/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Webster, Jody M; Ravelo, Ana Christina; Grant, Hannah; Stewart, Margaret S; Rydzy, Marisa; Le Ber, Erwan; Allison, Nicola; Asami, Ryuji; Boston, Brian; Braga, Juan-Carlos; Brenner, Logan; Chen, Xuefei; Chutcharavan, Peter; Dutton, Andrea; Felis, Thomas; Fukuyo, Naoto; Gischler, Eberhard; Greve, Sahra; Hagen, Amy; Hamon, Youri; Hathorne, Ed C; Humblet, Marc; Jorry, Stephan J; Khanna, Pankaj; McGregor, Helen V; Mortlock, Richard A; Nohl, Theresa; Potts, Donald C; Prohaska, Ana; Prouty, Nancy G; Renema, Willem; Rubin, Kenna Harmony; Westphal, Hildegard; Yokoyama, Yusuke (2025): Description of lithologic section units of IODP Hole 389-M0099G [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.987656 Abstract: Description of lithologic section units from the above given hole of International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 389 (Hawaiian Drowned Reefs). The content of this dataset is based on the visual core descriptions (VCD) done by sedimentologists during the onshore phase of expedition 389 (2025-02-06 to 2025-02-26 at the Bremen Core Repository (BCR) hosted at MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen). For digitalization of the information, content of the hand-drawn VCD sheets was transferred into the mobile Drilling Information System (mDIS) database. The present dataset forms the basis for the digital lithologic columns and composite plots archived under the titles Visual core description of IODP Hole 389-M00###. For further methodological information see methods chapter in Webster, J.M. et al., 2025 https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.389.2025 Keyword(s): central Pacific; Coral Reef; Earth climate feedbacks; Earth history tipping points; Expedition 389; Hawaiian Drowned Reefs; Hawaiian geology; International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP); MMA Valour; Paleoclimate; sea level; volcanic Related to: Webster, Jody M; Ravelo, Ana Christina; Grant, Hannah; Stewart, Margaret S; Rydzy, Marisa; Le Ber, Erwan; Allison, Nicola; Asami, Ryuji; Boston, Brian; Braga, Juan-Carlos; Brenner, Logan; Chen, Xuefei; Chutcharavan, Peter; Dutton, Andrea; Felis, Thomas; Fukuyo, Naoto; Gischler, Eberhard; Greve, Sahra; Hagen, Amy; Hamon, Youri; Hathorne, Ed C; Humblet, Marc; Jorry, Stephan J; Khanna, Pankaj; McGregor, Helen V; Mortlock, Richard A; Nohl, Theresa; Potts, Donald C; Prohaska, Ana; Prouty, Nancy G; Renema, Willem; Rubin, Kenna Harmony; Westphal, Hildegard; Yokoyama, Yusuke (2025): Hawaiian Drowned Reefs. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, International Ocean Discovery Program, 389, https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.389.2025 Project(s): Integrated Ocean Drilling Program / International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) (URI: https://www.iodp.org/) Coverage: LATITUDE: 19.835295 * LONGITUDE: -156.092467 DATE/TIME START: 2023-10-19T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 2023-10-23T00:00:00 MINIMUM ELEVATION: -146.3 m * MAXIMUM ELEVATION: -146.3 m Event(s): 389-M0099G (KAW-02Cg) * LATITUDE: 19.835295 * LONGITUDE: -156.092467 * DATE/TIME START: 2023-10-19T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 2023-10-23T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -146.3 m * LOCATION: Hawaii, USA * CAMPAIGN: Exp389 (Hawaiian Drowned Reefs (HDR)) (URI: https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.389.2025) * BASIS: MMA Valour (URI: https://store.pangaea.de/documentation/Cruise_Reports/OtherVessels/MMA_Valour.pdf) * METHOD/DEVICE: Benthic Portable Remotely Operated Drill (PROD5) * COMMENT: IGSN: IBCR0389EH56101. Spatial reference system (SRS): 4326. Comment: LAT water depth: 145.7 m. Washed to 25.88m. Core 32 to advance the hole aborted. Borehole terminated as per client request. Comment: Data was submitted and proofread by Vera Barbara Bender, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (University Bremen) on behalf of ECORD Science Operator Data Management (https://www.ecord.org). Parameter(s): Event label (Event) Sample code/label (Sample label) * METHOD/DEVICE: DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation (URI: hdl:10013/epic.27914.d001) Depth, composite top [mcd] (Depth comp top) * COMMENT: MCD Interval Top [m] Depth, composite bottom [mcd] (Depth comp bot) * COMMENT: MCD Interval Bottom [m] Lithologic unit/sequence (Unit) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description Lithologic unit/sequence (Unit) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Rock Class Lithology/composition/facies (Lithology) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Short description Color description (Color desc) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Munsell Rock Color Chart Code Minerals (Minerals) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Major Minerals Core disturbance (Disturbance) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description Grain size description (Grain size descr) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description Bioturbation (Bioturbation) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Bioturbation Intensity Bioturbation (Bioturbation) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Bioturbation Taphonomy Fossils (Fossils) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description Lithology/composition/facies (Lithology) * METHOD/DEVICE: Visual description * COMMENT: Main description License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 486 data points */ Event Sample label (DSDP/ODP/IODP sample designation) Depth comp top [mcd] (MCD Interval Top [m]) Depth comp bot [mcd] (MCD Interval Bottom [m]) Unit (Visual description) Unit (Rock Class, Visual description) Lithology (Short description, Visual des...) Color desc (Munsell Rock Color Chart Code...) Minerals (Major Minerals, Visual descri...) Disturbance (Visual description) Grain size descr (Visual description) Bioturbation (Bioturbation Intensity, Visua...) Bioturbation (Bioturbation Taphonomy, Visua...) Fossils (Visual description) Lithology (Main description, Visual desc...) 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-1R-1,0-52 25.88 26.40 FRW-AlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone;carbonate sedimentary rock N9 high none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Serp;Vermetidae;Coralline algae;Echinoderm;Homotrema Core strongly brecciated with a crumbly, altered aspect. Crushed CCA with fragments of CCA (cm-sized) in a coarse-sand sized matrix of fragmented CCA. Some Vermertids and Homotrema 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-1R-1,52-60 26.40 26.48 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone 10YR 8/6;N9 aragonite;calcite high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-branching Fragments of coral encrusted by coralline algae (thin). Borings 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-2R-1,0-30 30.89 31.19 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;boundstone 10YR 8/2;5Y 8/4 high none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Coralline algae;Porites-submassive;Porites-branching;Coral-undetermined Highly disturbed core. Brecciated Some clasts of corals, rare CCA 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-3R-1,28-47 31.61 31.80 FRW-AlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone;carbonate sedimentary rock N9 moderate none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Serp;Vermetidae;Coralline algae;Echinoderm;Homotrema Algal Bst + fragments of Porites. Borings with geopetals 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-3R-1,0-28 31.33 31.61 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;boundstone 10YR 8/2;5Y 8/4 moderate none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Coralline algae;Coral-submassive Brecciated top. Coralgal boundstone with submassive Porites + CCA crusts (with some geopetals) 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-4R-1,0-145 32.03 33.48 FRW-AlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone;carbonate sedimentary rock N9 slight none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Serp;Vermetidae;Coralline algae;Echinoderm;Pocillopora-branching;Cyphastrea-undetermined;Montipora-undetermined;Porites-undetermined Thick interval of CCA+FCA crust with many branches of coral and encrusting corals. Thin microbilaite crusts in cavities. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-5R-1,0-48 34.34 34.82 FRW-AlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone;carbonate sedimentary rock N9 slight none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Serp;Vermetidae;Coralline algae;Echinoderm;Homotrema Several tens of cm thick composite algal crusts (CCA+FCA) with vermetids and srpulids Thin microbialite crusts capping the algal crusts 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-6R-1,0-36 34.93 35.29 FRW-MicrobAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-undetermined;Echinoderm Highly disturbed core CCA + microbialite crusts Fragmented corals at the top (ISX). 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-7R-1,0-35 35.27 35.62 FRW-CorAlgMicrobBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-branching;Porites-undetermined;Sabellaridae Highly disturbed core Clasts of corals, CCA, microbialite 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-8R-1,0-16 36.30 36.46 FRW-CorAlgMicrobBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-undetermined;Porites-branching Highly disturbed core Clasts of corals, CCA and microbialite Porites branches are bored 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-9R-1,0-27 36.89 37.16 FRW-CorAlgMicrobBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Coral-undetermined;Porites-submassive Highly disturbed core Clasts of corals , CCA+FCA and microbialite 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-10R-1,0-56 37.19 37.75 FRW-CorAlgMicrobBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 high none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Vermetidae;Echinoderm;Gastropod;Porites-branching;Porites-columnar;Porites-undetermined Coralgal microbialite Bst with robust branching to columnar coral in a CCA crust with a crumbly, altered aspect. Thin microbialite crusts in cavities 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-11R-1,0-71 38.20 38.91 FRW-CorAlgMicrobBound Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;boundstone 10YR 8/2;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite moderate none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Coralline algae;Porites-undetermined;Porites-columnar;Porites-branching FWK made of massive coral, encrusted by CCA and thin microbialite. Columnar and branching corals. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-12R-1,0-133 40.95 42.28 FRW-AlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone;carbonate sedimentary rock N9 slight none encrustation - multilayered;bioerosion Serp;Vermetidae;Coralline algae;Echinoderm;Porites-branching;Cyphastrea-encrusting;Coral-undetermined;Homotrema Several tens of cm thick composite algal crusts (CCA+FCA) with vermetids and srpulids Associated with some laminar and branching corals 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-13R-1,0-12 43.70 43.82 FALL Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;breccia N9 high none Extensive drilling disturbance. reworked, brecciated material, possibly with re-coring marks on some debris, at the top of the core Essentially clasts of coral, algal crusts with minor proportion of microbialite clasts. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-14R-1,0-122 44.50 45.72 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite slight none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-massive;Vermetidae;Echinoderm;Porites-submassive;Cyphastrea-undetermined Dominantly massive corals associated with CCA crusts forming FWK with big cavities. Thin microbialite coating in some cavities. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-15R-1,0-42 46.72 47.14 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite slight none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-massive;Porites-branching;Gastropod Dominantly massive and columnar corals associated with CCA+FCA crusts. Some grainy, biodetrital carbonate sand in some cavities. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-15R-1,82-98 47.54 47.70 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite slight none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coralline algae;Porites-columnar Dominantly massive and columnar corals associated with CCA+FCA crusts. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-15R-1,42-82 47.14 47.54 DET-Unconsolidated Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;grainstone 10YR 8/2;N7 slight none bioerosion Coralline algae;Vermetidae;Bivalve;Echinoderm;Coral-undetermined;Porites-undetermined;Cyphastrea-undetermined Unconsolidated biodetrital gravelly rubbles of fruticose coralline algae, corals (reworked ?) in a sandy bioclastic matrix (ivalves, echinoids, CCA, coral...) 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-1,0-21 48.19 48.40 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite slight none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Porites-submassive;Coral-branching;Echinoderm;Coralline algae Branching and sumassive corals associated with CCA crust 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-1,21-81 48.40 49.00 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Massive basalt with submm sized rounded vesicules. A few elongated vesicules. Aphanitic texture 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-1,81-105 49.00 49.24 FRW-CorAlgBound Sedimentary-Carbonate boundstone N9;5Y 8/4 aragonite;calcite slight none bioerosion;encrustation - multilayered Coral-branching;Coralline algae;Porites-undetermined Fragments of Corals and branches partially encrusted by CCA. May be reworked 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-1,105-118 49.24 49.37 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Blocks of fractured massive basalt 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-1,118-150 49.37 49.69 VOL-Clast Sedimentary-Volcaniclastic carbonate sedimentary material;basalt N1;10YR 2/2 none very coarse sand;coarse sand none Coarse to very-coarse grained volcanoclastic material with a bioclastic fraction. Some oversized pebbles and cobbles of vesicular basalt 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-2,0-10 49.69 49.79 VOL-Clast Sedimentary-Volcaniclastic carbonate sedimentary material;basalt N1;10YR 2/2 none very coarse sand;coarse sand none Coarse to very-coarse grained volcanoclastic material with a bioclastic fraction. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-16R-2,10-130 49.79 50.99 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Black vesicular basalt with various abundant medium round vesicules (3-5mm). Some are colesced.Vesicule size reduces downward Aphanitic texture. A brecciated interval between 85-95 cm 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-17R-1,0-33 50.99 51.32 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Black vesicular basalt with various abundant small vesicules (1-2mm) Aphanitic 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-17R-1,33-47 51.32 51.46 VOL-Clast Sedimentary-Volcaniclastic carbonate sedimentary material;basalt N1;10YR 2/2 none coarse sand;medium sand none Medium to Coarse grained volcanoclastic material with a bioclastic fraction. Some oversized pebble to cobble of vesicular basalt 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-17R-1,47-140 51.46 52.39 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Hyaloclastite: Altered, reddish, crumbled vesicular basalt with various abundant medium vesicules (3-5mm). Some black pebble to cobble of vesicular basalt A brecciated reddish interval between 110-130 cm 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-17R-2,0-41 52.39 52.80 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 none none Brecciated black vesicular basalt with various abundant small vesicules (1-2mm) 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-18R-1,0-19 52.77 52.96 FALL Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;breccia N9 high none Extensive drilling disturbance. reworked, brecciated material, possibly with re-coring marks on some debris, at the top of the core Essentially clasts of coral, algal crusts with minor proportion of microbialite clasts. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-18R-1,19-62 52.96 53.39 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 high none Brecciated black vesicular basalt . Aphanitic texture, rounded vesicules (1-2mm). High core disturbance Fractured vesicular basalt at the base 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-19R-1,0-12 53.24 53.36 FALL Sedimentary-Carbonate carbonate sedimentary rock;breccia N9 high none Extensive drilling disturbance. reworked, brecciated material, possibly with re-coring marks on some debris, at the top of the core Essentially clasts of coral, algal crusts with minor proportion of microbialite clasts. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-19R-1,12-45 53.36 53.69 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 moderate none Brecciated black vesicular basalt . High core disturbance Fractured vesicular basalt at the base Aphanitic texture, vesicules 2-4 mm, oblong, non coalesced 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-20R-1,0-52 53.62 54.14 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N1 slight none Fractured vesicular basalt Aphanitic texture. Vesicules are rounded, 1-3 mm in diameter 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-23R-1,0-77 55.48 56.25 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 olivine;Pyroxene moderate none Aphanitic basalt in the top 15 cm. Then porphyritic (olivine and pyroxene crystals) basalt with aphanitic matrix. Round bubbles, whose density decreases downhole. Alteration at the base. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-24R-1,0-18 55.99 56.17 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 high none Fragments of mostly aphanitic basalt , one fragment porphyritic. Round bubbles. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-25R-1,0-60 56.22 56.82 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 olivine;Pyroxene none none Porphyritic basalt with aphanitic matrix. Few large coalesced bubbles in the upper 40 cm; numerous small bubbles in the lower 20 cm, few coalesced. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-26R-1,0-22 57.56 57.78 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 high none Fragments of porphyritic basalt with few large crystals and aphanitic matrix. Bubbles mostly rounded and small. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-27R-1,0-42 58.86 59.28 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 olivine;Pyroxene moderate none Porphyritic basalt with olivine and pyroxene crystals and aphanitic matrix. Bubbles rounded and small; some large and irregular. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-29R-1,0-21 62.42 62.63 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 high none Fragments of porphyritic (few large crystals) basalt with aphanitic matrix. Bubbles mostly rounded mm-sized, few elongated bubbles (cm-sized). 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-30R-1,0-44 63.05 63.49 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 Pyroxene moderate none Porphyritic (large crystals of pyroxene ) basalt with aphanitic matrix. Few bubbles mostly rounded mm-sized. 389-M0099G 389-M0099G-31R-1,0-48 65.80 66.28 VOL-Basalt Igneous-Volcanic-Mafic basalt N3 Pyroxene;olivine high none Fragments of porphyritic (large crystals of pyroxene and olivine ) basalt with aphanitic matrix. Bubbles mostly rounded mm-sized. Few glassy fragments