PANGAEA_993367 High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Meteor cruise M211 Ayim, Samuel M; Jaeger, Leonie; Rauch, Carsten; Goecke, Pia; Kehr, Mira; Möller, Lea; Pöppelreiter, Martin; Wurl, Oliver High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Meteor cruise M211 2026-04-08 PANGAEA Dataset https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.993367 Investigator Samuel M Ayim samuel.ayim@uni-oldenburg.de Investigator Carsten Rauch Investigator Leonie Jaeger leonie.jaeger@uni-oldenburg.de Earth Science Event label Other event DATE/TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Pressure, atmospheric Humidity, relative Temperature, air Dew/frost point Wind speed at 2 m height Wind speed at 10 m height Wind direction, true Ultraviolet-a global Temperature, technical Temperature, water Conductivity Salinity Salinity, absolute pH Pressure, water Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation Short-wave upward (REFLEX) radiation Long-wave downward radiation Long-wave upward radiation Precipitation Precipitation Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, minimum Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, maximum Temperature, air, minimum Temperature, air, maximum Humidity, relative, minimum Humidity, relative, maximum Dew/frost point, minimum Dew/frost point maximum Wind speed, minimum Wind speed, maximum Wind direction, minimum Wind direction, maximum Pressure, atmospheric, minimum Pressure, atmospheric, maximum Wind speed Wind direction Quality flag geoscientificInformation Atlantic Ocean autonomous surface vehicle CATAMARAN essential climate variables M211 M211_10-2 M211_11-4 M211_1-17 M211_13-13 M211_13-2 M211_13-22 M211_1-33 M211_1-8 M211_2-2 M211_3-3 M211_4-25 M211_4-3 M211_4-34 M211_5-3 M211_6-3 M211_7-3 M211_8-3 M211_9-4 Mediterranean near-surface layer sea-surface microlayer Sea surface salinity Sea surface temperature Weather station, Campbell Scientific, METSENS550 UV-A sensor, Apogee Instruments, SU-200-SS Series CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310 CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 28 Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³ T.D, RBR, RBRduet³ Pyranometer, Hukseflux, SR20-D2 Pyrgeometer, Hukseflux, IR20 Optical Laser-based distrometer, Thies Clima, 5.4110.xx.x00 Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6 Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS) Meteor (1986) 2025-06-15 2025-07-18 Complete 7.722 43.35466666666667 -38.55016666666667 7.875833333333333 access rights needed CC-BY-4.0: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (License comes into effect after moratorium ends) English PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://www.pangaea.de/ Data Center Contact Michael Diepenbroek info@pangaea.de

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We provide data from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES. It gathered Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) like sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS). Data were collected during RV Meteor cruise M211 from 14 June (Nice, France) to 27 July 2025 (Ponta Delgada, Portugal) in the Mediterranean Sea and the Central Atlantic Ocean. HALOBATES measured conductivity and temperature at seven depths. Vertical resolution was ~10 centimetres. Depths spanned the near-surface layer (NSL, at 30, 40, 50, 60, 85, and 100 cm) to the sea-surface microlayer (SML) with a sampling depth of the upper ~ 80 µm. NSL water was collected with tubes on a bow-mounted ladder. SML water was collected using six partially submerged glass disks. Water from all sampled depths, including the SML, reached the CTD sensors via a pumped flow-through system. Salinity was corrected with discrete water samples. Additionally, offsets between the CTDs were corrected. Additional in-situ temperature sensors corresponding to depths of the flow-through system inlets and CTDs (30, 50 and 85 cm depth) were mounted beneath the catamaran. Two data loggers with meteorological stations recorded wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, GPS positions, and atmospheric conditions. Upward and downward facing pyranometers and pyrgeometers mounted on the research vessel measured net radiative fluxes for short- and longwave radiation. A disdrometer mounted on the vessel measured precipitation. The research vessel kept an average distance of 500 metres from HALOBATES which was operated manually or via autopilot. Autopilot involved pre-defined waypoints whilst manual involved steering HALOBATES with a remote control or drifting with surface currents during station work. The dataset includes quality flags 0-4 with flags 1 and 2 are ready for use. See metadata for more information. ** For all details see the full metadata description at "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.993367"! ** Quality Flag: Name - Implication 0: Unknown - No information on data quality 1: Good data - Certainly good data point 2: Probably good data - Likely good data 3: Questionable data - Data point needs extra attention 4: Bad Data - Do not use

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709 LATITUDE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709 LONGITUDE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601 DATE/TIME http://www.teos-10.org Salinity, absolute https://doi.org/10.48433/cr_m211 M211 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity Conductivity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Meteor_(1986) Meteor (1986) DIF 9.4 2026-04-08 2026-04-08