Citation:

PANGAEA.968800

Name: High-resolution measurements of essential climate variables in the North Sea from the autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES during RV Heincke cruise HE609
Published: 2025-03-26
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: autonomous surface vehicle; essential climate variables; near sea surface; North Sea; sea surface microlayer

Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.

Published: 2025-03-26 • DOI registered: 2025-04-24

RIS Citation BibTeX Citation Text Citation ShareShow Map Google Earth

Abstract:

The autonomous surface vehicle HALOBATES measured Essential Climate Variables (ECV), such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), during the RV Heincke cruise HE609 in the German Bight. HALOBATES captured the SST and SSS at seven depths with a high vertical resolution of about 10 cm, from the near-surface layer (NSL) (between 30 and 100 cm) and the sea surface microlayer (SML) (upper millimeter). Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sensors measured temperature and conductivity (for salinity calculation) via a flow-through system on HALOBATES. Additional temperature sensors were mounted on the catamaran to contact the water at six depths in the NSL directly. Salinity was corrected with discrete samples, and biases between the sensors were removed. Two data loggers with several weather stations on HALOBATES captured important weather variables during operation time. HALOBATES was operated between 05 October 2022 and 23 October 2022.

Keyword(s):

autonomous surface vehicle; essential climate variables; near sea surface; North Sea; sea surface microlayer

Supplement to:

Gassen, Lisa; Ayim, Samuel M; Badewien, Thomas H; Ribas-Ribas, Mariana; Wurl, Oliver (2024): Wind speed effects on rainfall-induced salinity and temperature anomalies at the sea surface microlayer at mid-latitudes. Elementa - Science of the Anthropocene, 12(1), 00004, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00004

Project(s):

MAritime Traffic Emissions: A monitoring network (MATE)

The North Sea from space: Using explainable artificial intelligence to improve satellite observations of climate change (NorthSat-X)

Funding:

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK), grant/award no. 03SX518A: MarTERA-Mate

Volkswagen Foundation (VW), grant/award no. VWZN3680 : NorthSat-X

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 54.254658 * Median Longitude: 7.455522 * South-bound Latitude: 53.751667 * West-bound Longitude: 6.914000 * North-bound Latitude: 54.635000 * East-bound Longitude: 8.127567

Date/Time Start: 2022-10-05T07:36:00 * Date/Time End: 2022-10-23T13:08:50

Minimum Elevation: -37.2 m * Maximum Elevation: -12.3 m

Event(s):

HE609_1-4 * Latitude Start: 53.750481 * Longitude Start: 8.070777 * Latitude End: 53.750396 * Longitude End: 8.070102 * Date/Time Start: 2022-10-05T07:09:26 * Date/Time End: 2022-10-05T09:56:27 * Elevation Start: -12.8 m * Elevation End: -12.3 m * Location: North Sea * Campaign: (SCANS) * Basis: * Method/Device: CATAMARAN (CATM)

HE609_9-8 * Latitude Start: 53.852384 * Longitude Start: 7.624888 * Latitude End: 53.858666 * Longitude End: 7.592462 * Date/Time Start: 2022-10-10T11:44:16 * Date/Time End: 2022-10-10T15:43:56 * Elevation Start: -17.3 m * Elevation End: -15.7 m * Location: North Sea * Campaign: (SCANS) * Basis: * Method/Device: CATAMARAN (CATM)

HE609_13-4 * Latitude Start: 54.619007 * Longitude Start: 6.876393 * Latitude End: 54.649772 * Longitude End: 6.952236 * Date/Time Start: 2022-10-12T08:28:53 * Date/Time End: 2022-10-12T14:37:57 * Elevation Start: -33.4 m * Elevation End: -37.0 m * Location: North Sea * Campaign: (SCANS) * Basis: * Method/Device: CATAMARAN (CATM)

Comment:

Quality Flag: Name - Implication

0: Unknown - No information on data quality

1: Good data - Certainly good data point

2: Probably good data - Likely good data

3: Questionable data - Data point needs extra attention

4: Bad Data - Do not use

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event
2	DATE/TIME	Date/Time			Geocode
3	LATITUDE	Latitude			Geocode
4	LONGITUDE	Longitude			Geocode
5	Pressure, atmospheric	PPPP	hPa	Campbell datalogger
6	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Campbell datalogger
7	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Campbell datalogger
8	Dew/frost point	TdTdTd	°C	Campbell datalogger
9	Wind speed	ff	m/s	Campbell datalogger
10	Wind speed at 10 m height	FF10	m/s		True Wind Speed from Campbell datalogger scaled to 10 meters
11	Wind direction, true	WindDirTru	deg	Campbell datalogger
12	Ultraviolet-a global	UV-a global	W/m²	Campbell datalogger
13	Temperature, technical	T tech	°C	Campbell datalogger	panel temperature
14	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at the SML (depth = 0)
15	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at the SML (depth = 0)
16	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at the SML (depth = 0)
17	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at the SML (depth = 0)
18	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 30 cm depth
19	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 30 cm depth
20	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 30 cm depth
21	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 30 cm depth
22	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 40 cm depth
23	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 40 cm depth
24	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 40 cm depth
25	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 40 cm depth
26	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 50 cm depth
27	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 50 cm depth
28	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 50 cm depth
29	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 50 cm depth
30	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 60 cm depth
31	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 60 cm depth
32	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 60 cm depth
33	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 60 cm depth
34	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 85 cm depth
35	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 85 cm depth
36	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 85 cm depth
37	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 85 cm depth
38	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 100 cm depth
39	Conductivity	Cond	mS/cm	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 100 cm depth
40	Salinity	Sal		CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 100 cm depth
41	Salinity, absolute	ASAL	g/kg	CTD, Idronaut, Ocean Seven 310	at 100 cm depth
42	Long-wave downward radiation	LWD	W/m²
43	Long-wave upward radiation	LWU	W/m²
44	Long-wave net radiation	LW net	W/m²	Calculated
45	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³	at 30 cm depth
46	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³	at 40 cm depth
47	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³	at 50 cm depth
48	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³	at 60 cm depth
49	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Temperature Sensor, RBR Solo³	at 85 cm depth
50	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	T.D, RBR, RBRduet³	at 100 cm depth
51	Pressure, water	Press	dbar	T.D, RBR, RBRduet³	at 100 cm depth
52	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	PAH	µg/l	EnviroFlu, TriOS	in the SML (depth = 0)
53	Surfactants	Surfact	arbitrary units	Voltammetry, Metrohm, 747 VA Computrace	in the SML (depth = 0)
54	Surfactants	Surfact	arbitrary units	Voltammetry, Metrohm, 747 VA Computrace	at 100 cm depth
55	Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, minimum	SWD min	W/m²	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
56	Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation, maximum	SWD max	W/m²	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
57	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
58	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
59	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
60	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
61	Humidity, relative, minimum	RH min	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
62	Humidity, relative, maximum	RH max	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
63	Dew/frost point, minimum	TdTdTd min	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
64	Dew/frost point maximum	TdTdTd max	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface
65	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
66	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
67	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
68	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
69	Humidity, relative, minimum	RH min	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
70	Humidity, relative, maximum	RH max	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
71	Dew/frost point, minimum	TdTdTd min	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
72	Dew/frost point maximum	TdTdTd max	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
73	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
74	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
75	Humidity, relative, minimum	RH min	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
76	Humidity, relative, maximum	RH max	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface
77	Dew/frost point, minimum	TdTdTd min	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
78	Dew/frost point maximum	TdTdTd max	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
79	Wind speed, minimum	ff min	m/s	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
80	Wind speed, maximum	ff max	m/s	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
81	Wind direction, minimum	dd min	deg	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
82	Wind direction, maximum	dd max	deg	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
83	Temperature, air, minimum	TnTnTn	°C	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
84	Temperature, air, maximum	TxTxTx	°C	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
85	Humidity, relative, minimum	RH min	%	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
86	Humidity, relative, maximum	RH max	%	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
87	Pressure, atmospheric, minimum	PPPP min	hPa	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
88	Pressure, atmospheric, maximum	PPPP max	hPa	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
89	Humidity, relative, minimum	RH min	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
90	Humidity, relative, maximum	RH max	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
91	Dew/frost point, minimum	TdTdTd min	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
92	Dew/frost point maximum	TdTdTd max	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface
93	Short-wave downward (GLOBAL) radiation	SWD	W/m²	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
94	Temperature, technical	T tech	°C	Pyranometer, Kipp & Zonen, SMP6	at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface
95	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
96	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
97	Dew/frost point	TdTdTd	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 2, at a height of 150 cm above the sea surface, average
98	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
99	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
100	Dew/frost point	TdTdTd	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 3, at a height of 50 cm above the sea surface, average
101	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
102	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
103	Dew/frost point	TdTdTd	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 4, at a height of 100 cm above the sea surface, average
104	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
105	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
106	Dew/frost point	TdTdTd	°C	Hygro-Thermo-Transmitter-compact, RS485, Thies Clima	sensor 5, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
107	Wind speed	ff	m/s	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
108	Wind direction	dd	deg	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
109	Temperature, air	TTT	°C	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
110	Humidity, relative	RH	%	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
111	Pressure, atmospheric	PPPP	hPa	Weather station, Thies Clima, Climate Sensor US (CUS)	CUS, at a height of 200 cm above the sea surface, average
112	Precipitation	Precip	mm	Optical Laser-based distrometer, Thies Clima, 5.4110.xx.x00	mounted on the ship
113	Precipitation	Precip	mm/h	Optical Laser-based distrometer, Thies Clima, 5.4110.xx.x00	mounted on the ship
114	Quality flag	QF			Campbell_Air_Temperature
115	Quality flag	QF			Campbell_Panel_Temperature
116	Quality flag	QF			Campbell_Relative_Humidity
117	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_SML
118	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_SML
119	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_85cm
120	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_85cm
121	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_40cm
122	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_40cm
123	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_60cm
124	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_60cm
125	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_100cm
126	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_100cm
127	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_30cm
128	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_30cm
129	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Conductivity_50cm
130	Quality flag	QF			CTD_Temperature_50cm
131	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_30cm
132	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_40cm
133	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_50cm
134	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_60cm
135	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_85cm
136	Quality flag	QF			RBR_Temperature_100cm
137	Quality flag	QF			EnviroFlu
138	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_SMP6_MIN
139	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_SMP6_MAX
140	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_2_MIN
141	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_2_MAX
142	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_3_MIN
143	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_3_MAX
144	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_4_MIN
145	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_4_MAX
146	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_5_MIN
147	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_5_MAX
148	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_CUS_MIN
149	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_CUS_MAX
150	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_2_MIN
151	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_2_MAX
152	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_4_MIN
153	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_4_MAX
154	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_5_MIN
155	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_5_MAX
156	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_CUS_MIN
157	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_CUS_MAX
158	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_3_MIN
159	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_3_MAX
160	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_SMP6_AVG
161	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_2_AVG
162	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_3_AVG
163	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_4_AVG
164	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_5_AVG
165	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Temperature_CUS_AVG
166	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_2_AVG
167	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_3_AVG
168	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_4_AVG
169	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_5_AVG
170	Quality flag	QF			Thies_Relative_Humidity_CUS_AVG
171	Quality flag	QF			Surfactant_Concentration_SML
172	Quality flag	QF			Surfactant_Concentration_100cm

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

764454 data points

Download Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

View dataset as HTML (shows only first 2000 rows)