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Forman, Edward C G; Baldini, J U L; Jamieson, Robert A; Lechleitner, Franziska A; Walczak, Izabela W; Nita, Dan C; Smith, Struan R; Richards, David A; Baldini, Lisa M; McIntyre, Cameron; Müller, Wolfgang; Peters, Andrew J (2025): Annual stalagmite-derived SSTs for Bermuda (1449-2013) [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.987017, In: Forman, ECG et al. (2025): Magnesium-derived sea surface temperature reconstruction (1449 to 2013 CE) from a Bermudan stalagmite [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.987043

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Published: 2025-10-27DOI registered: 2025-11-25

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Abstract:
Mean annual SSTs spanning the last ~564 years modelled from a calibration with a previously-published coral record. The confidence interval (95%) reflects purely the calibration uncertainty.
Keyword(s):
magnesium; palaeoclimate reconstruction; Sea surface temperature; SST; stalagmite; stalagmites
References:
Fohlmeister, Jens; Lechleitner, Franziska A (2019): STAlagmite dating by radiocarbon (star): A software tool for reliable and fast age depth modelling. Quaternary Geochronology, 51, 120-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2019.02.008
Goodkin, Nathalie F; Hughen, Konrad A; Curry, William B; Doney, Scott C; Ostermann, Dorinda R (2008): Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age. Paleoceanography, 23(3), 2007PA001532, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001532
Funding:
European Research Council (ERC), grant/award no. ERC240167
Coverage:
Latitude: 32.342120 * Longitude: -64.708600
Date/Time Start: 2013-03-18T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2013-03-18T00:00:00
Minimum Elevation: 18.0 m * Maximum Elevation: 18.0 m
Event(s):
BER-SWI-13 * Latitude: 32.342120 * Longitude: -64.708600 * Date/Time: 2013-03-18T00:00:00 * Elevation: 18.0 m * Location: Leamington Cave, Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean * Method/Device: Speleothem sample (SPS)
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
AgeAgea AD/CEAge, Mg cycle count modelled to radiocarbon chronologyYears CE
Age modelAge modelkaAge, Mg cycle count modelled to radiocarbon chronology
Sea surface temperature, annual meanSST (1-12)°CForman, Edward C GSST, Mg record calibrated to Goodkin et al. (2008)
Sea surface temperature, annual mean, minimumSST (1-12) min°CForman, Edward C GSST, Mg record calibrated to Goodkin et al. (2008)95% confidence interval
Sea surface temperature, annual mean, maximumSST (1-12) max°CForman, Edward C GSST, Mg record calibrated to Goodkin et al. (2008)95% confidence interval
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
2820 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Age [a AD/CE]

Age model [ka]

SST (1-12) [°C]

SST (1-12) min [°C]

SST (1-12) max [°C]
2012-0.06224.9023.9625.83
2011-0.06124.9524.0225.88
2010-0.06024.9223.9825.85
2009-0.05924.9324.0025.86
2008-0.05824.9524.0225.88
2007-0.05725.1124.2026.03
2006-0.05624.9724.0425.90
2005-0.05524.9524.0225.88
2004-0.05424.7723.8225.72
2003-0.05324.6323.6725.59
2002-0.05224.5823.6225.55
2001-0.05124.6623.7025.62
2000-0.05024.4223.4325.40
1999-0.04924.5523.5825.52
1998-0.04824.5023.5225.47
1997-0.04724.5423.5625.51
1996-0.04624.5523.5825.52
1995-0.04524.5223.5525.49
1994-0.04424.5823.6125.54
1993-0.04324.4723.4925.45
1992-0.04224.5323.5625.51
1991-0.04124.5223.5525.50
1990-0.04024.2223.2125.22
1989-0.03924.2823.2825.28
1988-0.03824.2023.1925.21
1987-0.03724.1223.1025.13
1986-0.03623.9522.9124.98
1985-0.03524.4023.4125.39
1984-0.03424.4123.4225.40
1983-0.03324.3223.3225.31
1982-0.03224.3023.3025.30
1981-0.03124.1023.0825.13
1980-0.03023.8822.8424.93
1979-0.02923.2822.1624.40
1978-0.02823.6822.6124.75
1977-0.02723.3322.2224.44
1976-0.02623.6122.5324.69
1975-0.02523.7922.7324.85
1974-0.02423.2922.1824.41
1973-0.02323.5022.4124.59
1972-0.02224.0423.0125.07
1971-0.02124.2323.2225.24
1970-0.02024.2623.2625.27
1969-0.01924.1123.0925.13
1968-0.01824.1523.1325.16
1967-0.01724.0523.0225.07
1966-0.01624.1223.1125.14
1965-0.01524.0223.0025.05
1964-0.01423.9822.9525.02
1963-0.01323.9922.9625.02
1962-0.01223.8322.7824.88
1961-0.01123.7622.7024.82
1960-0.01023.3922.2924.49
1959-0.00923.5622.4824.65
1958-0.00823.8422.7924.90
1957-0.00723.0221.8624.17
1956-0.00622.8721.7024.04
1955-0.00523.2822.1624.40
1954-0.00423.7822.7124.84
1953-0.00323.6222.5424.70
1952-0.00223.6822.6124.75
1951-0.00123.9522.9124.99
19500.00023.3122.2024.43
19490.00123.9122.8624.95
19480.00223.2222.0924.34
19470.00323.3822.2724.49
19460.00423.4922.4024.59
19450.00523.7022.6424.77
19440.00624.5023.5225.48
19430.00724.6123.6525.58
19420.00824.0323.0025.06
19410.00923.5622.4724.64
19400.01022.4621.2423.69
19390.01122.3521.1123.59
19380.01222.7221.5323.92
19370.01322.6721.4723.87
19360.01423.2822.1624.40
19350.01524.0122.9825.05
19340.01623.7922.7324.85
19330.01723.7622.7024.82
19320.01823.8522.8124.90
19310.01924.3023.3025.30
19300.02024.2523.2525.26
19290.02124.1423.1225.15
19280.02223.7322.6724.79
19270.02323.4222.3224.52
19260.02423.1422.0024.28
19250.02522.8121.6323.99
19240.02622.5421.3323.76
19230.02722.8721.6924.04
19220.02823.3422.2224.46
19210.02922.9121.7524.08
19200.03022.7521.5723.94
19190.03122.9421.7824.10
19180.03222.9821.8224.14
19170.03322.7621.5723.95
19160.03422.8921.7224.06
19150.03522.7321.5423.92
19140.03623.4222.3124.52
19130.03723.0821.9424.23
19120.03822.9521.7924.11
19110.03922.8321.6524.01
19100.04022.8621.6924.04
19090.04122.8221.6424.00
19080.04222.7721.5823.96
19070.04322.1220.8423.39
19060.04422.4521.2223.68
19050.04522.9721.8024.13
19040.04623.0421.8924.19
19030.04723.1722.0324.30
19020.04823.1822.0524.31
19010.04923.0421.9024.19
19000.05023.7222.6524.79
18990.05123.3822.2724.49
18980.05222.9121.7524.07
18970.05323.1221.9924.26
18960.05423.6822.6124.75
18950.05523.6522.5824.73
18940.05623.8322.7824.88
18930.05724.2623.2525.27
18920.05824.1723.1525.18
18910.05923.9122.8724.95
18900.06024.1923.1725.20
18890.06123.9222.8824.96
18880.06223.5522.4724.64
18870.06323.7622.6924.82
18860.06423.8022.7424.86
18850.06523.5922.5124.67
18840.06623.8222.7724.87
18830.06723.8622.8124.91
18820.06823.9722.9325.00
18810.06923.1922.0624.32
18800.07023.5822.5024.66
18790.07123.3322.2124.44
18780.07223.1722.0324.30
18770.07323.2522.1224.37
18760.07422.8621.6924.04
18750.07523.0221.8724.18
18740.07622.3221.0823.56
18730.07723.2322.1024.36
18720.07822.8021.6223.98
18710.07922.7321.5423.92
18700.08022.7521.5623.94
18690.08122.1420.8723.41
18680.08221.7020.3623.03
18670.08321.6320.2922.98
18660.08421.1319.7122.54
18650.08521.1919.7822.60
18640.08621.2419.8422.64
18630.08721.7920.4623.12
18620.08821.4220.0522.80
18610.08921.1419.7322.56
18600.09021.0519.6222.48
18590.09120.7819.3122.25
18580.09220.8019.3322.26
18570.09321.3319.9322.72
18560.09421.2819.8822.67
18550.09521.5920.2422.95
18540.09621.9420.6423.25
18530.09721.5720.2222.92
18520.09822.0720.7923.35
18510.09922.4221.1823.65
18500.10022.5421.3223.77
18490.10122.0020.7123.29
18480.10221.4220.0522.80
18470.10321.0919.6722.52
18460.10420.9819.5422.43
18450.10520.1018.5421.67
18440.10620.4418.9221.96
18430.10720.5919.0922.09
18420.10820.8119.3422.27
18410.10920.6119.1222.10
18400.11021.2319.8322.63
18390.11122.3821.1223.63
18380.11222.0320.7423.33
18370.11321.2219.8222.62
18360.11421.3820.0022.76
18350.11521.1719.7522.58
18340.11621.1319.7122.55
18330.11720.7419.2722.21
18320.11821.1219.7122.54
18310.11921.7120.3623.05
18300.12020.9119.4622.36
18290.12120.9019.4522.35
18280.12220.9119.4722.36
18270.12322.3421.0823.60
18260.12421.2119.8122.61
18250.12521.6620.3223.00
18240.12622.1320.8523.41
18230.12721.7420.4123.07
18220.12821.5420.1822.90
18210.12921.0619.6422.49
18200.13021.2719.8822.67
18190.13121.5120.1522.87
18180.13222.3221.0723.58
18170.13322.1720.9023.44
18160.13421.9620.6723.26
18150.13522.2020.9423.47
18140.13622.3121.0623.57
18130.13722.0920.8123.37
18120.13821.5020.1422.86
18110.13922.1720.8923.44
18100.14021.7920.4723.12
18090.14121.3019.9122.69
18080.14222.4621.2223.69
18070.14322.4521.2123.68
18060.14422.1020.8223.37
18050.14521.7620.4423.08
18040.14622.8121.6324.00
18030.14722.8021.6223.99
18020.14822.8421.6724.02
18010.14922.7121.5123.90
18000.15022.4221.1823.65
17990.15122.7521.5623.94
17980.15223.3822.2724.50
17970.15322.5421.3323.76
17960.15422.6121.4023.82
17950.15522.5321.3123.75
17940.15622.9221.7524.08
17930.15723.0621.9124.21
17920.15822.7321.5423.92
17910.15923.0321.8824.18
17900.16023.4122.3024.51
17890.16123.5222.4324.61
17880.16223.5322.4424.62
17870.16323.1922.0624.32
17860.16422.9721.8124.13
17850.16522.5721.3623.78
17840.16623.4922.3924.59
17830.16723.3022.1824.42
17820.16823.4422.3424.54
17810.16923.2022.0724.33
17800.17023.2822.1724.40
17790.17123.4622.3624.56
17780.17223.3922.2824.49
17770.17323.1822.0524.31
17760.17423.4322.3324.54
17750.17523.1422.0024.27
17740.17623.0921.9524.23
17730.17723.2122.0924.34
17720.17823.4422.3424.54
17710.17923.1822.0424.31
17700.18023.4022.3024.51
17690.18123.3622.2524.47
17680.18222.9721.8224.13
17670.18323.1322.0024.27
17660.18423.3822.2824.49
17650.18523.3322.2124.44
17640.18623.1221.9824.26
17630.18723.3322.2124.44
17620.18823.8222.7724.88
17610.18923.6622.5924.73
17600.19023.8722.8224.91
17590.19123.8122.7524.86
17580.19223.8822.8324.92
17570.19323.5622.4724.64
17560.19423.8722.8224.92
17550.19523.8922.8524.94
17540.19623.9622.9224.99
17530.19724.1523.1425.17
17520.19824.1223.1025.14
17510.19924.0523.0225.08
17500.20023.7622.7024.82
17490.20123.5322.4424.62
17480.20222.9921.8324.14
17470.20323.0121.8524.16
17460.20423.1321.9924.27
17450.20523.2722.1524.39
17440.20623.2422.1124.36
17430.20723.2822.1524.40
17420.20822.8021.6223.98
17410.20923.3422.2324.45
17400.21024.2223.2025.23
17390.21124.5723.6025.54
17380.21224.5023.5225.47
17370.21324.4723.4925.45
17360.21424.6123.6525.58
17350.21524.2223.2225.23
17340.21624.3723.3825.36
17330.21724.7223.7725.68
17320.21824.7323.7725.68
17310.21924.6623.7025.62
17300.22024.1023.0925.12
17290.22124.1523.1425.17
17280.22224.0022.9725.03
17270.22323.8822.8424.93
17260.22424.4723.4925.45
17250.22524.4123.4325.40
17240.22624.3323.3425.33
17230.22723.9922.9525.02
17220.22823.8722.8224.92
17210.22923.5922.5124.67
17200.23023.7522.6924.81
17190.23123.6122.5324.69
17180.23223.7022.6324.76
17170.23323.5222.4324.60
17160.23423.6722.6024.74
17150.23523.4422.3424.54
17140.23623.6122.5324.69
17130.23723.8422.7924.89
17120.23823.8222.7724.87
17110.23924.5623.5925.53
17100.24024.5423.5725.52
17090.24124.7723.8225.72
17080.24224.9023.9625.83
17070.24324.5523.5825.52
17060.24425.3024.4026.20
17050.24525.3924.5026.28
17040.24625.4324.5426.32
17030.24725.0124.0825.93
17020.24825.1124.1926.02
17010.24924.7523.8025.69
17000.25024.6323.6725.59
16990.25124.7623.8125.71
16980.25224.6723.7225.63
16970.25324.4223.4425.40
16960.25424.8123.8725.76
16950.25525.0124.0925.94
16940.25624.9123.9725.84
16930.25724.5923.6225.55
16920.25824.6123.6425.57
16910.25924.4223.4325.40
16900.26024.5423.5725.51
16890.26124.7123.7625.66
16880.26224.8323.8825.77
16870.26324.8423.8925.78
16860.26424.6523.6925.61
16850.26524.4723.4925.45
16840.26624.6623.7025.62
16830.26725.1824.2726.09
16820.26825.2924.3926.19
16810.26925.3424.4526.24
16800.27025.2224.3126.12
16790.27125.1224.2026.03
16780.27224.9323.9925.86
16770.27324.5423.5725.51
16760.27424.6223.6625.59
16750.27524.5823.6125.55
16740.27624.4623.4825.44
16730.27724.5323.5625.50
16720.27824.8723.9325.80
16710.27925.0224.1025.95
16700.28024.9924.0725.92
16690.28125.1724.2726.08
16680.28225.1124.2026.03
16670.28324.9924.0725.92
16660.28424.7423.7925.69
16650.28524.8623.9225.80
16640.28624.5623.5925.53
16630.28725.2524.3426.15
16620.28825.1024.1826.02
16610.28924.7923.8425.74
16600.29024.5723.6025.54
16590.29124.4123.4225.39
16580.29224.7723.8225.72
16570.29324.5123.5325.48
16560.29424.8423.9025.78
16550.29524.6623.7025.62
16540.29624.5723.6025.54
16530.29724.5023.5225.47
16520.29824.4523.4725.43
16510.29924.3823.3925.36
16500.30024.3223.3325.32
16490.30124.3923.4025.38
16480.30224.6923.7425.65
16470.30324.6423.6725.60
16460.30424.6923.7325.64
16450.30524.6423.6725.60
16440.30624.2623.2625.26
16430.30724.3923.4025.38
16420.30824.3623.3725.35
16410.30924.8823.9425.82
16400.31024.5123.5425.49
16390.31124.3723.3825.36
16380.31224.7023.7525.66
16370.31324.8523.9125.79
16360.31424.8423.9025.78
16350.31524.6523.6925.61
16340.31625.3924.5026.29
16330.31725.1224.2126.04
16320.31824.8523.9125.79
16310.31924.8223.8825.76
16300.32024.9324.0025.86
16290.32124.9524.0225.88
16280.32224.7023.7525.65
16270.32324.5623.5925.53
16260.32425.0924.1726.01
16250.32524.8423.9025.78
16240.32625.1724.2626.08
16230.32725.0024.0725.92
16220.32824.6723.7225.63
16210.32924.6623.7025.62
16200.33025.0324.1125.95
16190.33125.2124.3026.12
16180.33225.0824.1726.00
16170.33325.1624.2526.07
16160.33425.2524.3526.16
16150.33525.0624.1425.98
16140.33624.9424.0125.87
16130.33725.2424.3426.15
16120.33825.1124.2026.03
16110.33924.9324.0025.86
16100.34024.5323.5525.50
16090.34124.6123.6525.58
16080.34224.6823.7225.63
16070.34324.7623.8125.70
16060.34424.9223.9925.85
16050.34525.1724.2626.08
16040.34625.0824.1626.00
16030.34724.4523.4725.43
16020.34824.3123.3225.31
16010.34924.3723.3725.36
16000.35024.5623.6025.53
15990.35124.5023.5325.48
15980.35225.0924.1726.01
15970.35324.8423.9025.78
15960.35424.6723.7125.63
15950.35524.7523.8025.70
15940.35624.5123.5325.48
15930.35724.5323.5625.50
15920.35824.7323.7825.68
15910.35924.7323.7725.68
15900.36024.4223.4425.41
15890.36124.4723.4925.45
15880.36224.6223.6525.58
15870.36324.5323.5525.50
15860.36424.5423.5725.51
15850.36524.4923.5125.47
15840.36624.4123.4325.39
15830.36724.8523.9025.79
15820.36824.9324.0025.86
15810.36924.9123.9825.85
15800.37024.9123.9825.85
15790.37124.6623.7025.62
15780.37224.7123.7625.67
15770.37324.6523.6925.61
15760.37424.8523.9125.79
15750.37524.8623.9225.80
15740.37624.6623.7025.62
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15720.37824.6423.6725.60
15710.37924.3423.3425.33
15700.38024.1223.1125.14
15690.38124.0022.9725.03
15680.38224.3423.3525.33
15670.38324.2923.2925.29
15660.38424.5123.5425.49
15650.38524.1523.1325.16
15640.38624.3823.3925.37
15630.38724.4323.4425.41
15620.38824.3623.3625.35
15610.38924.6223.6525.58
15600.39024.6223.6525.58
15590.39124.5223.5425.49
15580.39223.9322.9024.97
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15530.39723.4922.4024.58
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15510.39923.4422.3424.54
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15470.40323.5422.4524.62
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15440.40624.3523.3625.34
15430.40724.6223.6625.59
15420.40824.5923.6225.55
15410.40924.6923.7325.65
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15390.41124.6323.6725.59
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