/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Steinhage, Daniel; Helm, Veit (2026): ARK 1995: AWI airborne Radio-Echo Sounding data over Northeast Greenland (Aeromag project) [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.995574 Abstract: This dataset contains airborne radar data acquired using the AWI EMR system (Nixdorf et al., 1999) during the Arctic season of 1995. The profiles extend in a grid in the northeasternmost part of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The data are available as netCDF files (including waveforms and metadata), KML files of the profile line locations, and quicklook images of the radargrams. Keyword(s): AWI EMR; Greenland ice sheet; Polar 2; radio-echo sounding Related to: Eisen, Olaf; Steinhage, Daniel; Franke, Steven; Helm, Veit; Binder, Tobias; Drews, Reinhard; Eagles, Graeme; Humbert, Angelika; Jansen, Daniela; Jokat, Wilfried; Lambrecht, Astrid; Mieth, Matthias; Riedel, Sven; Miller, Heinrich (2024): Collection of datasets from AWI's radio-echo sounding systems on ice sheets and glaciers [dataset bibliography]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.972094 Franke, Steven; Steinhage, Daniel; Helm, Veit; Binder, Tobias; Nixdorf, Uwe; Miller, Heinrich; Humbert, Angelika; Jansen, Daniela; Eagles, Graeme; Eisermann, Hannes; Jokat, Wilfried; Ruppel, Antonia; Drews, Reinhard; Zuhr, Alexandra; Driemel, Amelie; Walter, Andreas; Konopatzky, Peter; Heß, Robin; Haas, Antonie; Koppe, Roland; Andreas, Pascal H; Eisen, Olaf (2026): Review article: 30 years of airborne radar surveys on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets by the Alfred Wegener Institute. The Cryosphere, 20(4), 2485-2530, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2485-2026 Nixdorf, Uwe; Steinhage, Daniel; Meyer, Uwe F; Hempel, L; Jenett, Martin; Wachs, P; Miller, Heinrich (1999): The newly developed airborne radio-echo sounding system of the AWI as a glaciological tool. Annals of Glaciology, 29, 231-238, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821346 Additional metadata: O2A Registry: Metadata for radar system Ice Thickness Radar 150 MHz at current version. Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, https://registry.o2a-data.de/items/6794 Coverage: MEDIAN LATITUDE: 81.604528 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -17.529905 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 80.259789 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -30.204330 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 82.494110 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -14.011470 DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-20T13:53:45 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-07-10T18:35:23 Event(s): Aeromag_1995_01 * LATITUDE START: 81.596603 * LONGITUDE START: -16.661869 * LATITUDE END: 81.468193 * LONGITUDE END: -26.429470 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-20T13:53:45 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-20T15:29:01 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_02 * LATITUDE START: 81.595886 * LONGITUDE START: -16.660130 * LATITUDE END: 81.749680 * LONGITUDE END: -17.217360 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-20T20:26:40 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-21T01:36:44 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_03 * LATITUDE START: 81.595810 * LONGITUDE START: -16.663040 * LATITUDE END: 82.494110 * LONGITUDE END: -14.011470 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-21T20:39:09 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-22T00:31:09 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_04 * LATITUDE START: 81.595978 * LONGITUDE START: -16.659109 * LATITUDE END: 81.594490 * LONGITUDE END: -16.668310 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-22T16:26:12 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-22T23:40:59 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_05 * LATITUDE START: 81.596512 * LONGITUDE START: -16.661200 * LATITUDE END: 82.142387 * LONGITUDE END: -14.115230 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-25T15:22:50 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-25T17:56:15 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_06 * LATITUDE START: 81.595963 * LONGITUDE START: -16.658171 * LATITUDE END: 81.596420 * LONGITUDE END: -16.655840 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-25T20:32:11 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-26T03:28:37 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_07 * LATITUDE START: 81.595657 * LONGITUDE START: -16.659370 * LATITUDE END: 81.596039 * LONGITUDE END: -16.658541 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-26T18:55:20 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-27T01:43:01 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_08 * LATITUDE START: 81.595718 * LONGITUDE START: -16.658630 * LATITUDE END: 81.595490 * LONGITUDE END: -16.661470 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-27T19:47:08 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-28T02:55:20 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_09 * LATITUDE START: 81.596107 * LONGITUDE START: -16.657780 * LATITUDE END: 81.595619 * LONGITUDE END: -16.660179 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-06-29T15:49:17 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-06-29T22:42:27 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_10 * LATITUDE START: 81.596642 * LONGITUDE START: -16.657419 * LATITUDE END: 81.595947 * LONGITUDE END: -16.663200 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-07-09T13:24:05 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-07-09T19:27:26 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_11 * LATITUDE START: 81.596367 * LONGITUDE START: -16.658770 * LATITUDE END: 81.667351 * LONGITUDE END: -18.859209 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-07-09T21:07:25 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-07-10T02:21:23 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Aeromag_1995_12 * LATITUDE START: 81.595917 * LONGITUDE START: -16.657619 * LATITUDE END: 80.259789 * LONGITUDE END: -30.204330 * DATE/TIME START: 1995-07-10T15:14:56 * DATE/TIME END: 1995-07-10T18:35:23 * CAMPAIGN: Aeromag_1995 * BASIS: POLAR 2 * METHOD/DEVICE: Aircraft (AC) Comment: Project PI: Daniel Steinhage (AWI) Contact persons for AWI Radio-echo sounding data: Daniel Steinhage (daniel.steinhage@awi.de), Veit Helm (veit.helm@awi.de), Olaf Eisen (olaf.eisen@awi.de) -- The netCDF files contain the following variables: altitude: Platform altitude (WGS84) in meters bed_elevation: Bed elevation for each trace (without applying a firn correction and permitivity of ice: 3.15) in meters bed_pick: picked Bed location for each trace, expressed as twt in seconds from time zero data: Radar data (Values in dBm after DC conversion) data_agc: Scaled radar data using automatic gain control (AGC) distance: Along-track distance in meters ice_thickness: Ice thickness for each trace (without applying a firn correction and permitivity of ice: 3.15) in meters lat: Latitude in decimal degrees (WGS84) lon: Longitude in decimal degrees (WGS84) range: Range between sensor and surface in meters spacing: Along-track trace to trace spacing in meters surface: Surface elevation derived from radar (WGS84) in meters surface_pick: Picked surface reflection in two-way travel time in seconds time: Seconds of day twt: Two-way travel time (twt) in seconds -- The KML files are in EPSG:4326, and the quicklook images show the AGC product of the radargram. Parameter(s): Season (Season) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) Profile ID (Profile ID) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) Instrument (Instrument) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) Radar product (Radar prod) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) netCDF file (netCDF) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice Thickness Radar radio-echo sounding RES [Nixdorf et al. 1999] (URI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821346) netCDF file (File Size) [Bytes] (netCDF (Size)) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice Thickness Radar radio-echo sounding RES [Nixdorf et al. 1999] (URI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821346) GIS file (GIS) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice Thickness Radar radio-echo sounding RES [Nixdorf et al. 1999] (URI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821346) * COMMENT: KML Files Image (IMAGE) * PI: Steinhage, Daniel (Daniel.Steinhage@awi.de, https://www.awi.de/en/about-us/organisation/staff/single-view/daniel-steinhage.html) * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice Thickness Radar radio-echo sounding RES [Nixdorf et al. 1999] (URI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821346) * COMMENT: Quicklook License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 147 data points Files: All files referred to in data matrix can be downloaded in one go as ZIP or TAR (PANGAEA user account required). To download single files, use the filename from data matrix appended to "https://download.pangaea.de/dataset/995574/files/". */ Season Profile ID Instrument Radar prod netCDF netCDF (Size) [Bytes] GIS IMAGE ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506200101_EMR60_19950620_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506200101_EMR60_19950620_00.nc 747.3 MBytes arkr1995_9506200101_EMR60_19950620_00.kml arkr1995_9506200101_EMR60_19950620_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506200201_EMR60_19950620_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506200201_EMR60_19950620_00.nc 1.7 GBytes arkr1995_9506200201_EMR60_19950620_00.kml arkr1995_9506200201_EMR60_19950620_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506220301_EMR60_19950621_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506220301_EMR60_19950621_00.nc 1.6 GBytes arkr1995_9506220301_EMR60_19950621_00.kml arkr1995_9506220301_EMR60_19950621_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506220401_EMR60_19950622_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506220401_EMR60_19950622_00.nc 1.7 GBytes arkr1995_9506220401_EMR60_19950622_00.kml arkr1995_9506220401_EMR60_19950622_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506220402_EMR60_19950622_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506220402_EMR60_19950622_00.nc 1.7 GBytes arkr1995_9506220402_EMR60_19950622_00.kml arkr1995_9506220402_EMR60_19950622_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506250501_EMR60_19950625_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506250501_EMR60_19950625_00.nc 1.2 GBytes arkr1995_9506250501_EMR60_19950625_00.kml arkr1995_9506250501_EMR60_19950625_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506250601_EMR60_19950625_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506250601_EMR60_19950625_00.nc 957.5 MBytes arkr1995_9506250601_EMR60_19950625_00.kml arkr1995_9506250601_EMR60_19950625_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506250602_EMR60_19950625_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506250602_EMR60_19950625_00.nc 635.5 MBytes arkr1995_9506250602_EMR60_19950625_00.kml arkr1995_9506250602_EMR60_19950625_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506250603_EMR60_19950626_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506250603_EMR60_19950626_00.nc 1.3 GBytes arkr1995_9506250603_EMR60_19950626_00.kml arkr1995_9506250603_EMR60_19950626_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506260701_EMR60_19950626_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506260701_EMR60_19950626_00.nc 1.8 GBytes arkr1995_9506260701_EMR60_19950626_00.kml arkr1995_9506260701_EMR60_19950626_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506260702_EMR60_19950626_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506260702_EMR60_19950626_00.nc 667.7 MBytes arkr1995_9506260702_EMR60_19950626_00.kml arkr1995_9506260702_EMR60_19950626_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506270801_EMR60_19950627_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506270801_EMR60_19950627_00.nc 1.8 GBytes arkr1995_9506270801_EMR60_19950627_00.kml arkr1995_9506270801_EMR60_19950627_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506270802_EMR600_19950627_00 EMR 600 ns pulse arkr1995_9506270802_EMR600_19950627_00.nc 147.2 MBytes arkr1995_9506270802_EMR600_19950627_00.kml arkr1995_9506270802_EMR600_19950627_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506290901_EMR60_19950629_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506290901_EMR60_19950629_00.nc 2 GBytes arkr1995_9506290901_EMR60_19950629_00.kml arkr1995_9506290901_EMR60_19950629_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506290902_EMR60_19950629_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506290902_EMR60_19950629_00.nc 666.7 MBytes arkr1995_9506290902_EMR60_19950629_00.kml arkr1995_9506290902_EMR60_19950629_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9506290903_EMR60_19950629_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9506290903_EMR60_19950629_00.nc 597.1 MBytes arkr1995_9506290903_EMR60_19950629_00.kml arkr1995_9506290903_EMR60_19950629_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9507091001_EMR60_19950709_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9507091001_EMR60_19950709_00.nc 1.9 GBytes arkr1995_9507091001_EMR60_19950709_00.kml arkr1995_9507091001_EMR60_19950709_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9507091002_EMR60_19950709_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9507091002_EMR60_19950709_00.nc 610.6 MBytes arkr1995_9507091002_EMR60_19950709_00.kml arkr1995_9507091002_EMR60_19950709_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9507091003_EMR60_19950709_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9507091003_EMR60_19950709_00.nc 186.8 MBytes arkr1995_9507091003_EMR60_19950709_00.kml arkr1995_9507091003_EMR60_19950709_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9507091101_EMR60_19950709_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9507091101_EMR60_19950709_00.nc 1.4 GBytes arkr1995_9507091101_EMR60_19950709_00.kml arkr1995_9507091101_EMR60_19950709_00.jpg ARK 1995 arkr1995_9507101201_EMR60_19950710_00 EMR 60 ns pulse arkr1995_9507101201_EMR60_19950710_00.nc 1.6 GBytes arkr1995_9507101201_EMR60_19950710_00.kml arkr1995_9507101201_EMR60_19950710_00.jpg