tidal array monitoring report: Vantage point surveys
https://www.energyvoice.com/all-news/69541/video-rare-shark-captured-rov-pilots-camera-north-sea/
Video: Rare shark captured on ROV pilot’s camera in North Sea (2014, November 26)
https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/north-sea/210328/video-critically-endangered-shark-at-uk-north-sea-field/
Video: Critically endangered shark spotted at UK gas field (2019, October 23)
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-126/2009-2011-rps-inner-sound-bird-and-mammal-survey/packages/553?directory=%2F&type=Report#downloads
Inner Sound tidal energy project: Distribution and abundance of marine mammals and basking sharks in the Inner Sound and Wider Pentland Firth and Orkney waters
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-201/2013-2015-natural-power-lashy-sound-ornithology-and-marine-mammal-surveys
Lashy Sound, Orkney, Bird and Marine Mammal Surveys 24 Month Report: March 2013 to February 2015
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/CES-51/2016-openhydro-and-sse-brims-tidal-array-environmental-statement
Brims Tidal Array: Marine mammal and basking shark boat based visual survey data analysis
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2372/2009-hidef-wind-enabling-actions-survey-of-seabirds-and-mammals-moray-firth-hastings-west-isle-of-wight-and-bristol-channel
High resolution video survey of seabirds and mammals in the Moray Firth, Hastings, West Isle of Wight and Bristol Channel Areas in Periods 5, 6 and 7 2009 – Technical Report
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2481/2012-2013-hidef-zone-3---dogger-bank-aerial-bird-surveys-of-dogger-bank-ultra-high-resolution-video
Ultra High Resolution Video Survey of Dogger Bank: Monthly Report - September 2013
https://www.marinedataexchange.co.uk/details/TCE-2512/2014-brown-and-may-marine-zone-3-dogger-bank-teesside-a-and-b-fish-and-shellfish-technical-report
Dogger Bank Teesside A & B Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Chapter 13 Appendix A: Fish and Shellfish Ecology Technical Report
https://www.marinespecies.org
Reference in WoRMS
https://www.napier.ac.uk/about-us/news/sharkscape-project-sharks-skate-masts
SharkScape
https://www.nhbs.com/the-north-sea-bird-club-1979-2019-book
The North Sea Bird Club 1979-2019: Birds, bats and beasties - forty years of offshore wildlife recording
https://www.tritech.co.uk/support/software/genesis
Calculated as the approximate distance travelled divided by the track duration, using measurement tools within Tritech Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37
https://www.tritech.co.uk/support/software/genesis
Estimated using tools within Tritech Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37; methodology according to Gillespie et al. (2022), Gillespie et al. (2023), and Montabaranom et al. (2025)
https://www.tritech.co.uk/support/software/genesis
Genesis software, version 1.7.3.37
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDLlfifasi4
Fulmar shark (2010, October 11)
DIF
9.4
2026-08-21
2026-08-31