Painer, Florian; Weikusat, Ilka; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2025): Hand-labeled ground truth images of ice thick section microphotographs of the EDML ice core to evaluate air hydrate segmentation performance [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.984842
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Published: 2025-09-15 • DOI registered: 2025-09-30
Abstract:
In the deeper part of polar ice sheets, air hydrates are the primary air inclusions. They trap most of the ancient air molecules used for paleoclimatic reconstructions in their crystal structure. Furthermore, their number and size was found to correlate with past climate. Microphotographs of ice thick sections of the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) ice core were obtained in the years 2002 - 2006 during the Antarctic field season, shortly after the sample was drilled, using an optical microscope (Kipfstuhl et al., 2006; Kipfstuhl, 2007). This dataset presents eight ground truth (GT) images with the dimensions of 20 x 10 mm together with masks of hand-labeled air hydrates differentiated into five visual categories. The visual categories are: Above focus (AF), In focus, Below focus (BF), Far out of focus (FOF) and air hydrates that can hardly be distinguished from other image artifacts (X).
Related to:
Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2007): Thick-section images of the EPICA-Dronning-Maud-Land (EDML) ice core [dataset publication series]. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.663141
Painer, Florian; Weikusat, Ilka; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2025): Evaluation of the segmentation performance of air hydrates from microphotographs of ice thick sections of the EDML ice core [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.984852
References:
Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Hamann, Ilka; Lambrecht, Anja; Freitag, Johannes; Faria, Sérgio H; Grigoriev, Dimitri; Azuma, Nobuhiko (2006): Microstructure mapping: a new method for imaging deformation-induced microstructural features of ice on the grain scale. Journal of Glaciology, 52(178), 398-406, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828647
Painer, Florian; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Drury, Martyn R; Uchida, Tsutomu; Freitag, Johannes; Weikusat, Ilka (preprint): Air clathrate hydrates in the EDML ice core, Antarctica. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-633
Painer, Florian; Weikusat, Ilka (2025): Air-hydrate-analysis from microphotographs of polar ice [software]. Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.16738522
Project(s):
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00077: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
Fourth Framework Programme (FP4), grant/award no. ENV4980702: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
Horizon 2020 (H2020), grant/award no. 955750: Research and training network on understanding Deep icE corE Proxies to Infer past antarctiC climatE dynamics (DEEPICE)
Coverage:
Latitude: -75.002500 * Longitude: 0.068400
Date/Time Start: 2001-01-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2006-01-17T00:00:00
Minimum DEPTH, ice/snow: 1284 m * Maximum DEPTH, ice/snow: 2762 m
Event(s):
EDML (EPICA Dronning Maud Land, DML28C01_00) * Latitude: -75.002500 * Longitude: 0.068400 * Date/Time Start: 2001-01-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2006-01-17T00:00:00 * Elevation: 2891.7 m * Recovery: 2774.15 m * Campaign: EPICA-Campaigns * Basis: Kohnen Station * Method/Device: EPICA drill (EDRILL) * Comment: Elevation is given with reference to WGS84
Comment:
A GT-set includes the following images (example for 1285.01C):
- 1285.01C_GT_crop: The cropped microphotograph of sample 1285.01C.
- 1285.01C_segmented: The automatically segmented microphotograph.
- all_labels_1285: Masks of hand-labeled air hydrates including all visual categories.
- AF_1285, focus_1285, BF_1285, FOF_1285, X_1285: Masks including air hydrates of only one visual category.
The images were labeled and analyzed by Florian Painer at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven and the analysis routines were implemented in Python using open-source libraries. The aim was to develop a semi-automated analysis routine and to provide a high-resolution record of air hydrate properties of the EDML ice core.
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sample code/label | Sample label | Painer, Florian | |||
| 2 | Season | Season | Painer, Florian | |||
| 3 | DEPTH, ice/snow | Depth ice/snow | m | Painer, Florian | Geocode | |
| 4 | Segmentation category | Segmentation categ | Painer, Florian | |||
| 5 | Image, ice core | IMAGE ice core | Painer, Florian | Microphotography |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
32 data points
Data
All files referred to in data matrix can be downloaded in one go as ZIP or TAR. Be careful: This download can be very large! To protect our systems from misuse, we require to sign up for an user account before downloading.
| 1 Sample label | 2 Season | 3 Depth ice/snow [m] | 4 Segmentation categ | 5 IMAGE ice core |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1285.01C | 2002/2003 | 1284 | 0 | 1285.01C.zip |
| 1315.01C | 2003 | 1314 | 1 | 1315.01C.zip |
| 1405.01C | 2003 | 1404 | 2 | 1405.01C.zip |
| 1465.01C | 2003 | 1464 | 2 | 1465.01C.zip |
| 1567.11C | 2003/2004 | 1566 | 3 | 1567.11C.zip |
| 1756.11C | 2003/2004 | 1755 | 3 | 1756.11C.zip |
| 2266.11C | 2003/2004 | 2265 | 4 | 2266.11C.zip |
| 276398C | 2005/2006 | 2762 | 5 | 276398C.zip |