PANGAEA_988155 Simulating atmospheric CO2 concentration for the Plio-Pleistocene using a new set of temperature and sea level reconstruction Köhler, Peter; Clark, Peter U Simulating atmospheric CO2 concentration for the Plio-Pleistocene using a new set of temperature and sea level reconstruction 2026-02-16 PANGAEA Dataset https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988155 Earth Science geoscientificInformation Carbon cycle CO2 Model Plio-Pleistocene Complete unrestricted CC-BY-4.0: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International English PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://www.pangaea.de/ Data Center Contact Michael Diepenbroek info@pangaea.de

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Bremen Bremen 28359 Germany online 145.8 kBytes application/gzip Köhler, Peter; Clark, Peter U (2026): Constraints on past CO2 and climate sensitivity from global temperature and sea level reconstructions across the Plio-Pleistocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 53, e2025GL120608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL120608

In contrast to previous approaches, new reconstructions of changes in global mean surface temperature (Clark et al., 2024, doi: 10.1126/science.adi1908) and global mean sea level (Clark et al., 2025, doi: 10.1126/science.adv8389) include large variability in global mean sea level throughout the Pleistocene. Here we use them to force the global carbon cycle model BICYCLE-SE in different scenarios that capture the spread in existing CO2 reconstructions. This data set contains: - important otherwise not yet available data (4.5 Ma long time series of regional SST split by latitude (65°S-30°S | 30°S-30°N | 30°N-65°N) which have been used to force the model; - resulting major changes in the simulated carbon cycle (mean ocean salinity; Atlantic meridional overturning strength; Southern Ocean vertical mixing; global sea ice area); - simulated atmospheric CO2 in 3 scenarios that differ in volcanic CO2 outgassing and weathering strength. ** For all details see the full metadata description at "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.988155"! ** This tgz contains a README.txt and 3 data files, whose headers explain details. The content of the three data files are: - clark2024s_regional_sst_4.5ma__withheader.dat: Used regional SST data for the last 4.5 Ma based on Clark et al. (2024) - BICYCLE-SE_all_newforcing_4.5ma_withheader.dat: Important forcing time series for the BICYCLE-SE model - BICYCLE-SE_3scenarios_atmCO24Ma_withheader.dat: Simulated atmospheric CO2 concentration using the BICYCLE-SE model for 3 different scenarios

https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL120608 Constraints on past CO2 and climate sensitivity from global temperature and sea level reconstructions across the Plio-Pleistocene DIF 9.4 2026-02-16 2026-06-17