Reifenberg, Simon F; von Appen, Wilken-Jon; McPherson, Rebecca; Hoppmann, Mario (2025): Physical oceanography and current meter data from mooring Y3-1 on the Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean, July 2022 – June 2023 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.984771

This dataset contains processed data from the physical oceanography instrumentation (temperature, salinity, pressure, oxygen, ocean currents) on the Y3-1 mooring. This mooring was part of a mooring array (Y1-1, Y2-1, Y3-1, Y4-1, and Y5-1). Y1-1 and Y2-1 were within 1.7 km distance, Y3-1 and Y4-1 were within 1.9 km distance from each other, and the whole array formed a line (ca. 132 km length) approximately perpendicular to the sea ice edge. The moorings were deployed during RV POLARSTERN expedition PS131 (ATWAICE) in July 2022, and the physical-oceanographic instruments were recovered during PS137 (ALOIS) in June 2023. The scientific objective of the mooring array was related to key mechanisms of the rapid Arctic sea ice decline and Arctic Amplification. These include processes affecting heat fluxes in the air-ice-ocean system, ocean mixed-layer halocline coupling, ice melt, and ice edge dynamics in the marginal ice zone. Therefore, the mooring instrumentation targets the expected strong seasonal variability of the upper ocean. Here, we provide the processed data; the raw data are also published in PANGAEA and are linked below. Note that there can be differences in the listed depths for each instrument compared to the raw data submission. For the raw data, the nominal depths were listed; here, we provide the minimum observed depth after processing, assuming it represents a situation without mooring blow-down. In general, the processing comprises the following steps: for each instrument, the measured time series is cut to the time period the sensor was at target depth, i.e., from after the deployment was completed to before the recovery started. Then, each instrument without its own pressure record is assigned a depth by a constant offset to neighboring pressure sensors, based on the mooring drawing. For ADCPs, the (variable) depth record and cell range information are used to create a time-depth matrix indicating the depth of each ADCP cell at each time step. Data above the 99.98% speed percentile are removed. ADCP bins that showed interference with other gear in the mooring (e.g., large buoyancy floats) were excluded manually. Also, data from ensembles with fewer than 30% good samples were removed, and a threshold of 0.1 m/s for the error velocity is applied. The derived ocean current directions are corrected for magnetic declination. Where applicable, practical salinity is calculated from conductivity. Outliers (upper and lower 0.02% percentile) are removed. Temperature values lower than -3 °C and greater than 30 °C are removed directly. For all SBE37 with dissolved oxygen measurements, the first two days of data are discarded to exclude unreliable data from the sensor membrane adjusting to the water pressure. The attached data contain processed measurements from four Seabird SBE37 MicroCATs (at depths: 44 m, 75 m, 108 m, 257 m, sampling intervals were 1 h for the one at 44 m, and 10 min for the remaining ones), eight Seabird SBE56 temperature loggers (at depths: 54 m, 65 m, 85 m, 158 m, 210 m, 403 m, 504 m, 753 m, sampling interval 30 s), and one upward-looking Teledyne RDI 75 kHz Longranger ADCP (at depth: 309 m; sampling interval 30 min). The SBE37 at 103 m nominal depth stopped recording on 4 Feb 2023. The mooring also originally included a 29 m long tube segment at the top, which was however lost due to material failure on 7 February 2023. As a consequence, part of the remaining instruments beneath the lost tube were dislocated from their nominal depths due to the now missing buoyancy at the top of the mooring. These include the SBE56 with serial numbers 11175, 11176, and 11197, as well as the SBE37 with serial numbers 13967 and 10951. For the SBE56, the data after the sinking of the line are discarded, as no reliable depth can be assigned. As they ended up in a layer of relatively weak temperature gradients, discarding these measurements is not a substantial loss. For the two affected SBE37, we included the observations, as a pressure value could be assigned. For practical reasons, we treat an SBE37 before and after sinking as two different instruments in the mooring, with a different Gear ID. This is also why the serial numbers 13967 and 10951 appear twice in the table of used gear. The SBE37 with SN 10952 had an apparent salinity offset of offset=-0.049 g/kg (true = observed + offset), as judged by comparing the values to SBE37 instruments in the other moorings at the same depth (approximately 250 m). For SBE37 with SN 13967, we discarded outlier observations with salinity outside of the range between 34.895 and 34.9075, based on visual inspection of the T-S diagram. The SBE56 temperature measurements (native 30-s sampling) are smoothed using a running mean with a 20-min window size, and a data subset with 20-min resolution is stored in the present dataset.

The authors are grateful to the captains, crews, and technical/scientific staff of the expeditions PS131 and PS137 onboard RV Polarstern. Many individuals have contributed to the conception of the research, the preparation of the instruments, the deployments and recoveries, as well as to the retrieval of the data, which we greatly appreciate. We specifically thank Torsten Kanzow, Vera Schlindwein, Jacob Allerholt, Nicolas Dettling, Carina Engicht, Rainer Graupner, Normen Lochthofen, Matthias Monsees, and Jutta Vernaleken. We acknowledge support from the Helmholtz infrastructure program Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring, and the Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung. This mooring contributed to the Arctic PASSION project.