/* DATA DESCRIPTION:
Citation:	Liao, Jin; Day, Christopher (2026): Trace-elements of stalagmite HS4 in Heshang Cave, Central China [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.992727 (DOI registration in progress)
Abstract:	Stalagmite trace-elements data (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca) were used to reconstruct regional hydrological variations in the Central China between 4.6 kyr BP and 3.5 kyr BP. The stalagmite (HS4) was collected from Heshang Cave in the Middle Yangtze Valley, Central China (30º27′N, 110º25′E, 294 m.a.s.l). HS4 Stalagmite length in this study ranges between 112.63 and 151.03 cm. The working half of HS4 was slabbed. Micro drilling of 343 continuous samples was undertaken by using a New-Wave Micromill. Every second sample was measured for trace-elements. The measurement resolution is 6~7 years. The data was measured using a PerkinElmer NexIon 350D quadrupole Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) at the University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences in 2016.
Keyword(s):	Archaeological cultures; Calcium isotopes; Central China; speleothem; trace elements
Related to:	Liao, Jin; Day, Christopher; Hu, Chaoyong; Liu, Y; Henderson, Gideon M (2026): Precise chronology of hydrological changes at ∼4.2 kyr in Central China to assess the impact of flooding on Neolithic societies. National Science Review, 13(2), nwaf567, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf567
References:	Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (2008): Deposition models for chronological records. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(1-2), 42-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.019
Funding:	National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (URI: https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/index.html), grant/award no. 41731177
	National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (URI: https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/index.html), grant/award no. 41902185
Coverage:	LATITUDE: 30.450000 * LONGITUDE: 110.416700
	MINIMUM DISTANCE: 115.33 cm * MAXIMUM DISTANCE: 147.25 cm
Event(s):	Heshang_Cave_HS4 * LATITUDE: 30.450000 * LONGITUDE: 110.416700 * ELEVATION: 294.0 m * LOCATION: Yangtze Valley, Central China * METHOD/DEVICE: Speleothem sample (SPS)
Parameter(s):	Sample number (Sample no) * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com)
	AGE [ka BP] (Age) * GEOCODE * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Age, Uranium-Thorium * COMMENT: Measured with: Multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), Nu Instruments, Plasma
	Age, error [±] (Age e) * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Age, 14C calibration OxCal (Ramsey, 2008) (URI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.019) * COMMENT: 2 standard deviation (2SD), 2 sigma
	DISTANCE [cm] (Distance) * GEOCODE * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Measured * COMMENT: From top of HS4
	Magnesium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (Mg/Ca) * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), Perkin-Elmer, Nexion 350D
	Strontium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (Sr/Ca) * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), Perkin-Elmer, Nexion 350D
	Barium/Calcium ratio [mmol/mol] (Ba/Ca) * PI: Liao, Jin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8199, liaojin_earth@163.com) * METHOD/DEVICE: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), Perkin-Elmer, Nexion 350D
License:	Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Status:	Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels)
Size:	860 data points
*/
Sample no	Age [ka BP]	Age e [±]	Distance [cm]	Mg/Ca [mmol/mol]	Sr/Ca [mmol/mol]	Ba/Ca [mmol/mol]
HS4-I-1	4.601	82	147.25	46.36	0.13	0.43
HS4-I-2	4.598	80	147.16	38.03	0.12	0.40
HS4-I-5	4.589	79	146.87	25.73	0.09	0.28
HS4-I-7	4.582	78	146.69	30.28	0.09	0.30
HS4-I-9	4.576	78	146.50	27.91	0.10	0.31
HS4-I-11	4.571	78	146.32	25.90	0.10	0.32
HS4-I-13	4.564	77	146.14	29.40	0.10	0.33
HS4-I-15	4.558	76	145.95	30.50	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-17	4.552	75	145.77	25.99	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-19	4.546	75	145.58	27.23	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-21	4.540	74	145.40	39.36	0.12	0.38
HS4-I-23	4.533	74	145.22	33.80	0.11	0.35
HS4-I-25	4.528	73	145.03	30.15	0.10	0.33
HS4-I-27	4.522	72	144.85	31.34	0.11	0.36
HS4-I-29	4.515	71	144.67	25.42	0.10	0.32
HS4-I-31	4.510	71	144.49	35.30	0.12	0.39
HS4-I-33	4.503	71	144.31	25.90	0.10	0.33
HS4-I-35	4.496	71	144.13	30.04	0.11	0.35
HS4-I-37	4.489	71	143.95	34.87	0.11	0.39
HS4-I-39	4.482	71	143.77	33.80	0.10	0.35
HS4-I-41	4.475	71	143.58	29.09	0.09	0.31
HS4-I-43	4.469	72	143.40	32.32	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-45	4.461	71	143.22	31.02	0.10	0.32
HS4-I-47	4.455	72	143.04	30.88	0.11	0.35
HS4-I-49	4.448	72	142.86	26.98	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-51	4.441	72	142.68	26.05	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-53	4.434	72	142.50	26.11	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-55	4.426	73	142.32	24.72	0.09	0.30
HS4-I-57	4.420	73	142.14	31.93	0.11	0.35
HS4-I-59	4.412	74	141.95	30.24	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-61	4.404	75	141.77	40.34	0.12	0.39
HS4-I-63	4.396	77	141.59	31.37	0.09	0.31
HS4-I-65	4.388	78	141.41	37.71	0.10	0.35
HS4-I-67	4.380	80	141.23	39.06	0.12	0.37
HS4-I-69	4.372	81	141.05	33.94	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-71	4.363	82	140.84	42.32	0.12	0.39
HS4-I-73	4.355	84	140.65	46.76	0.12	0.42
HS4-I-75	4.347	85	140.46	47.32	0.13	0.46
HS4-I-77	4.338	87	140.28	38.14	0.12	0.38
HS4-I-79	4.330	88	140.09	33.21	0.10	0.34
HS4-I-81	4.323	90	139.90	28.73	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-83	4.314	91	139.72	30.54	0.09	0.31
HS4-I-85	4.306	92	139.53	44.27	0.13	0.43
HS4-I-87	4.300	93	139.35	30.93	0.10	0.33
HS4-I-88	4.297	93	139.25	35.23	0.11	0.36
HS4-I-92	4.289	92	138.88	31.23	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-94	4.285	91	138.69	30.14	0.09	0.29
HS4-I-95	4.283	91	138.60	32.83	0.10	0.33
HS4-II-1	4.279	90	138.41	33.56	0.10	0.34
HS4-II-4	4.272	90	138.13	36.39	0.11	0.38
HS4-II-5	4.270	89	138.04	36.52	0.12	0.40
HS4-II-7	4.266	89	137.85	41.42	0.12	0.42
HS4-II-9	4.261	89	137.67	32.10	0.10	0.32
HS4-II-11	4.257	88	137.48	28.03	0.09	0.29
HS4-II-13	4.253	88	137.30	27.04	0.08	0.27
HS4-II-15	4.249	87	137.11	34.25	0.10	0.33
HS4-II-17	4.244	86	136.92	33.40	0.09	0.30
HS4-II-19	4.240	86	136.74	39.54	0.11	0.36
HS4-II-21	4.236	86	136.55	29.31	0.09	0.30
HS4-II-23	4.232	85	136.36	42.01	0.11	0.37
HS4-II-25	4.227	85	136.18	38.71	0.11	0.39
HS4-II-27	4.222	84	135.99	43.74	0.12	0.38
HS4-II-29	4.213	84	135.73	48.14	0.13	0.44
HS4-II-31	4.207	85	135.52	37.34	0.10	0.33
HS4-II-33	4.199	85	135.30	40.04	0.11	0.38
HS4-II-35	4.192	85	135.09	37.62	0.11	0.35
HS4-II-37	4.185	85	134.88	46.64	0.13	0.43
HS4-II-39	4.179	86	134.67	34.08	0.10	0.31
HS4-II-41	4.171	86	134.46	39.31	0.12	0.39
HS4-II-43	4.164	86	134.25	39.15	0.12	0.39
HS4-II-45	4.158	86	134.06	33.17	0.10	0.34
HS4-II-48	4.148	86	133.78	44.17	0.11	0.38
HS4-II-49	4.145	86	133.68	40.27	0.11	0.35
HS4-II-51	4.139	87	133.49	42.66	0.11	0.37
HS4-II-53	4.132	87	133.30	52.55	0.13	0.46
HS4-II-55	4.126	86	133.11	44.13	0.12	0.39
HS4-II-57	4.119	87	132.92	35.32	0.10	0.32
HS4-II-59	4.113	87	132.73	43.42	0.12	0.40
HS4-II-61	4.105	87	132.50	41.39	0.12	0.39
HS4-II-63	4.100	87	132.30	37.16	0.11	0.35
HS4-II-65	4.094	87	132.10	31.60	0.09	0.29
HS4-II-67	4.089	87	131.89	35.78	0.10	0.33
HS4-II-69	4.083	87	131.69	32.06	0.09	0.29
HS4-II-71	4.077	88	131.49	36.23	0.10	0.36
HS4-II-73	4.073	88	131.31	29.10	0.09	0.28
HS4-II-75	4.068	88	131.12	36.93	0.10	0.32
HS4-II-77	4.063	87	130.94	39.07	0.11	0.37
HS4-II-79	4.058	88	130.76	43.19	0.11	0.38
HS4-II-81	4.053	88	130.57	36.33	0.11	0.35
HS4-II-83	4.047	88	130.39	27.42	0.09	0.28
HS4-II-85	4.042	88	130.21	41.62	0.12	0.40
HS4-II-87	4.037	88	130.02	33.21	0.10	0.34
HS4-II-89	4.032	88	129.84	36.77	0.10	0.36
HS4-II-91	4.027	88	129.66	39.83	0.12	0.46
HS4-II-93	4.022	88	129.47	44.28	0.13	0.46
HS4-II-95	4.017	88	129.29	36.35	0.11	0.36
HS4-III-1	4.012	88	129.11	37.51	0.11	0.37
HS4-III-3	4.007	88	128.92	30.43	0.10	0.32
HS4-III-5	4.002	88	128.74	31.19	0.09	0.30
HS4-III-7	3.996	89	128.56	34.95	0.10	0.34
HS4-III-9	3.991	89	128.38	29.10	0.08	0.25
HS4-III-11	3.986	89	128.20	28.75	0.08	0.24
HS4-III-13	3.981	89	128.01	29.58	0.08	0.26
HS4-III-15	3.976	88	127.83	39.68	0.11	0.38
HS4-III-17	3.971	88	127.65	35.95	0.10	0.36
HS4-III-19	3.966	87	127.47	32.02	0.10	0.39
HS4-III-21	3.962	86	127.29	31.68	0.10	0.33
HS4-III-23	3.957	85	127.11	32.36	0.10	0.33
HS4-III-25	3.951	83	126.93	38.99	0.12	0.41
HS4-III-27	3.946	82	126.73	27.94	0.10	0.32
HS4-III-29	3.941	80	126.55	30.39	0.09	0.31
HS4-III-31	3.936	79	126.37	28.46	0.09	0.29
HS4-III-33	3.931	77	126.19	28.77	0.09	0.30
HS4-III-35	3.926	76	126.00	29.91	0.10	0.30
HS4-III-37	3.921	75	125.82	32.22	0.09	0.31
HS4-III-39	3.916	73	125.64	26.68	0.09	0.27
HS4-III-41	3.910	72	125.45	29.61	0.10	0.32
HS4-III-43	3.905	70	125.27	24.70	0.09	0.28
HS4-III-45	3.900	69	125.09	25.61	0.09	0.27
HS4-III-47	3.895	67	124.91	37.67	0.12	0.39
HS4-III-49	3.890	66	124.72	24.83	0.09	0.31
HS4-III-51	3.885	64	124.54	27.72	0.10	0.31
HS4-III-53	3.880	63	124.36	27.43	0.09	0.30
HS4-III-55	3.874	61	124.17	30.96	0.09	0.31
HS4-III-57	3.870	60	123.99	29.17	0.09	0.28
HS4-III-59	3.863	59	123.81	25.79	0.09	0.27
HS4-III-61	3.852	59	123.63	23.85	0.09	0.27
HS4-III-63	3.841	59	123.44	36.90	0.11	0.37
HS4-III-65	3.830	60	123.26	33.78	0.11	0.35
HS4-III-67	3.818	59	123.08	31.24	0.10	0.33
HS4-III-69	3.807	60	122.90	26.80	0.10	0.31
HS4-III-72	3.791	59	122.62	24.63	0.09	0.28
HS4-III-73	3.785	59	122.53	29.18	0.09	0.30
HS4-III-76	3.769	60	122.26	30.62	0.10	0.33
HS4-III-77	3.763	60	122.16	33.65	0.12	0.35
HS4-III-79	3.752	60	121.98	32.35	0.10	0.31
HS4-III-81	3.741	60	121.80	26.70	0.10	0.31
HS4-III-83	3.730	60	121.62	29.07	0.11	0.33
HS4-III-85	3.719	60	121.43	30.60	0.10	0.32
HS4-III-87	3.708	61	121.25	31.80	0.10	0.34
HS4-III-89	3.696	61	121.07	27.70	0.09	0.31
HS4-III-91	3.686	61	120.88	29.48	0.10	0.33
HS4-III-93	3.675	61	120.70	26.75	0.10	0.32
HS4-III-95	3.663	60	120.52	24.10	0.11	0.38
HS4-IV-1	3.652	61	120.34	36.80	0.12	0.39
HS4-IV-3	3.641	61	120.15	31.11	0.10	0.32
HS4-IV-5	3.630	61	119.97	30.86	0.11	0.34
HS4-IV-7	3.619	61	119.79	24.44	0.10	0.34
HS4-IV-9	3.608	61	119.61	29.58	0.12	0.37
HS4-IV-11	3.597	62	119.42	24.09	0.10	0.34
HS4-IV-13	3.586	62	119.22	23.70	0.10	0.34
HS4-IV-15	3.584	61	119.03	28.58	0.11	0.36
HS4-IV-17	3.582	60	118.84	41.46	0.13	0.43
HS4-IV-19	3.579	59	118.65	31.35	0.10	0.32
HS4-IV-21	3.576	58	118.47	33.62	0.11	0.36
HS4-IV-23	3.574	58	118.28	42.18	0.12	0.43
HS4-IV-25	3.571	57	118.10	27.57	0.10	0.32
HS4-IV-27	3.569	57	117.91	40.87	0.12	0.40
HS4-IV-29	3.566	56	117.73	37.14	0.12	0.40
HS4-IV-31	3.564	55	117.55	38.16	0.11	0.37
HS4-IV-33	3.562	55	117.36	43.66	0.13	0.43
HS4-IV-35	3.558	53	117.18	31.85	0.10	0.34
HS4-IV-37	3.556	53	116.99	39.46	0.13	0.42
HS4-IV-39	3.553	52	116.81	41.40	0.13	0.43
HS4-IV-41	3.551	52	116.62	33.74	0.10	0.35
HS4-IV-43	3.548	51	116.44	28.78	0.09	0.31
HS4-IV-45	3.545	51	116.25	26.81	0.09	0.30
HS4-IV-47	3.544	49	116.07	25.54	0.09	0.27
HS4-IV-49	3.537	54	115.89	31.47	0.09	0.30
HS4-IV-51	3.531	59	115.70	30.90	0.09	0.29
HS4-IV-52	3.527	62	115.61	27.87	0.08	0.25
HS4-IV-55	3.517	70	115.33	29.40	0.09	0.30