Stein, Ruediger (2026): Clay minerals in Arctic Ocean surface sediments [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.992954, In: Stein, R (2026): Clay and heavy minerals and total organic carbon in Arctic Ocean surface sediments – Data tables to distribution maps of Stein (2008) [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.992951
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Published: 2026-03-16 • DOI registered: 2026-03-16
Abstract:
This dataset includes clay mineral data from 1672 surface sediment stations used to produce the four distribution maps shown in Figure 5-4 of Stein (2008). Clay minerals are determined by XRD technique using the clay fraction separated by Atterberg method. From the clay fraction, texturally oriented specimens are produced and then analyzed by means of an X-Ray diffraction system. In general, the measurements are performed on untreated and glycolated samples, both from 2 to 40° 2θ with a step size of 0.02° 2θ/s. An additional slow scan is performed between 28 and 30.5° 2θwith a step size of 0.005° 2θ/s. The following peaks are used to identify clay minerals: 17 Å for smectite, 10 Å and 5 Å for illite, and 7 Å for kaolinite plus chlorite. To differentiate kaolinite and chlorite, the intensity ratios of the 3.58 Å-kaolinite peak and the 3.54 Å-chlorite peak, identified by slow scan, can be used. Relative clay-mineral contents are calculated by using empirical factors after Biscaye (1965) and assuming that the four determined clay minerals represent 100% of the clay minerals. Maps have been compiled using the Ocean Data View software (Schlitzer, 2001) and data from Naidu and Mowatt (1983), Darby et al. (1989), Berner (1991), Stein et al. (1994, 2004), Nürnberg et al. (1995), Kalinko et al. (1996), Levitan et al. (1996), Wahsner et al. (1996, 1999), Rossak et al. (1999), Viscosi et al. (2003), and Saukel (2006; data later published in Saukel et al., 2010).
Keyword(s):
Related to:
Stein, Ruediger (2008): Arctic Ocean Sediments: Processes, Proxies, and Palaeoenvironmen. Developments in Marine Geology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2, 587 pp
References:
Berner, Heinrich (1991): Mechanismen der Sedimentbildung in der Framstrasse, im Arktischen Ozean und in der Norwegischen See. Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 20, 167 pp, urn:nbn:de:gbv:46-ep000106655
Biscaye, Pierre Eginton (1965): Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 76(7), 803-832, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76%5B803:MASORD%5D2.0.CO;2
Darby, Dennis A; Naidu, A Sathy; Mowatt, T C; Jones, G (1989): Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean. In: Herman, Y (eds.), The Arctic Seas, Springer US, Boston, MA, 657-720, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1_24
Kalinenko, Valery V; Shelekhova, E S; Wahsner, Monika (1996): Clay minerals in surface sediments of the East Siberian and Laptev Seas. In: Stein, R; Ivanov, G I; Levitan, M A & Fahl, K (eds.), Surface-sediment composition and sedimentary processes in the central Arctic Ocean and along the Eurasian Continental Margin, Reports on Polar Research, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 212, 43-50, hdl:10013/epic.10213.d001
Levitan, Mikhail A; Dekov, Vesselin M; Gorbunova, Zinaida N; Gurvich, Evgeny G; Muyashin, S I; Nürnberg, Dirk; Pavlidis, M A; Rusakova, N P; Shelekhova, E S; Vasilkov, A V; Wahsner, Monika (1996): The Kara Sea: A Reflection of Modern Environment in Grain Size, Mineralogy, and Chemical Composition of the Surface Layer of Bottom Sediments. Rep. Pol. Res., 212, 58-80
Naidu, A Sathy; Mowatt, T C (1983): Sources and dispersal patterns of clay minerals in surface sediments from the continental-shelf areas off Alaska. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 94(7), 841-854, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94%3C841:SADPOC%3E2.0.CO;2
Nürnberg, Dirk; Levitan, Mikhail A; Pavlidis, Yury A; Shelekhova, E S (1995): Distribution of clay minerals in surface sediments from the eastern Barents and south-western Kara seas. Geologische Rundschau, 84(3), 665-682, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284528
Rossak, B T; Kassens, Heidemarie; Lange, Heinz; Thiede, Jörn (1999): Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea: indicator for sediment provinces, dynamics and sources. In: Kassens, H; Bauch, H A; Dmitrenko, I A; Eicken, H; Hubberten, H-W; Melles, M; Thiede, J & Timokhov, L A (eds.), Land-ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: dynamics and history, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 587-600
Saukel, Cornelia (2006): Tonmineral- und Korngrößenverteilung in oberflächennahen Sedimenten aus dem Weißen Meer als Indikatoren für rezente Transportprozesse und Quellen der terrigenen Fraktion [thesis]. Unpubl. Master Thesis, Osnabrück University, Germany, 91 pp
Saukel, Cornelia; Stein, Ruediger; Vogt, Christoph; Shevchenko, Vladimir P (2010): Clay-mineral and grain-size distributions in surface sediments of the White Sea (Arctic Ocean): indicators of sediment sources and transport processes. Geo-Marine Letters, 30(6), 605-616, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0210-2
Stein, Ruediger; Dittmers, Klaus Hauke; Fahl, Kirsten; Kraus, Matthias; Matthiessen, Jens; Niessen, Frank; Pirrung, Michael; Polyakova, Ye I; Schoster, Frank; Steinke, Tatjana; Fütterer, Dieter K (2004): Arctic (palaeo) river discharge and environmental change: evidence from the Holocene Kara Sea sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(11-13), 1485-1511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.004
Stein, Ruediger; Grobe, Hannes; Wahsner, Monika (1994): Organic carbon, carbonate, and clay mineral distributions in eastern central Arctic Ocean surface sediments. Marine Geology, 119(3-4), 269-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90185-6
Viscosi-Shirley, C; Mammone, K; Pisias, Nicklas G; Dymond, Jack R (2003): Clay mineralogy and multi-element chemistry of surface sediments on the Siberian Arctic shelf: implications for sediment provenance and grain size sorting. Continental Shelf Research, 23(11-13), 1175-1200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00091-8
Wahsner, Monika; Müller, Claudia; Stein, Ruediger; Ivanov, Gennadiy I; Levitan, Mikhail A; Shelekhova, E S; Tarasov, Gennadiy A (1999): Clay-mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and continental margin as indicator for source areas and transport pathways - a synthesis. Boreas, 28(1), 215-233, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00216.x
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 70.742342 * Median Longitude: 146.529622 * South-bound Latitude: 50.200000 * West-bound Longitude: 0.000000 * North-bound Latitude: 90.000000 * East-bound Longitude: -0.395000
Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Station label | Station | Stein, Ruediger | |||
| 2 | LATITUDE | Latitude | Stein, Ruediger | Geocode | ||
| 3 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | Stein, Ruediger | Geocode | ||
| 4 | DEPTH, sediment/rock | Depth sed | m | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | Geocode |
| 5 | Smectite (17-14.5 Å) | Sm17-14.5 Å | % | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | |
| 6 | Illite 10Å | Ill10Å | % | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | |
| 7 | Chlorite (3.54 Å) | Chl (3.54 Å) | % | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | |
| 8 | Kaolinite (3.58 Å) | Kln(3.58 Å) | % | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | |
| 9 | Chlorite+Kaolinite | Chl+Kln | % | Stein, Ruediger | X-ray diffraction TEXTUR, clay fraction | |
| 10 | Reference/source | Reference | Stein, Ruediger |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
11369 data points
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