Fernández-Pérez, Uxía; Santos, Ricardo N; Rodrigues, Teresa; Schefuß, Enno; Bao, Roberto; Raposeiro, Pedro Miguel; Sáez, Alberto; Giralt, Santiago; Martín-Puertas, Celia; Francus, Pierre; Trigo, Ricardo M; Ramos, Alexandre M; Hernández, Armand (2026): Holocene hydrogen isotope composition of precipitation (δ²H) reconstructed from sedimentary leaf wax n-alkanes in Lake Peixão, Serra da Estrela, Portugal [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.995820
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Published: 2026-09-02 • DOI registered: 2026-09-04
Abstract:
This dataset provides a Holocene record of the hydrogen isotope composition of precipitation (δ²H precip) reconstructed from hydrogen isotopes measured in sedimentary leaf wax n-alkanes extracted from lacustrine sediment core PEX19-01, retrieved from Lake Peixão (40°20'35 N, 7°36'19 W), a small alpine lake located at 1677 meters above sea level in Serra da Estrela Montain, Portugal. Sediment cores were retrieved in June 2019 using a UWITEC piston coring system (Hernández et al., 2023). We adopt the age-depth model published by Hernández et al. (2023), which indicates continuous sedimentation over the past ~11.100 years. We present compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios (δ²Hwax) of the terrestrial leaf wax endmember extracted by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of sedimentary n-alkane distributions, measured by gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). The NMF decomposition isolates the terrestrial vascular plant signal from other sources (e.g., aquatic, degraded organic matter), following Polissar et al. (2025). Precipitation isotope values (δ²H precip) were then derived by applying a catchment-integrated apparent fractionation factor (εapp = −129 ± 12‰; Santos et al., 2022, 2024), which accounts for the isotopic offset between leaf wax and source water. Uncertainty bounds reflect the propagated error on εapp (±12‰). Anomaly values (Δδ²H) represent the deviation of reconstructed δ²H precip from the modern mean annual precipitation isotope value at the site (δ²H MAP = −56‰), estimated using the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator (OIPC). The dataset was generated to reconstruct past changes in hydroclimate and atmospheric circulation over the NW Iberian Peninsula during the Holocene, with the aim of characterizing the evolution of the Atlantic–Mediterranean climate boundary at centennial to millennial timescales.
Keyword(s):
References:
Hernández, Armand; Sáez, Alberto; Santos, Ricardo N; Rodrigues, Teresa; Martín-Puertas, Celia; Gil-Romera, Graciela; Abbott, Mark; Carballeira, Rafael; Costa, Pedro J M; Giralt, Santiago; Gomes, Sandra D; Griffore, Melissa; Ibañez-Insa, Jordi; Leira, M; Moreno, João; Naughton, Filipa; Oliveira, Dulce; Raposeiro, Pedro Miguel; Trigo, Ricardo M; Vieira, Gonçalo; Ramos, Alexandre M (2023): The timing of the deglaciation in the Atlantic Iberian mountains: Insights from the stratigraphic analysis of a lake sequence in Serra da Estrela (Portugal). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, esp.5536, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5536
Polissar, Pratigya J; Karp, A Tyler; D'Andrea, William J (2025): Mixed messages: Unmixing sedimentary molecular distributions reveals source contributions and isotopic values. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 396, 122-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.001
Santos, Ricardo N; Rodrigues, Teresa; Naughton, Filipa; Schefuß, Enno; Oliveira, Dulce; Moreno, João; Raposeiro, Pedro Miguel; Gil-Romera, Graciela; Morgan, Alistair; Leira, M; Gomes, Sandra D; Ladd, S N; Trigo, Ricardo M; Ramos, Alexandre M; Hernández, Armand (2024): Understanding the Atlantic influence on climate and vegetation dynamics in western Iberia over the last 2000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 337, 108796, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108796
Santos, Ricardo N; Schefuß, Enno; Cordeiro, Lívia Gebara M S; Oliveira, Dulce; Hernández, Armand; Ramos, Alexandre M; Rodrigues, Teresa (2022): Leaf wax biomarkers of a high-mountain lake area in western iberia—Implications for environmental reconstructions. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 994377, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.994377
Funding:
European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory (EMSO-ERIC), grant/award no. PINFRA/22157/2016-EMSO-PT
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), grant/award no. UIDB/04326/2020: Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)
Coverage:
Latitude: 40.343044 * Longitude: -7.605371
Date/Time Start: 2019-06-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2019-06-10T00:00:00
Minimum Elevation: 1677.0 m * Maximum Elevation: 1677.0 m
Event(s):
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AGE | Age | ka BP | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | Age, calibrated | Geocode – 1950 CE |
| 2 | δ Deuterium, wax | δD wax | ‰ SMOW | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | Gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) | vs. VSMOW, (terrestrial NMF-corrected) |
| 3 | δ Deuterium, precipitation, reconstructed | δD precip reconst | ‰ SMOW | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | see reference(s) | Apparent fractionation factor (εapp = −129 ± 12‰), Santos et al. (2022, 2024) |
| 4 | δ Deuterium, precipitation, reconstructed, minimum | δD precip reconst min | ‰ SMOW | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | lower bound, ε−12‰ | |
| 5 | δ Deuterium, precipitation, reconstructed, maximum | δD precip reconst max | ‰ SMOW | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | upper bound, ε+12‰ | |
| 6 | Δδ Deuterium, wax | ΔδD wax | ‰ SMOW | Fernández-Pérez, Uxía | Deviation from OIPC modern δ²H MAP (−56‰) | Δδ²H vs δ²H MAP (anomaly) |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
660 data points
Data
| 1 Age [ka BP] | 2 δD wax [‰ SMOW] | 3 δD precip reconst [‰ SMOW] | 4 δD precip reconst min [‰ SMOW] | 5 δD precip reconst max [‰ SMOW] | 6 ΔδD wax [‰ SMOW] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -0.069 | -177.9122540 | -56.15643394 | -42.97119204 | -68.98330007 | -0.156433945 |
| -0.048 | -177.9122540 | -56.15643394 | -42.97119204 | -68.98330007 | -0.156433945 |
| -0.028 | -177.9203081 | -56.16568097 | -42.98056825 | -68.99242143 | -0.165680971 |
| -0.007 | -179.0501947 | -57.46291014 | -44.29591936 | -70.27202121 | -1.462910138 |
| 0.019 | -178.9930892 | -57.39734692 | -44.22944024 | -70.20734900 | -1.397346915 |
| 0.045 | -178.6233151 | -56.97280719 | -43.79896980 | -69.78857878 | -0.972807186 |
| 0.070 | -178.8726717 | -57.25909497 | -44.08925695 | -70.07097590 | -1.259094972 |
| 0.114 | -179.4697059 | -57.94455332 | -44.78429097 | -70.74711885 | -1.944553323 |
| 0.158 | -178.9315862 | -57.32673504 | -44.15784193 | -70.13769674 | -1.326735040 |
| 0.211 | -178.9681908 | -57.36876097 | -44.20045495 | -70.17915154 | -1.368760971 |
| 0.240 | -177.3194782 | -55.47586479 | -42.28111552 | -68.31197987 | 0.524135213 |
| 0.279 | -174.9816912 | -52.79183840 | -39.55959400 | -65.66442950 | 3.208161602 |
| 0.317 | -172.0948627 | -49.47745430 | -36.19890885 | -62.39508799 | 6.522545697 |
| 0.374 | -170.4733911 | -47.61583369 | -34.31128189 | -60.55876686 | 8.384166314 |
| 0.408 | -168.8736107 | -45.77911675 | -32.44890650 | -58.74701097 | 10.220883250 |
| 0.464 | -167.7070341 | -44.43976358 | -31.09084293 | -57.42585966 | 11.560236420 |
| 0.495 | -167.0821537 | -43.72233489 | -30.36339195 | -56.71818084 | 12.277665110 |
| 0.546 | -166.2346110 | -42.74926631 | -29.37672986 | -55.75833630 | 13.250733690 |
| 0.577 | -166.7351612 | -43.32395091 | -29.95944266 | -56.32521092 | 12.676049090 |
| 0.630 | -168.6501037 | -45.52250716 | -32.18871215 | -58.49388871 | 10.477492840 |
| 0.662 | -168.7605231 | -45.64928027 | -32.31725625 | -58.61893898 | 10.350719730 |
| 0.716 | -168.8823800 | -45.78918480 | -32.45911521 | -58.75694220 | 10.210815200 |
| 0.749 | -168.6130222 | -45.47993359 | -32.14554383 | -58.45189372 | 10.520066410 |
| 0.805 | -168.9052756 | -45.81547140 | -32.48576903 | -58.78287157 | 10.184528600 |
| 0.838 | -169.5558041 | -46.56234685 | -33.24307812 | -59.51959695 | 9.437653149 |
| 0.899 | -170.2040642 | -47.30661793 | -33.99774647 | -60.25375336 | 8.693382070 |
| 0.920 | -170.4716936 | -47.61388468 | -34.30930565 | -60.55684434 | 8.386115325 |
| 0.970 | -171.3606085 | -48.63445292 | -35.34413096 | -61.56354303 | 7.365547078 |
| 1003.000 | -170.2749057 | -47.38795147 | -34.08021621 | -60.33398157 | 8.612048534 |
| 1045.000 | -169.7763135 | -46.81551496 | -33.49978292 | -59.76932449 | 9.184485042 |
| 1079.000 | -169.1553711 | -46.10260743 | -32.77691627 | -59.06610540 | 9.897392570 |
| 1126.000 | -168.0957658 | -44.88606869 | -31.54338280 | -57.86609947 | 11.113931310 |
| 1171.000 | -168.6943047 | -45.57325454 | -32.24016846 | -58.54394644 | 10.426745460 |
| 1217.000 | -169.5325583 | -46.53565826 | -33.21601670 | -59.49327106 | 9.464341740 |
| 1261.000 | -170.2696609 | -47.38192989 | -34.07411052 | -60.32804183 | 8.618070107 |
| 1308.000 | -170.8176243 | -48.01104970 | -34.71201896 | -60.94861188 | 7.988950302 |
| 1331.000 | -170.7657754 | -47.95152173 | -34.65165940 | -60.88989289 | 8.048478271 |
| 1390.000 | -171.2029719 | -48.45346947 | -35.16061922 | -61.38501915 | 7.546530527 |
| 1434.000 | -172.0107843 | -49.38092341 | -36.10102944 | -62.29986896 | 6.619076592 |
| 1488.000 | -172.1442434 | -49.53414853 | -36.25639508 | -62.45101175 | 6.465851466 |
| 1506.000 | -170.6318455 | -47.79775600 | -34.49574561 | -60.73821685 | 8.202243997 |
| 1534.000 | -172.3480272 | -49.76811390 | -36.49362887 | -62.68179751 | 6.231886105 |
| 1558.000 | -172.4929899 | -49.93454640 | -36.66238639 | -62.84596819 | 6.065453604 |
| 1580.000 | -172.1151835 | -49.50078477 | -36.22256523 | -62.41810140 | 6.499215231 |
| 1602.000 | -172.6109510 | -50.06997823 | -36.79971017 | -62.97955950 | 5.930021768 |
| 1635.000 | -173.3950806 | -50.97024180 | -37.71255018 | -63.86758845 | 5.029758203 |
| 1672.000 | -172.5898998 | -50.04580924 | -36.77520355 | -62.95571897 | 5.954190760 |
| 1696.000 | -173.4663225 | -51.05203497 | -37.79548599 | -63.94827006 | 4.947965027 |
| 1718.000 | -173.4663225 | -51.05203497 | -37.79548599 | -63.94827006 | 4.947965027 |
| 1742.000 | -174.7543283 | -52.53080172 | -39.29491071 | -65.40694032 | 3.469198277 |
| 1764.000 | -176.7597085 | -54.83318998 | -41.62946272 | -67.67803904 | 1.166810016 |
| 1787.000 | -176.4780495 | -54.50981575 | -41.30157103 | -67.35905948 | 1.490184249 |
| 1811.000 | -176.9385013 | -55.03846308 | -41.83760342 | -67.88052247 | 0.961536923 |
| 1823.000 | -177.0260450 | -55.13897248 | -41.93951691 | -67.97966594 | 0.861027525 |
| 1855.000 | -176.5579320 | -54.60152928 | -41.39456578 | -67.44952661 | 1.398470722 |
| 1877.000 | -176.5889068 | -54.63709165 | -41.43062495 | -67.48460569 | 1.362908349 |
| 1900.000 | -176.9259944 | -55.02410383 | -41.82304359 | -67.86635837 | 0.975896165 |
| 1920.000 | -177.7101408 | -55.92438664 | -42.73590310 | -68.75440630 | 0.075613364 |
| 1939.000 | -177.9646449 | -56.21658432 | -43.03218270 | -69.04263300 | -0.216584317 |
| 1958.000 | -178.7407867 | -57.10767701 | -43.93572372 | -69.92161572 | -1.107677011 |
| 1965.000 | -179.4711407 | -57.94620058 | -44.78596124 | -70.74874372 | -1.946200579 |
| 1985.000 | -179.4711407 | -57.94620058 | -44.78596124 | -70.74874372 | -1.946200579 |
| 2012.000 | -179.8934208 | -58.43102268 | -45.27755618 | -71.22697707 | -2.431022683 |
| 2026.000 | -180.1963466 | -58.77881360 | -45.63020564 | -71.57004150 | -2.778813602 |
| 2039.000 | -180.6357249 | -59.28326620 | -46.14170531 | -72.06763857 | -3.283266199 |
| 2069.000 | -181.2336603 | -59.96975923 | -46.83778846 | -72.74480214 | -3.969759231 |
| 2097.000 | -180.5301163 | -59.16201644 | -46.01876173 | -71.94803661 | -3.162016444 |
| 2112.000 | -180.7426580 | -59.40603672 | -46.26619090 | -72.18874064 | -3.406036721 |
| 2126.000 | -181.1093244 | -59.82700853 | -46.69304358 | -72.60399143 | -3.827008532 |
| 2157.000 | -180.5916960 | -59.23271645 | -46.09044939 | -72.01777580 | -3.232716449 |
| 2187.000 | -180.5944883 | -59.23592226 | -46.09369999 | -72.02093804 | -3.235922259 |
| 2216.000 | -180.9273800 | -59.61811705 | -46.48123394 | -72.39793879 | -3.618117053 |
| 2362.000 | -180.0294015 | -58.58714291 | -45.43585737 | -71.38097562 | -2.587142913 |
| 2476.000 | -179.2308359 | -57.67030533 | -44.50621180 | -70.47659789 | -1.670305327 |
| 2605.000 | -177.9175961 | -56.16256733 | -42.97741111 | -68.98935011 | -0.162567330 |
| 2786.000 | -176.5420809 | -54.58333057 | -41.37611283 | -67.43157523 | 1.416669433 |
| 2967.000 | -175.1273451 | -52.95906440 | -39.72915610 | -65.82938289 | 3.040935600 |
| 3058.000 | -174.4417615 | -52.17194201 | -38.93103783 | -65.05295752 | 3.828057987 |
| 3105.000 | -174.1544265 | -51.84205104 | -38.59653837 | -64.72754979 | 4.157948955 |
| 3151.000 | -174.9026589 | -52.70110088 | -39.46758890 | -65.57492510 | 3.298899125 |
| 3329.000 | -173.7091588 | -51.33083679 | -38.07818259 | -64.22328295 | 4.669163211 |
| 3501.000 | -173.1081619 | -50.64082885 | -37.37853542 | -63.54265224 | 5.359171150 |
| 3680.000 | -172.2471485 | -49.65229445 | -36.37619146 | -62.56755206 | 6.347705551 |
| 3863.000 | -171.0233638 | -48.24726035 | -34.95152941 | -61.18161242 | 7.752739648 |
| 3961.000 | -168.8556956 | -45.75854828 | -32.42805070 | -58.72672203 | 10.241451720 |
| 4009.000 | -169.2207337 | -46.17765062 | -32.85300779 | -59.14012876 | 9.822349376 |
| 4617.000 | -169.5330137 | -46.53618109 | -33.21654683 | -59.49378678 | 9.463818913 |
| 4960.000 | -170.7357208 | -47.91701580 | -34.61667144 | -60.85585590 | 8.082984198 |
| 5341.000 | -170.7357208 | -47.91701580 | -34.61667144 | -60.85585590 | 8.082984198 |
| 5607.000 | -173.2607878 | -50.81605944 | -37.55621393 | -63.71550144 | 5.183940563 |
| 5695.000 | -172.2105354 | -49.61025875 | -36.33356853 | -62.52608762 | 6.389741253 |
| 5873.000 | -172.6333408 | -50.09568403 | -36.82577507 | -63.00491595 | 5.904315973 |
| 6049.000 | -171.6126067 | -48.92377347 | -35.63749324 | -61.84893170 | 7.076226528 |
| 6284.000 | -171.2365920 | -48.49206891 | -35.19975789 | -61.42309403 | 7.507931086 |
| 6378.000 | -169.9243397 | -46.98546469 | -33.67210680 | -59.93696460 | 9.014535310 |
| 6464.000 | -169.9177821 | -46.97793586 | -33.66447280 | -59.92953809 | 9.022064141 |
| 6550.000 | -169.9177821 | -46.97793586 | -33.66447280 | -59.92953809 | 9.022064141 |
| 6592.000 | -169.5578498 | -46.56469557 | -33.24545965 | -59.52191375 | 9.435304434 |
| 6633.000 | -168.5197764 | -45.37287767 | -32.03699237 | -58.34629269 | 10.627122330 |
| 6674.000 | -167.3917582 | -44.07779354 | -30.72381626 | -57.06880880 | 11.922206460 |
| 6803.000 | -166.6639154 | -43.24215318 | -29.87650224 | -56.24452483 | 12.757846820 |
| 6888.000 | -166.5826048 | -43.14880001 | -29.78184495 | -56.15244033 | 12.851199990 |
| 7059.000 | -166.1585680 | -42.66196093 | -29.28820486 | -55.67221741 | 13.338039070 |
| 7167.000 | -165.3763891 | -41.76393699 | -28.37763576 | -54.78639765 | 14.236063010 |
| 7225.000 | -165.6479654 | -42.07573528 | -28.69378979 | -55.09395859 | 13.924264720 |
| 7611.000 | -165.4898950 | -41.89425373 | -28.50977299 | -54.91494338 | 14.105746270 |
| 7691.000 | -167.0092614 | -43.63864685 | -30.27853482 | -56.63563013 | 12.361353150 |
| 7771.000 | -167.9796444 | -44.75274897 | -31.40820065 | -57.73459157 | 11.247251030 |
| 7851.000 | -169.6970128 | -46.72446933 | -33.40746541 | -59.67951618 | 9.275530669 |
| 8018.000 | -170.6885962 | -47.86291178 | -34.56181160 | -60.80248716 | 8.137088219 |
| 8101.000 | -169.7476726 | -46.78263215 | -33.46644075 | -59.73688857 | 9.217367849 |
| 8179.000 | -170.5898300 | -47.74951784 | -34.44683357 | -60.69063425 | 8.250482158 |
| 8266.000 | -170.4895090 | -47.63433868 | -34.33004539 | -60.57702037 | 8.365661324 |
| 8352.000 | -170.9887358 | -48.20750374 | -34.91121742 | -61.14239610 | 7.792496257 |
| 8437.000 | -170.9005719 | -48.10628229 | -34.80858193 | -61.04255026 | 7.893717707 |
| 8520.000 | -172.2257952 | -49.62777864 | -36.35133317 | -62.54336941 | 6.372221363 |
| 8600.000 | -170.2139873 | -47.31801071 | -34.00929841 | -60.26499132 | 8.681989286 |
| 8761.000 | -170.2139873 | -47.31801071 | -34.00929841 | -60.26499132 | 8.681989286 |
| 8842.000 | -169.5194980 | -46.52066357 | -33.20081254 | -59.47848015 | 9.479336427 |
| 8923.000 | -171.7122731 | -49.03820104 | -35.75351933 | -61.96180420 | 6.961798958 |
| 9002.000 | -171.7122731 | -49.03820104 | -35.75351933 | -61.96180420 | 6.961798958 |
| 9167.000 | -173.9678663 | -51.62786027 | -38.37935541 | -64.51626987 | 4.372139729 |
| 9256.000 | -174.5008027 | -52.23972751 | -38.99977027 | -65.11982182 | 3.760272487 |
| 9343.000 | -175.8667542 | -53.80798418 | -40.58993506 | -66.66676582 | 2.192015822 |
| 9508.000 | -174.8130405 | -52.59820950 | -39.36326016 | -65.47343202 | 3.401790498 |
| 9588.000 | -174.8130405 | -52.59820950 | -39.36326016 | -65.47343202 | 3.401790498 |
| 9670.000 | -174.7618371 | -52.53942258 | -39.30365200 | -65.41544401 | 3.460577423 |
| 9834.000 | -173.4240624 | -51.00351591 | -37.74628913 | -63.90041037 | 4.996484087 |
| 10088.000 | -173.4240624 | -51.00351591 | -37.74628913 | -63.90041037 | 4.996484087 |
| 10741.000 | -172.8970604 | -50.39846197 | -37.13278275 | -63.30357914 | 5.601538026 |
| 11102.000 | -172.8970604 | -50.39846197 | -37.13278275 | -63.30357914 | 5.601538026 |
| 11150.000 | -172.8970604 | -50.39846197 | -37.13278275 | -63.30357914 | 5.601538026 |