Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Baldini James james.baldini@durham.ac.yk Rex Charlie L 0000-0003-2068-4836 Sigl Michael michael.sigl@unibe.ch 0000-0002-9028-9703 Pausata Francesco S R 0000-0001-5182-8420 Brown Richard J 0000-0002-7415-9490 2026 IntCal20 age calibrations for the largest (M ≥5.9) known explosive eruptions between 90°N and 20°S, since 11.7 ka dataset https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.995594 2026-06-23T07:06:33 Uncalibrated (14C), calibrated (IntCal20), and corresponding ice core-derived ages for the 51 largest known Holocene eruptions between 90 degrees north, and 20 degrees south. IntCal20 ages listed are those presented in Paine et al. Evidence for volcanic forcing of Holocene cold events - where individual 14C ages were recalibrated using the IntCal20 curve, and modelled within the OxCal online version 4.4 model (https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html). All ages are given in years before present, where "present" corresponds to 1950 CE. Inclusion of an event in this list followed a two-stage compilation process; as part of the aforementioned study. The first stage involved extraction of eruption data from the Large Magnitude Explosive Eruption database (LaMEVE). Eruptions were immediately removed if they did not correspond to our pre-defined criteria for location (90 deg. N to 20 deg. S) and age (~11700–600 yr BP). A conservative magnitude filter of M≥5.9 was initially applied to our search, where M is quantified to one decimal point. Thus, eruptions listed as M=5.9 includes all eruptions with M values between 5.9 and 6.0. Eruptions with magnitudes listed as 5.9 were independently assessed in order to verify volumetric estimations, and their associated magnitude calculations. The second stage of data compilation involved a thorough intra-study comparison, where volumetric and chronological data was cross-checked with all literature currently available for each eruption individually: to determine the consistency in values. Where possible, magnitude estimates were also cross-checked across different modes of data acquisition (e.g., geological, geophysical, and model-based), to ensure that the values provided in the literature were consistent across different methods of estimation. From the 51 eruptions that remained in our compilation following stages (1) and (2), ages for 45 are derived from 14C (radiocarbon) dating. Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Baldini J U L Rex Charlie L 0000-0003-2068-4836 Sigl Michael michael.sigl@unibe.ch 0000-0002-9028-9703 Pausata Francesco S R 0000-0001-5182-8420 Brown Richard J 0000-0002-7415-9490 2026 Evidence for volcanic forcing of Holocene cold events journal article Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73492-4 14.43 -17.329999999999984 -16.25 64.42 165.98549019607844 34.95960784313726 Aira_volcano 31.59 130.66 Ambrym_volcano -16.25 168.12 Aniakchak_volcano 56.88 -158.17 Avachinsky_volcano 53.26 158.83 Black_Peak_volcano 56.55 -158.78 Ceboruco_volcano 21.13 -104.51 Changbaishan_volcano 41.98 128.08 Churchill_volcano 61.38 -141.75 Dakataua_volcano -5.06 150.11 Fisher_volcano 54.65 -164.43 Grimsvötn_volcano Grímsvötn 64.42 -17.33 Illopango_volcano 13.67 -89.05 Kaguyak_volcano 58.61 -154.03 Karkar_volcano -4.65 145.96 Karymsky_volcano 54.05 159.45 Katla_volcano 63.633 -19.05 Iceland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland Multiple investigations MULT Khangar_volcano 54.75 157.38 Kikai_volcano 30.79 130.31 Krakatau_volcano -6.1 105.42 Ksudach_volcano 51.8 157.53 Kurile_Lake 51.45 157.12 Long_Island_volcano -5.36 147.12 Lvinaya_Past_volcano 44.61 146.99 Makushin_volcano 53.89 -166.92 Mashu_volcano 43.57 144.57 Mazama_volcano 42.93 -122.12 Mount_St_Helens 46.19944 -122.19111 Mount St. Helens, USA Okmok 53.432 -168.13 Multiple investigations MULT Opala_volcano 52.54 157.34 Oshima-Oshima_volcano 41.51 139.37 Pago_volcano -5.58 150.52 Pinatubo_volcano 15.13 120.35 Rabaul_volcano -4.27 152.2 Rinjani_volcano -8.42 116.47 Santorini_volcano 36.4 25.4 Semisopochnoi_volcano 51.93 179.58 Taal_volcano 14.0 120.99 Tao-Rusyr_volcano 49.35 154.7 Ulleungdo_volcano 37.5 130.87 Veniaminof_volcano 56.17 -159.38 Vesuvius_volcano 40.82 14.43 610 CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Event label Event Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Event Source volcano Source volcano Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Source volcano Location Location location Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Location LATITUDE Latitude http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709 Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Latitude LONGITUDE Longitude http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709 Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Longitude Unit Unit Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Unit Age, dated Age dated ka BP age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Time T http://dbpedia.org/resource/Time Age, uncalibrated Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Uncalibrated Age (ka BP) Age dated [ka BP] (Uncalibrated Age (ka BP), Age...) Age, dated, error Age dated e ± age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Age, uncalibrated Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Uncalibrated Age Error (kyr) Age dated e [±] (Uncalibrated Age Error (kyr),...) Reference/source Reference Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Uncalibrated Age Reference(s) Reference (Uncalibrated Age Reference(s)) Uniform resource locator/link to source data file URL source Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 URL source Age, dated Age dated ka BP age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Time T http://dbpedia.org/resource/Time Age, IntCal20 Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 IntCal20 Age (ka BP); Median Age dated [ka BP] (IntCal20 Age (ka BP); Median,...) Age, dated, error Age dated e ± age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Age, IntCal20 Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 IntCal20 Age Error (kyr), Median Age dated e [±] (IntCal20 Age Error (kyr), Med...) Ice age Ice age ka BP Time T http://dbpedia.org/resource/Time Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Ice Core Age (ka BP) Ice age [ka BP] (Ice Core Age (ka BP)) Ice age, error Ice age e ± Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Ice Core Age Error (kyr) Ice age e [±] (Ice Core Age Error (kyr)) Reference/source Reference Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Ice Core Age Reference(s) Reference (Ice Core Age Reference(s)) Uniform resource locator/link to source data file URL source Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 URL source Uniform resource locator/link to source data file URL source Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 URL source Age, dated Age dated ka BP age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Time T http://dbpedia.org/resource/Time see comment Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Final Eruption Age (ka BP) Age dated [ka BP] (Final Eruption Age (ka BP), s...) Age, dated, error Age dated e ± age http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0000011 Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Final Eruption Age Error (kyr) Age dated e [±] (Final Eruption Age Error (kyr)) Method comment Method comm Paine Alice R alice.paine@unibas.ch 0000-0003-4404-3021 Determined by… Method comm (Determined by…) CurationLevelC Enhanced curation https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels chronology eruption explosive Holocene OxCal Radiocarbon radiocarbon dates volcanic activity volcanic eruption author110703 author118063 author118064 author118099 author49310 author60225 author82906 curlevel30 event2830503 event2912482 event2926109 event3413363 event3413364 event3413365 event3413366 event3413367 event3413368 event3413369 event3413370 event3413371 event3413372 event3413373 event3413374 event3413375 event3413376 event3413377 event3413378 event3413379 event3413380 event3413381 event3413382 event3413383 event3413384 event3413385 event3413386 event3413387 event3413388 event3413389 event3413390 event3413391 event3413392 event3413393 event3413394 event3413395 event3413396 event3413397 event3413398 event3413399 event3413400 geocode1600 geocode1601 journal16656 license21 method10667 method12950 method19306 method195 param1720 param20813 param513466 param519090 param533732 param536327 param565398 param6857 param77453 param88478 pi110703 ref140346 term1073135 term20655 term25811 term2663532 term390 term43975 term48404 term68278 term70950 term71441 term732 term758 term78206 term78207