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Painer, Florian; Weikusat, Ilka; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2025): Summary of air hydrate properties of the EDML ice core [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.984580

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Published: 2025-09-08DOI registered: 2025-09-30

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Abstract:
In the deeper part of polar ice sheets, air hydrates are the primary air inclusions. They trap most of the ancient air molecules used for paleoclimatic reconstructions in their crystal structure. Furthermore, their number and size was found to correlate with past climate. This dataset presents a summary of air hydrate parameters of the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) ice core from 1255 m to 2771 m depth. Air hydrate parameters were measured and analyzed in 74 ice thick section microphotographs using digital image analysis. The images were analyzed by Florian Painer at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven and the analysis routines were implemented in Python using open-source libraries. The aim was to develop a semi-automated analysis routine and to provide a high-resolution record of air hydrate properties of the EDML ice core. The microphotographs were obtained in the years 2002 - 2006 during the Antarctic field season, shortly after the sample was drilled, using an optical microscope (Kipfstuhl et al., 2006; Kipfstuhl, 2007).
Keyword(s):
air hydrates; EDML; Ice core
Related to:
Painer, Florian; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Drury, Martyn R; Uchida, Tsutomu; Freitag, Johannes; Weikusat, Ilka (preprint): Air clathrate hydrates in the EDML ice core, Antarctica. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-633
Painer, Florian; Weikusat, Ilka; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2025): Raw data of air hydrate properties of the EDML ice core [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.984577
References:
Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2007): Thick-section images of the EPICA-Dronning-Maud-Land (EDML) ice core [dataset publication series]. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.663141
Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Hamann, Ilka; Lambrecht, Anja; Freitag, Johannes; Faria, Sérgio H; Grigoriev, Dimitri; Azuma, Nobuhiko (2006): Microstructure mapping: a new method for imaging deformation-induced microstructural features of ice on the grain scale. Journal of Glaciology, 52(178), 398-406, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828647
Funding:
Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), grant/award no. EVK2-CT-2000-00077: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
Fourth Framework Programme (FP4), grant/award no. ENV4980702: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
Horizon 2020 (H2020), grant/award no. 955750: Research and training network on understanding Deep icE corE Proxies to Infer past antarctiC climatE dynamics (DEEPICE)
Coverage:
Latitude: -75.002500 * Longitude: 0.068400
Date/Time Start: 2001-01-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2006-01-17T00:00:00
Minimum DEPTH, ice/snow: 1255.0 m * Maximum DEPTH, ice/snow: 2770.9 m
Event(s):
EDML (EPICA Dronning Maud Land, DML28C01_00) * Latitude: -75.002500 * Longitude: 0.068400 * Date/Time Start: 2001-01-10T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2006-01-17T00:00:00 * Elevation: 2891.7 m * Recovery: 2774.15 m * Campaign: EPICA-Campaigns * Basis: Kohnen Station * Method/Device: EPICA drill (EDRILL) * Comment: Elevation is given with reference to WGS84
Parameter(s):
#NameShort NameUnitPrincipal InvestigatorMethod/DeviceComment
Sample code/labelSample labelPainer, Florian
SeasonSeasonPainer, Floriantime when the sample was drilled and / or imaged (Kipfstuhl, 2007)
DEPTH, ice/snowDepth ice/snowmPainer, FlorianGeocode
CategoryCatPainer, Floriansegmentation category, defines the parameters used for the image segmentation routine
Density, optical as gray valueDensity opt grayPainer, Florianmedian gray value of the image
Method commentMethod commPainer, Floriansample thickness measured/estimated
Section thickness, minimumSec thick minmmPainer, Florianfrom Kipfstuhl (2007)
Section thicknessSec thickmmPainer, Florianfrom Kipfstuhl (2007)mean
Section thickness, maximumSec thick maxmmPainer, Florianfrom Kipfstuhl (2007)
10 Air hydrate, countsAH cts#Painer, Floriantotal segmented air hydrates per sample image
11 PercentagePerc%Painer, Florianunder segmentation; % of too little segmented air hydrates estimated from ground truth images
12 PercentagePerc%Painer, Florianover segmentation; % of segmented artifacts estimated from ground truth images
13 Air hydrate, counts, minimumAH cts min#Painer, Florianconsidering over segmentation
14 Air hydrate, counts, maximumAH cts max#Painer, Florianconsidering under segmentation
15 Air hydrate, number concentrationNAH#/cm3Painer, Florian
16 Air hydrate, number concentration, minimumNAH min#/cm3Painer, Florian
17 Air hydrate, number concentration, maximumNAH max#/cm3Painer, Florian
18 Air hydrate, mean diameterAH mean diampixelPainer, Florian
19 Air hydrate mean diameter convertedAH mean diamµmPainer, Florianconverted from pixel
20 Standard deviation, relativeStd dev r%Painer, Florianof air hydrate diameter distribution
21 Air hydrate, mean volumeAH mean volcm3Painer, Florianmean volume of an air hydrate inclusion assuming a sphere
22 Air hydrate, volume concentrationAH vol conccm3/cm3Painer, Florianvolume air hydrates / volume ice
23 Air hydrate, air content, totalAH air totcm3/gPainer, Florianestimated from air hydrate volume concentration
24 Air hydrate, median aspect ratioAH median aspect rPainer, Florian
25 Aspect ratio, 90% percentileAspect ratio 90Painer, Florian90% percentile of air hydrate aspect ratio distribution
26 OrientationOrientationdegPainer, Florianmedian absolute orientation of air hydrate major axis
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
1850 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:


Sample label

Season
(time when the sample was dril...)

Depth ice/snow [m]

Cat
(segmentation category, define...)

Density opt gray
(median gray value of the image)

Method comm
(sample thickness measured/est...)

Sec thick min [mm]

Sec thick [mm]
(mean)

Sec thick max [mm]
10 
AH cts [#]
(total segmented air hydrates ...)
11 
Perc [%]
(under segmentation; % of too ...)
12 
Perc [%]
(over segmentation; % of segme...)
13 
AH cts min [#]
(considering over segmentation)
14 
AH cts max [#]
(considering under segmentation)
15 
NAH [#/cm3]
16 
NAH min [#/cm3]
17 
NAH max [#/cm3]
18 
AH mean diam [pixel]
19 
AH mean diam [µm]
(converted from pixel)
20 
Std dev r [%]
(of air hydrate diameter distr...)
21 
AH mean vol [cm3]
(mean volume of an air hydrate...)
22 
AH vol conc [cm3/cm3]
(volume air hydrates / volume ice)
23 
AH air tot [cm3/g]
(estimated from air hydrate vo...)
24 
AH median aspect r
25 
Aspect ratio 90
(90% percentile of air hydrate...)
26 
Orientation [deg]
(median absolute orientation o...)
1256.01C2002/20031255.00173measured3.593.844.1235251343384.003983.25382.4869792342.23300970462.308495837.31111242121.261115438.735548671.30E-060.0004979760.0854155211.4483923972.65743521119.650300310
1265.01C2002/20031264.00177measured3.804.054.3038201343667.204316.60393.0041152355.34883720473.311403536.88378293119.872294538.883413361.30E-060.0005104360.0875526271.4092575662.39262844519.699321260
1285.01C2002/20031284.00172measured3.574.195.7841001343936.004633.00407.7167860283.73702420540.732959935.75696951116.210150939.583776101.19E-060.0004867770.0834945181.4235593672.49953298419.241513400
1295.01C2002/20031294.00173measured3.643.844.0936541343507.844129.02396.4843750357.35941320472.644230837.53538596121.990004438.390330251.32E-060.0005248000.0900165691.4221736422.43446468519.052267610
1315.01C20031314.01119estimated4.804.804.80330424132874.484096.96286.8055556249.52083330355.638888936.04868271117.158218844.646176391.36E-060.0003886510.0666634961.3985740512.34172587920.772404960
1335.01C20031334.01119estimated4.484.484.48336424132926.684171.36312.8720238272.19866070387.961309536.22758570117.739653542.541313681.32E-060.0004140510.0710202881.4097025662.44191192519.002089440
1355.01C20031354.01120estimated5.125.125.12366924133192.034549.56298.5839844259.76806640370.244140635.18543379114.352659842.016491001.21E-060.0003611530.0619469151.4059107822.40535315119.181919140
1375.01C20031374.02184estimated4.574.574.5733062673074.584165.56301.4223195280.32275710379.792122538.03183745123.603471737.788277991.42E-060.0004283810.0734781511.3970861152.27195598817.495461890
1405.01C20031404.02167estimated4.964.964.9634472673205.714343.22289.5665323269.29687500364.853830639.25953135127.593476941.376694861.67E-060.0004840020.0830186911.4156797212.42474793519.332981780
1436.01C20031435.02187estimated5.445.445.4428962672693.283648.96221.8137255206.28676470279.485294138.17187556124.058595636.408361071.39E-060.0003077760.0527913301.3942297922.30008370819.534758940
1465.01C20031464.02208estimated5.285.285.2831802672957.404006.80250.9469697233.38068180316.193181840.63780664132.072871638.832715751.69E-060.0004236890.0726733891.3620425682.24546518619.848384280
1486.01C20031485.01115estimated5.285.285.28342324132978.014244.52270.1231061235.00710230334.952651539.44529663128.197214043.031333921.70E-060.0004582400.0785997411.3707217392.27011199918.574830950
1535.01C20031534.01127estimated4.574.574.57312324132717.013872.52284.7374179247.72155360353.074398240.05423535130.176264942.903076591.74E-060.0004945540.0848284611.4103007352.31476988117.495048810
1555.11C20031554.11137estimated5.605.605.60290824132529.963605.92216.3690476188.24107140268.297619039.13919541127.202385140.024783131.59E-060.0003439820.0590017011.3566121892.18854953917.380550480
1567.11C2003/20041566.13197measured3.773.924.08253223112253.483114.36269.1326531230.13480390344.204244037.43810535121.673842439.478928921.33E-060.0003581160.0614260121.4419507522.43399335815.304137750
1636.21C2003/20041635.23189measured4.444.674.86298623112657.543672.78266.4168451227.84122090344.667792836.90898791119.954210737.009782341.25E-060.0003333910.0571849361.4171668352.23540503017.193307950
1666.11C2003/20041665.13199measured4.014.234.46287023112554.303530.10282.7029157238.63041850366.801745637.06219617120.452137637.025301431.28E-060.0003609090.0619050971.3968911532.13388782717.431856530
1696.11C2003/20041695.13193measured5.085.275.46314123112795.493863.43248.3396584213.33104400316.882381935.11724862114.131058034.761893031.06E-060.0002622770.0449871101.3679334552.10466756922.435625850
1726.11C2003/20041725.13182measured4.905.105.31351223113125.684319.76286.9281046245.26679220367.326530633.83648457109.968574935.787572219.68E-070.0002778180.0476528811.4508136222.28099647922.608192020
1756.11C2003/20041755.13179measured4.534.624.72354423113154.164359.12319.6248196278.43926550400.949227435.43234056115.155106837.032807891.13E-060.0003611800.0619514811.4124641552.17968304620.261988510
1776.11C2003/20041775.13182measured4.885.025.16332323112957.474087.29275.8134130238.81379200348.983094335.61313237115.742680236.321305431.12E-060.0003091620.0530290471.3908464532.07300659120.259432500
1796.11C2003/20041795.13188measured5.355.505.67367623113271.644521.48278.4848485240.42034100352.140186935.03190413113.853688436.685909571.10E-060.0003054610.0523943321.4358889442.25603850419.777433210
1816.91C2003/20041815.94168measured5.035.245.50372311113313.474132.53296.0400763251.02045450342.323558634.23039718111.248790835.890152749.93E-070.0002940260.0504328631.3815887182.04303026818.438099900
1846.11C2003/20041845.13214measured4.754.935.11291223112591.683581.76246.1122380211.32420090314.189473736.52769355118.715004034.077855181.17E-060.0002880660.0494105731.3608847482.00200330621.192747080
1866.11C2003/20041865.13208measured4.594.754.94273623112435.043365.28240.0000000205.38461540305.490196136.59089111118.920396134.838478771.19E-060.0002857940.0490209391.3755817631.99748394819.941980780
1886.11C2003/20041885.13180measured4.314.544.76266023112367.403271.80244.1262849207.23039220316.299303937.29868857121.220737936.560135691.30E-060.0003164230.0542745781.3801523652.04455034919.547548280
1936.21C2003/20041935.23179measured4.314.524.71253823112258.823121.74233.9601770199.82484080301.792343437.19540983120.885081938.216067831.29E-060.0003017300.0517542971.3811935022.07579900516.957767350
1946.11C2003/20041945.13182measured4.794.945.13282723112516.033477.21238.4446694204.35591290302.471294438.08219180123.767123337.367414521.39E-060.0003308930.0567564631.4074214452.08327223215.546800500
1996.11C2003/20041995.14170measured4.664.855.06236511112104.852625.15203.1786942173.32427540234.723712439.05917882126.942331238.915523311.54E-060.0003126480.0536269711.3643745002.04313085515.786859650
2006.11C2003/20042005.14148measured4.464.614.77216711111928.632405.37195.8604483168.46872820224.716928340.48451337131.574668541.116813681.73E-060.0003380270.0579802531.3784877932.03875912015.645434140
2026.11C2003/20042025.13177measured4.084.304.50200423111783.562464.92194.1860465165.14444440251.727941240.67600189132.197006139.073090251.71E-060.0003316650.0568890011.3996265652.11205239313.709008500
2036.11C2003/20042035.14142measured3.313.463.61171311111524.571901.43206.2861272175.96606650239.354229643.45453468141.227237743.696902732.07E-060.0004265410.0731626311.4602560672.0883018899.619935900
2046.10C2003/20042045.14153measured4.174.354.58199811111778.222217.78191.3793103161.77401750221.600719442.67106122138.680949041.115180362.00E-060.0003828810.0656738021.4705246852.1256391958.769124182
2056.11C2003/20042055.14165measured3.683.813.97192311111711.472134.53210.3018373179.62531490241.681385942.08438381136.774247443.548136221.90E-060.0003987730.0683996131.5083952192.13485043710.262691920
2066.11C2003/20042065.14157measured4.404.614.82203611111812.042259.96184.0202458156.64246200214.011363642.81705505139.155428939.348201551.98E-060.0003642110.0624713631.5270043892.2087914139.152336988
2086.11C2003/20042085.14156measured4.254.454.65185011111646.502053.50173.2209738147.53584230201.323529443.11792148140.133244839.466892482.02E-060.0003499300.0600218281.4987463112.1055988929.112592492
2116.11C2003/20042115.14161measured4.524.744.94181911111618.912019.09159.8980309136.54773950186.125553143.24713440140.553186837.745907581.98E-060.0003169250.0543607451.4250881772.0608498049.848105857
2126.11C2003/20042125.14163measured4.504.684.90196911111752.412185.59175.3027066149.01445580202.369444442.33605657137.592183938.135643961.86E-060.0003253090.0557987601.4107996541.9754834519.378847053
2136.21C2003/20042135.24168measured4.985.125.25211011111877.902342.10171.7122396149.03968250195.958835340.92886086133.018797837.505564451.67E-060.0002871300.0492500421.4889129842.0994785557.083489843
2176.11C2003/20042175.14160measured4.845.125.40243511112167.152702.85198.1608073167.21836420232.683367841.13886609133.701314836.889898851.70E-060.0003361220.0576533861.5536989442.1747955717.997922093
2196.21C2003/20042195.24161measured4.895.115.34244011112171.602708.40198.9562948169.44444440230.777096139.83087036129.450328736.415472191.56E-060.0003094320.0530754111.5058695722.0741211587.632144388
2206.11C2003/20042205.13173measured4.514.755.01260423112317.563202.92228.4210526192.74451100295.909090940.01558237130.050642736.774881901.58E-060.0003615940.0620226161.4211497101.9921197059.119976027
2236.11C2003/20042235.14155measured4.935.185.46253111112252.592809.41203.5875161171.90094630237.441683640.10711547130.348125338.829716741.63E-060.0003321770.0569768231.5311472642.1606394378.233357860
2266.11C2003/20042265.14164measured4.054.194.35219611111954.442437.56218.3770883187.20689660250.777777840.71542775132.325140240.496850801.69E-060.0003692080.0633286131.4849771372.0672016818.320272510
2306.11C2003/20042305.14162measured3.763.924.07201711111795.132238.87214.3920068183.77661750248.101728741.84163156135.985302639.724874101.86E-060.0003979040.0682507051.3973891821.89434950110.864100410
2326.11C2003/20042325.14169measured4.054.174.31200711111786.232227.77200.5395683172.68271460229.194444440.95022150133.088219938.156006511.67E-060.0003357880.0575961611.5061364492.0539413557.015060065
2356.11C2003/20042355.13173measured3.003.834.33177123111576.192178.33192.6675370151.67340260302.545833341.80134431135.854369037.440042751.78E-060.0003420220.0586654001.5221198952.0724864528.838328079
2366.11C2003/20042365.14159measured4.024.214.40191811111707.022128.98189.8258116161.64962120220.665422944.26230858143.852502938.594968852.14E-060.0004071050.0698288111.3372552021.80565698910.984693900
2376.11C2003/20042375.13172measured4.434.644.82215723111919.732653.11193.6961207165.95176350249.540067742.92922965139.519996437.599757651.97E-060.0003808980.0653336481.4811923262.0342823776.582843812
2383.11C2003/20042382.14160measured4.404.514.66252911112250.812807.19233.6474501201.25268240265.832386445.53499707147.988740543.498459092.40E-060.0005596920.0960013351.5079930132.1050656306.562944977
2386.11C2003/20042385.14162measured3.573.824.05176211111568.181955.82192.1902269161.33539090228.270308144.01877786143.061028039.268220752.12E-060.0004082100.0700183421.5342652472.1476514707.519676587
2393.11C2003/20042392.14163measured4.464.584.72298111112653.093308.91271.1972344234.20639120309.128363242.94533816139.572349045.147107632.19E-060.0005928360.1016863641.4798545452.2378207296.799348858
2396.11C2003/20042395.14179measured3.974.124.26266511112371.852958.15269.5186084231.98845850310.469143643.08413961140.023453745.843934472.20E-060.0005924910.1016272531.4760390612.2401337056.816823474
2406.21C2003/20042405.24164measured4.494.664.82326411112904.963623.04291.8454936251.12033200336.213808542.27991312137.409717647.223397132.17E-060.0006321940.1084372271.3454958822.36858695013.594432340
2426.11C2003/20042425.14168measured4.714.885.09316611112817.743514.26270.3210383230.65979040310.886411943.38681951141.007163444.605725352.23E-060.0006034920.1035141061.2811515792.09922603411.714727960
2436.11C2003/20042435.13185measured4.514.704.90325923112900.514008.57288.9184397246.64200680370.340909141.92903019136.269348143.935642622.01E-060.0005815860.0997568201.2742950581.99009245913.987929600
2446.11C2003/20042445.14165measured4.444.624.82310711112765.233448.77280.2128427239.04132090323.645833342.90368122139.436964044.518687042.16E-060.0006061510.1039702751.3178203542.11504174713.201279930
2496.11C2003/20042495.13171measured4.404.534.66308723112747.433797.01283.9403974245.65718880359.565340942.12247603136.898047144.926928792.02E-060.0005746900.0985738451.3209345972.04101270813.747642430
2536.11C2003/20042535.14164measured4.114.424.66215111111914.392387.61202.7714932171.17221030242.052919747.90505774155.691437745.969073562.93E-060.0005939600.1018792231.3069365451.89407759213.145137410
2546.11C2003/20042545.14159measured4.044.284.55148111111318.091643.91144.1783489120.70421250169.545173351.40122618167.053985140.494013333.68E-060.0005309820.0910768661.2979973851.98303824415.990536540
257601C2005/20062575.05188measured3.814.054.28141419161187.761682.66145.4732510115.63084110184.017935345.90636036149.195671248.426788092.76E-060.0004021940.0689864701.2769572822.08274119020.306165090
258601C2005/20062585.05215measured4.354.564.76141019161184.401677.90128.8377193103.67647060160.718390847.87000500155.577516343.196316592.82E-060.0003636160.0623693491.2785817361.96063437817.279569310
259611C2005/20062595.15193measured4.054.304.50140319161178.521669.57135.9496124109.12222220171.766460947.43607602154.167247143.179223432.72E-060.0003697200.0634163941.2674982861.76681424412.655954340
263600C2005/20062635.05186measured4.134.424.71154919161301.161843.31146.0218703115.10615710185.967514147.43283011154.156697944.800584012.81E-060.0004097420.0702812111.2606890291.76517198413.548430000
265231C2005/20062651.35201measured4.274.464.67142219161194.481692.18132.8475336106.57387580165.122950848.59695703157.940110340.997983662.90E-060.0003851950.0660706231.2240093291.72191567515.046848780
265271C2005/20062651.75212measured4.574.754.97141119161185.241679.09123.771929899.36619718153.089897946.03945115149.628216242.159607742.46E-060.0003038980.0521261771.3490929131.94041083911.375852180
267101C2005/20062670.05189measured4.424.684.96163719161375.081948.03145.7443020115.51411290183.637820545.99102189149.470821141.285193722.50E-060.0003640980.0624520931.2521528841.6374849648.808064591
271201C2005/20062711.05215measured3.693.904.0911391916956.761355.41121.688034297.46943765153.049909749.64465893161.345141543.240588743.07E-060.0003740310.0641558561.2966004911.6697182479.787644997
272601C2005/20062725.05202measured4.434.624.81139619161172.641661.24125.9018759101.58004160156.249059450.79510542165.084092635.006679883.00E-060.0003771960.0646985941.2733419641.6301018409.804642857
274101C2005/20062740.05187measured4.775.005.2210381916871.921235.2286.500000069.59770115107.898322954.30119194176.478873833.657662273.87E-060.0003343330.0573465891.2832972421.6709617639.390972299
276101C2005/20062760.05205measured4.374.725.03148519161247.401767.15131.0911017103.33001990168.492562946.27623299150.397757240.522428272.45E-060.0003209480.0550507271.3424124341.89225065710.298899170
276398C2005/20062762.95204measured5.585.745.91175419161473.362087.26127.3228804103.87478850155.858721647.52234398154.447617932.836947752.51E-060.0003192380.0547574551.3274757251.8793013927.692008543
277181C2005/20062770.85209measured5.735.886.05170719161433.882031.33120.960884498.75206612147.711605647.09443545153.056915243.729644732.69E-060.0003258550.0558923451.2331153191.92564183415.995949110
277191C2005/20062770.95215measured4.825.025.23145019161218.001725.50120.351925697.03632887149.161479947.40374860154.062183045.123314132.77E-060.0003339410.0572794271.2444374221.87224894313.199793410