Citation:

PANGAEA.989271

Name: Hydrographic, nutrient, and molecular dissolved organic matter data including thermogenic compounds from the Indian Ocean during R/V SONNE cruise SO305/2 (2024) (E‐POLIO‐T; M2Argo‐T)
Published: 2026-01-27
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Dissolved Black Carbon; Dissolved Organic Matter; DOM; Indian Ocean; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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Published: 2026-01-27 • DOI registered: 2026-02-25

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Abstract:

Hydrographic, biogeochemical, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecular data were collected during the R/V SONNE expedition SO305/2 (16 July - 6 August 2024) along a transect from 5° N to 20° S in the Indian Ocean. Continuous surface measurements and CTD profiles provided calibrated temperature, salinity, and oxygen data across major water masses from the surface to deep layers. A total of 176 filtered seawater samples from surface transects and vertical profiles were analysed for inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate) using continuous flow analysis, and for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) via high-temperature catalytic oxidation and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dissolved black carbon (DBC) were determined using solid-phase extraction and used as proxies for thermogenic organic matter. Ultrahigh-resolution molecular characterization of solid-phase extracted DOM was conducted using FT-ICR-MS (7 T, negative ESI), with molecular indices (e.g., AIMOD, IDEG, ITERR, IBIO and IPHOTO) calculated to assess compositional and source variability. The combined dataset provides a comprehensive view of hydrographic structure, nutrient dynamics, and the composition and dynamics of DOM pool and thermogenic DOM across contrasting Indian Ocean water masses.

Keyword(s):

Dissolved Black Carbon; Dissolved Organic Matter; DOM; Indian Ocean; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Related to:

Waniek, Joanna J; Prien, Ralf D; Reineccius, Janika; Serafim, Tassiana S G; Osterholz, Helena; Fensky, Ute; Fechtel, Christin; Floth-Peterson, Mareike; Mairon, Tabea N L; Witt, Kendra; Dellwig, Olaf; Köhler, Anne; Dierken, Madleen; Kolbe, Martin; Jeschek, Jenny; Gaye, Birgit; Leonhardt, Jonas; Metzke, Marc; Devey, Colin W; Bauer, Benedikt; Kreh, Janina; Kremin, Isabel; Zhou, Fei; Ziolkowski, Tobias; Xie, Zhiyong; Mi, Lijie (2024): Emerging Pollutants and Microplastic Abundance in Surface Waters of Indian Ocean, High-resolution seafloor Mapping and Magnetic field characterization of the Argo transform fault at the Central Indian Ridge, Cruise No. SO305/2, 16.07.2024-05.08.2024, Singapore (Singapore) - Port Louis (Mauritius). SONNE-Berichte, Begutachtungspanel Forschungsschiffe, SO305/2, 33 pp, https://doi.org/10.48433/cr_so305_2

References:

Bercovici, Sarah; Wiemers, Maren; Dittmar, Thorsten; Niggemann, Jutta (2023): Disentangling Biological Transformations and Photodegradation Processes from Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in the Global Ocean. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(50), 21145-21155, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05929

Dittmar, Thorsten (2008): The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter. Organic Geochemistry, 39(4), 396-407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.015

Dittmar, Thorsten; Koch, Boris P; Hertkorn, N; Kattner, Gerhard (2008): A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnology and Oceanography-Methods, 6(6), 230-235, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2008.6.230

Flerus, Ruth; Lechtenfeld, Oliver J; Koch, Boris P; McCallister, S Leigh; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe; Benner, Ronald H; Kaiser, Karl; Kattner, Gerhard (2012): A molecular perspective on the ageing of marine dissolved organic matter. Biogeosciences, 9(6), 1935-1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1935-2012

Koch, Boris P; Dittmar, Thorsten (2006): From mass to structure: an aromaticity index for high-resolution mass data of natural organic matter. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20(5), 926-932, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2386

Lechtenfeld, Oliver J; Kattner, Gerhard; Flerus, Ruth; McCallister, S Leigh; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe; Koch, Boris P (2014): Molecular transformation and degradation of refractory dissolved organic matter in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 126, 321-337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.009

Li, Ping; Cao, Jia; Diao, Xiaoping; Wang, Baihua; Zhou, Hailong; Han, Qian; Zheng, Pengfei; Li, Yuhu (2015): Spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface seawater from Yangpu Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 93(1-2), 53-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.015

Medeiros, Patricia M; Seidel, Michael; Niggemann, Jutta; Spencer, Robert G M; Hernes, Peter J; Yager, Patricia L; Miller, William L; Dittmar, Thorsten; Hansell, Dennis A (2016): A novel molecular approach for tracing terrigenous dissolved organic matter into the deep ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30(5), 689-699, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005320

Serafim, Tassiana S G; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E; Rüger, Christopher P; Dittmar, Thorsten; Niggemann, Jutta; Zimmermann, Ralf; Waniek, Joanna J; Osterholz, Helena (2025): Imprint of incomplete combustion processes on the water column of the anthropogenic-pressured Baltic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 964, 178537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178537

Stubbins, Aron; Niggemann, Jutta; Dittmar, Thorsten (2012): Photo-lability of deep ocean dissolved black carbon. Biogeosciences, 9(5), 1661-1670, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1661-2012

Funding:

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Bonn (BMBF), grant/award no. 03G0305TA : SO305/2 - E-POLIO: Neue Schadstoffe und Mikroplastik im Oberflächenwasser des Indischen Ozeans; Vorhaben: Mikroplastik, Schadstoffe & Koordination

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -7.718970 * Median Longitude: 76.812793 * South-bound Latitude: -18.828000 * West-bound Longitude: 60.371000 * North-bound Latitude: 4.175000 * East-bound Longitude: 91.653000

Date/Time Start: 2024-07-20T16:35:00 * Date/Time End: 2024-08-02T13:43:00

Minimum DEPTH, water: 2 m * Maximum DEPTH, water: 5425 m

Event(s):

SO305/2_1-1 * Latitude: 3.193570 * Longitude: 90.505420 * Date/Time: 2024-07-21T02:13:41 * Elevation: -2698.1 m * Campaign: (E‐POLIO‐T; M2Argo‐T) * Basis: * Method/Device: (CTD-RO)

SO305/2_1-2 * Latitude: 3.193500 * Longitude: 90.505520 * Date/Time: 2024-07-21T04:36:40 * Elevation: -2697.4 m * Campaign: (E‐POLIO‐T; M2Argo‐T) * Basis: * Method/Device: (CTD-RO)

SO305/2_2-1 * Latitude: 0.668550 * Longitude: 87.640570 * Date/Time: 2024-07-22T05:17:54 * Elevation: -4450.4 m * Campaign: (E‐POLIO‐T; M2Argo‐T) * Basis: * Method/Device: (CTD-RO)

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event		Waniek, Joanna J
2	LATITUDE	Latitude		Waniek, Joanna J		Geocode
3	LONGITUDE	Longitude		Waniek, Joanna J		Geocode
4	DEPTH, water	Depth water	m	Waniek, Joanna J		Geocode
5	DATE/TIME	Date/Time		Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 19	Geocode
6	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 911; equipped with temperature sensor, Sea-Bird, SBE3	Waniek et al., 2024
7	Salinity	Sal		Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 911; equipped with conductivity sensor, Sea-Bird, SBE4	Waniek et al., 2024
8	Oxygen, dissolved	DO	ml/l	Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 911; equipped with dissolved oxygen sensor, Sea-Bird, SBE43	Waniek et al., 2024
9	Oxygen	O2	µmol/kg	Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 911; equipped with dissolved oxygen sensor, Sea-Bird, SBE43	Dissolved oxygen, Waniek et al., 2024
10	Density, sigma-theta (0)	Sigma-theta	kg/m³	Waniek, Joanna J	CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 19
11	Chlorophyll a	Chl a	mg/m³	Waniek, Joanna J	Spectrophotometric assay; from GF/F filters
12	Carbon, organic, dissolved	DOC	µmol/l	Osterholz, Helena	Total organic carbon analyzer, Shimadzu, TOC-L	after acidification and filtration with pre-combusted GF/F filters [0.7 µm]; Waniek et al., 2024
13	Carbon, organic, dissolved, solid phase extractable	DOC SPE	µmol/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Concentration using Bond Elut PPL solid‑phase extraction; followed by quantification from the dried methanol extract	Dittmar et al., 2008
14	Nitrogen, total dissolved	TDN	µmol/l	Osterholz, Helena	Total organic carbon analyzer, Shimadzu, TOC-L	after acidification and filtration with pre-combusted GF/F filters [0.7 µm]
15	Nitrogen, organic, dissolved	DON	µmol/l	Osterholz, Helena	Calculated	Calculated as the difference between TDN and NO23
16	Nitrate and Nitrite	[NO3]- + [NO2]-	µmol/l	Waniek, Joanna J	Measured photometrically with a Continuous Flow Analyzer (CFA)	Combined nitrite and nitrate (NO23), Waniek et al., 2024
17	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	µmol/l	Waniek, Joanna J	Measured photometrically with a Continuous Flow Analyzer (CFA); following accredited protocols [D-PL-14544-01-00]	Waniek et al., 2024
18	Silicate	Si(OH)4	µmol/l	Waniek, Joanna J	Measured photometrically with a Continuous Flow Analyzer (CFA)	Waniek et al., 2024
19	Suspended particulate matter	SPM	mg/l	Waniek, Joanna J	Gravimetric analysis (GF/F filtered)	representing particulate load in the water column
20	Carbon, organic, particulate	POC	µmol/l	Osterholz, Helena	Total organic carbon analyzer, Shimadzu, TOC-L	pre-combusted GF/F filters [0.7 µm]; Waniek et al., 2024
21	Naphthalene	Naphth	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
22	Acenaphthylene	Acenaphthylene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
23	Acenaphthene	Acenaphthene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
24	Fluorene	Fluorene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
25	Phenanthrene	Phenanthrene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
26	Anthracene	Anthracene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
27	Fluoranthene	Fluoranth	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
28	Pyrene	Pyrene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
29	Benzo(a)anthracene	Benzo(a)anthracene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
30	Chrysene	Chrysene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
31	Benzo(b)fluoranthene	Benzo(b)fluoranthene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
32	Benzo(k)fluoranthene	Benzo(k)fluoranthene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
33	Benzo(a)pyrene	Benzo(a)pyrene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
34	Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
35	Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene	Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
36	Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
37	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	PAH	ng/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Solid‑phase extraction (SPE), Merck, ENVI‑18 (C18) SPE cartridges; followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Agilent, Intuvo 9000 coupled with 5977 MSD	Li et al., 2015
38	Black carbon, dissolved	DBC	µmol/l	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Calculated from dissolved black carbon	Calculated from mellitic and pentacarboxylic acids determined via Waters Acquity UPLC system with photodiode array detection (Dittmar et al., 2008; Stubbins et al., 2012)
39	Mellitic/pentacarboxylic ratio	Mellitic/pentacarboxylic		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Liquid chromatography and diode-array detection (Waters Acquity UPLC)	Dittmar, 2008
40	Carbon, organic, dissolved/black carbon, dissolved ratio	DOC/DBC	%	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Calculated	Calculated from Dissolved Black Carbon and Dissolved Organic Carbon
41	Mass-to-charge ratio	m/z		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Weighted average	Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) (Serafim et al., 2025)
42	Hydrogen/Carbon ratio	H/C		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Weighted average	Elemental ratio derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Serafim et al., 2025)
43	Oxygen/Carbon ratio	O/C		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Weighted average	Elemental ratio derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Serafim et al., 2025)
44	Aromaticity index, modified	AI mod		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Weighted average	Degree of aromaticity from molecular formulae derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Koch & Dittmar, 2006)
45	Double bond equivalent	DBE		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Weighted average	Number of rings plus double bonds, derived from FT-ICR-MS data
46	Nitrogen-bearing compounds	N-comp		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Relative abundance of nitrogen containing compounds derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Serafim et al., 2025)
47	Sulfur-bearing compounds	S-comp		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Relative abundance of sulfur containing compounds derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Serafim et al., 2025)
48	Degradation index	DI		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Molecular index reflecting the degree of oxidative alteration or microbial processing of DOM (Flerus et al., 2012)
49	Island of stability	IoS	%	Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Relative contribution of persistent molecular formulas resistant to degradation, derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Lechtenfeld et al., 2014)
50	Index of terrigenous influence	ITERR		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Indicator of terrestrial Dissolved Organic Matter input, derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Medeiros et al., 2016)
51	Index of biological formation and transformation	IBIO		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Molecular index reflecting biotransformation and formation, derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Bercovici et al., 2023)
52	Index of photodegradation	Iphoto		Serafim, Tassiana S G	Derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)	Molecular index reflecting photodegradation, derived from FT-ICR-MS data (Bercovici et al., 2023)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (License comes into effect after moratorium ends)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

7515 data points

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