Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka, Kelburn https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/0040r6f76 D'Archino Roberta Earth Sciences New Zealand https://earthsciences.nz https://ror.org/02zww1c82 Barr Neill G Earth Sciences New Zealand https://earthsciences.nz https://ror.org/02zww1c82 Bury Sarah J Earth Sciences New Zealand https://earthsciences.nz https://ror.org/02zww1c82 Desmond Matthew J Department of Marine Science, Portobello Marine Laboratory, University of Otago http://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/01jmxt844 Hepburn Christopher D Department of Marine Science, Portobello Marine Laboratory, University of Otago http://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/01jmxt844 Kok Yun Yi Earth Sciences New Zealand https://earthsciences.nz https://ror.org/02zww1c82 Krieger Erik C Red Sea Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST https://www.kaust.edu.sa https://ror.org/01q3tbs38 Le Duong Minh Department of Marine Science, Portobello Marine Laboratory, University of Otago http://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/01jmxt844 Cornwall Christopher Edward Christopher.cornwall@uwa.edu.au 0000-0002-6154-4082 School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington Te Herenga Waka, Kelburn https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/0040r6f76 2026 Laboratory experiments with simulated marine heatwaves to the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) dataset https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.990505 2026-02-16T14:03:19 In this study, juvenile sporophytes were cultured using parental material from five geographically and genetically distinct populations of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera from the northern and southern edges of the species' range in Aotearoa New Zealand. These sporophytes were exposed to simulated 22-day marine heatwaves at either 18°C or 22°C, or a 14°C control. The sporophytes were then kept at 14°C for a further 21 days to observe whether they showed signs of recovery. The experiment also assessed whether the long-term storage of gametophytes under red light could affect sporophyte performance; this was achieved by comparing two cultures from the same population (Wellington) that were cultured either with or without long-term storage under red light. The experiment was carried out in Wellington, New Zealand between June and July 2024. Survival was assessed visually at the end of the heatwave and recovery phases. Length was measured with a ruler, and wet weight was measured with a balance, before and after the heatwave and after the recovery phase, and relative growth rates were calculated based on both metrics. Maximum quantum yield was measured using a Walz Diving-PAM blue light fluorometer before and after the heatwave and after the recovery phase. Blade tissue samples were taken at the end of the heatwave and recovery phases; these were oven dried, ground, and analysed using a mass spectrometer to determine total carbon and nitrogen content and δ13C and δ15N stable isotope ratios. It was found that the 22°C heatwave treatment caused 64% mortality and a significant reduction in linear growth rates across all kelp cultures, as well as a non-significant but noticeable reduction in maximum quantum yield. However, all cultures were comparatively resistant to the 18°C treatment, with just 23% mortality during the heatwave. Chemical composition of sporophytes was altered in both heatwave treatments, with total carbon content, carbon:nitrogen ratio, and δ15N values increasing significantly. There was little evidence that long-term storage of kelp gametophytes under red light impacts sporophyte survival or growth. Although survival rates and chemical composition differed between some populations, there was no consistent evidence overall for significant differences in thermal tolerance between northern and southern M. pyrifera cultures. Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 D'Archino Roberta Barr Neill G Bury Sarah J Desmond Matthew J Hepburn Christopher D Kok Yun Yi Krieger Erik C Le Duong Minh Cornwall Christopher Edward Christopher.cornwall@uwa.edu.au 0000-0002-6154-4082 2026 Similar sensitivity and resilience to marine heatwaves of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) sporophytes from the northern and southern edges of their distribution in Aotearoa New Zealand journal article Ocean Ecosystems 2(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s44419-025-00002-z 1 Enríquez Susana susana.enriquezdominguez@gmail.com 0000-0001-5776-902X Borowitzka Michael A 2011 The use of the fluorescence signal in studies of seagrasses and macroalgae book chapter In Suggett, D.J., Prášil, O. and Borowitzka, M.A. (Eds) Chlorophyll a fluorescence in aquatic sciences: Methods and applications. Springer. Accessed 1 May 2024. https://download.pangaea.de/reference/137740/attachments/Enr%C3%ADquez_Borowitzka_2011.pdf Kain Joanna M Jones N S 1976 The Biology of Laminaria Hyperborea . VIII. Growth on Cleared Areas journal article Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56(2) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400018907 267-290 Mabin Christopher J T 0000-0002-2311-5893 Johnson Craig R 0000-0002-9511-905X Wright Jeffrey T jeffrey.wright@utas.edu.au 2019 Physiological response to temperature, light, and nitrates in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, from Tasmania, Australia journal article Marine Ecology Progress Series 614 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12900 1-19 Paul Debajyoti Skrzypek Grzegorz 0000-0002-5686-2393 Fórizs István 2007 Normalization of measured stable isotopic compositions to isotope reference scales – a review journal article Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 21(18) https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3185 3006-3014 166.78183 174.83595 -47.3045 -40.71819 171.45631000000003 -43.638835 2020-05-03T00:00:00 2023-04-01T00:00:00 -10.0 -3.0 CoRE Coastal People : Southern Skies https://cpss.org.nz/ University of Otago http://www.otago.ac.nz/ https://ror.org/01jmxt844 Break_Sea_Sound -45.57716 166.78183 Fiordland, New Zealand -3.0 2020-12-18T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under red light. D'Urville_Island -40.71819 173.96655 Marlborough, New Zealand -10.0 2020-06-09T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under red light. Otago_Karitane -45.63832 170.67175 Otago, New Zealand -4.0 2020-05-03T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under red light. Port_Pegasus -47.3045 167.64583 Stewart Island, New Zealand -4.0 2020-09-22T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under red light. Scorching_Bay_Red -41.29742 174.83595 Wellington, New Zealand -4.0 2020-10-10T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under red light. Scorching_Bay_White -41.29742 174.83595 Wellington, New Zealand -3.0 2023-04-01T00:00:00 Sampling by hand HAND Kelp sori collected by hand while diving, stored in sealed plastic bags. Gametophytes stored under white light only. 7819 CC-BY-4.0 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Event label Event Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Event Type of study Study type type Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Study type Date/time start, experiment Date/time start exp Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Date/time start exp Date/time end, experiment Date/time end exp Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Date/time end exp Sampling date/time, experiment Date/time sampling exp Time T http://dbpedia.org/resource/Time Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Date/time sampling exp Species, unique identification Species UID species Reference in WoRMS WoRMS https://www.marinespecies.org Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Species UID (Reference in WoRMS) Species, unique identification (Semantic URI) Species UID (Semantic URI) species Reference in WoRMS WoRMS https://www.marinespecies.org Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Species UID (Semantic URI) (Reference in WoRMS) Species, unique identification (URI) Species UID (URI) species Reference in WoRMS WoRMS https://www.marinespecies.org Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Species UID (URI) (Reference in WoRMS) Treatment: temperature description T:Temp descr treatment Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Simulated heatwave at either 18°C or 22°C, or a 14°C control, for 22 days, followed by recovery at 14°C for 21 days. T:Temp descr (Simulated heatwave at either ...) Tank number Tank No Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Tank No Tank block number Tank block Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Tanks arranged into four blocks of three; each block had a separate illumination source. Tank block (Tanks arranged into four bloc...) Header number Header Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Water pumped from headers into experimental tanks. Header (Water pumped from headers int...) Specimen identification Spec ID Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Spec ID Survived heatwave Survived hea Visual description Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Y indicates sporophytes that survived to the conclusion of the 22-day heatwave; N indicates sporophytes that died during the heatwave. Survived hea (Y indicates sporophytes that ...) Survived recovery Survived recov Visual description Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Y indicates sporophytes that survived to the conclusion of the experiment; N indicates sporophytes that died during the recovery phase; S indicates sporophytes that were sacrificed for chemical analysis immediately after the heatwave. Survived recov (Y indicates sporophytes that ...) Macrocystis pyrifera, blade length M. pyrifera blade l mm Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 Length L http://dbpedia.org/resource/Length Ruler tape Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 M. pyrifera blade l [mm] (Ruler tape) Macrocystis pyrifera, growth rate, blade length M. pyrifera growth rate blade l %/day Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 growth rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001492 Frequency http://dbpedia.org/resource/Frequency Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 M. pyrifera growth rate blade l [%/day] Macrocystis pyrifera, biomass, wet mass M. pyrifera biom wm g Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 biomass wet mass Mass M http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mass Fine balance, OHAUS Corporation, Scout SPX2202 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 M. pyrifera biom wm [g] (Fine balance, OHAUS Corporati...) Macrocystis pyrifera, growth rate, biomass, wet mass M. pyrifera growth rate biom wm %/day Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 growth rate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PATO_0001492 biomass wet mass Frequency http://dbpedia.org/resource/Frequency Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 M. pyrifera growth rate biom wm [%/day] Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II Fv/Fm Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) fluorometer, WALZ GmbH, DIVING-PAM-II/B for blue light Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Saturating pulse intensity was 5500 μmol photons m²/s; pulse duration was 0.8 s. Fv/Fm (Saturating pulse intensity wa...) Macrocystis pyrifera, biomass as carbon M. pyrifera C % Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 biomass carbon C https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27594 Dimensionless Ratio ψ Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Blade tissue samples dried in an Isotherm convection oven (Esco Lifesciences Group) at 75°C , then homogenised by grinding. Analyses used either a ZeroBlank autosampler (Costech International) for low-weight samples, or a MAS 200 R autosampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) for larger samples. For low weight samples and standards, the Flash 2000 EA was configured in low volume (IVA Analysentechnik). Reference materials were used to determine stable isotope values following Paul et al. (2007). Precision was determined by the repeat analysis of the working laboratory standard DL-Leucine (DL-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, C6H13NO2, Lot 127H1084, Sigma). Data from the analysis of IPE4-4 and Kaolinite lab standards were used as a further check on precision. M. pyrifera C [%] (Blade tissue samples dried in...) Macrocystis pyrifera, biomass as nitrogen M. pyrifera N % Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 biomass nitrogen N https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:25555 Dimensionless Ratio ψ Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Blade tissue samples dried in an Isotherm convection oven (Esco Lifesciences Group) at 75°C , then homogenised by grinding. Analyses used either a ZeroBlank autosampler (Costech International) for low-weight samples, or a MAS 200 R autosampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) for larger samples. For low weight samples and standards, the Flash 2000 EA was configured in low volume (IVA Analysentechnik). Reference materials were used to determine stable isotope values following Paul et al. (2007). Precision was determined by the repeat analysis of the working laboratory standard DL-Leucine (DL-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, C6H13NO2, Lot 127H1084, Sigma). Data from the analysis of IPE4-4 and Kaolinite lab standards were used as a further check on precision. M. pyrifera N [%] (Blade tissue samples dried in...) Macrocystis pyrifera, carbon/nitrogen ratio M. pyrifera C/N Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 carbon C https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27594 nitrogen N https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:25555 ratio Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Blade tissue samples dried in an Isotherm convection oven (Esco Lifesciences Group) at 75°C , then homogenised by grinding. Analyses used either a ZeroBlank autosampler (Costech International) for low-weight samples, or a MAS 200 R autosampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) for larger samples. For low weight samples and standards, the Flash 2000 EA was configured in low volume (IVA Analysentechnik). Reference materials were used to determine stable isotope values following Paul et al. (2007). Precision was determined by the repeat analysis of the working laboratory standard DL-Leucine (DL-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, C6H13NO2, Lot 127H1084, Sigma). Data from the analysis of IPE4-4 and Kaolinite lab standards were used as a further check on precision. M. pyrifera C/N (Blade tissue samples dried in...) Macrocystis pyrifera, δ13C M. pyrifera δ13C ‰ Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 δ13C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Blade tissue samples dried in an Isotherm convection oven (Esco Lifesciences Group) at 75°C , then homogenised by grinding. Analyses used either a ZeroBlank autosampler (Costech International) for low-weight samples, or a MAS 200 R autosampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) for larger samples. For low weight samples and standards, the Flash 2000 EA was configured in low volume (IVA Analysentechnik). Reference materials were used to determine stable isotope values following Paul et al. (2007). Sample δ13C values were two-point normalised using isotopic data from the daily analysis of NIST 8573 USGS40 and L-Valine #2 USGS74. Precision was determined by the repeat analysis of the working laboratory standard DL-Leucine (DL-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, C6H13NO2, Lot 127H1084, Sigma). Data from the analysis of USGS65 Glycine (values of both δ15N and δ13C) and L-Valine #2 USGS74 (value of δ15N only) were used to check accuracy and precision. Data from the analysis of IPE4-4 and Kaolinite lab standards were used as a further check on precision. M. pyrifera δ13C [‰] (Blade tissue samples dried in...) Macrocystis pyrifera, δ15N M. pyrifera δ15N ‰ Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 δ15N http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Blade tissue samples dried in an Isotherm convection oven (Esco Lifesciences Group) at 75°C , then homogenised by grinding. Analyses used either a ZeroBlank autosampler (Costech International) for low-weight samples, or a MAS 200 R autosampler (ThermoFisher Scientific) for larger samples. For low weight samples and standards, the Flash 2000 EA was configured in low volume (IVA Analysentechnik). Reference materials were used to determine stable isotope values following Paul et al. (2007). Sample δ15N values were two-point normalised using isotopic data from the daily analysis of NIST 8573 USGS40 L-glutamic acid and NIST 8548 IAEA-N2 Ammonium sulphate. Precision was determined by the repeat analysis of the working laboratory standard DL-Leucine (DL-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, C6H13NO2, Lot 127H1084, Sigma). Data from the analysis of USGS65 Glycine (values of both δ15N and δ13C) and L-Valine #2 USGS74 (value of δ15N only) were used to check accuracy and precision. Data from the analysis of IPE4-4 and Kaolinite lab standards were used as a further check on precision. M. pyrifera δ15N [‰] (Blade tissue samples dried in...) Macrocystis pyrifera, biomass as carbon M. pyrifera C % Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 biomass carbon C https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27594 Dimensionless Ratio ψ Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Larger tissue samples were divided into two subsamples that were analysed separately. M. pyrifera C [%] (Larger tissue samples were di...) Macrocystis pyrifera, biomass as nitrogen M. pyrifera N % Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 biomass nitrogen N https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:25555 Dimensionless Ratio ψ Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Larger tissue samples were divided into two subsamples that were analysed separately. M. pyrifera N [%] (Larger tissue samples were di...) Macrocystis pyrifera, carbon/nitrogen ratio M. pyrifera C/N Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 carbon C https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27594 nitrogen N https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:25555 ratio Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Larger tissue samples were divided into two subsamples that were analysed separately. M. pyrifera C/N (Larger tissue samples were di...) Macrocystis pyrifera, δ13C M. pyrifera δ13C ‰ Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 δ13C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Larger tissue samples were divided into two subsamples that were analysed separately. M. pyrifera δ13C [‰] (Larger tissue samples were di...) Macrocystis pyrifera, δ15N M. pyrifera δ15N ‰ Macrocystis pyrifera https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=232231 δ15N http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes Isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta V Advantage with ConFlo IV interface; coupled to elemental analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Bunting Imogen C imogenbunting@gmail.com 0009-0009-5407-0163 Larger tissue samples were divided into two subsamples that were analysed separately. M. pyrifera δ15N [‰] (Larger tissue samples were di...) CurationLevelC Enhanced curation https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels citable giant kelp Kelp Laboratory experiment Macroalgae marine heatwaves (MHWs) New Zealand thermal tolerance author100984 author114741 author114742 author114743 author114744 author114745 author114746 author114747 author114748 author114749 author114750 author114751 author114752 author114753 author40633 author40634 author52842 author57502 author58159 author86038 curlevel30 event3349671 event3349672 event3349673 event3349674 event3349675 event3349676 geocode1599 geocode1600 geocode1601 geocode8128 inst21193 inst22533 inst22591 inst22595 inst22596 journal10021 journal10811 journal13689 journal17494 license21 method11566 method18722 method18723 method18724 method268 method5024 method9144 param174816 param181311 param183879 param183880 param185520 param185572 param185573 param510679 param516119 param516120 param516121 param554430 param554431 param554432 param554433 param554434 param554435 param554436 param554437 param554438 param554439 param554440 pi114741 project5073 ref137738 ref137740 ref137741 ref137742 ref137743 term1069245 term1073089 term1073092 term1073966 term2663825 term37891 term38477 term38548 term38563 term38757 term38841 term38867 term40594 term41013 term43794 term43838 term43863 term43892 term43975 term47198 term49384 term49435 term49506 term52406 term53689 term77138 term77139 term77140 term77142