Citation:

PANGAEA.964978

Name: Domoic acid (DA), Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST), the abundance of potential DA and PST microalgae causative agents and environmental data in Kenya's coastal waters in July 2022
Published: 2024-02-05
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Amnestic Shellfish poisoning; Domoic acid; harmful algae blooms; Kenya; Paralytic Shellfish poisoning; Saxitoxins

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Published: 2024-02-05 • DOI registered: 2024-03-19

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Abstract:

Studies of naturally occurring algal toxins like domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxins (STXs) in tropical developing countries are still very rare despite their harmful effect on marine life, human health, and seafood safety. We conducted a rapid assessment of DA, which is responsible for Amnestic Shellfish poisoning (ASP), and STXs and its congeners that are known to cause a foodborne illness called Paralytic Shellfish poisoning (PSP) between the 15th and 30th of July 2022. The assessment was based on earlier studies that recorded the presence of potentially toxic species that are causative agents of ASP and PSP in Kenya's coastal waters. In these geo-referenced areas, site characteristics including environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity were recorded and surface seawater samples were collected for laboratory analysis of dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicates), and chlorophyll a. Additionally, the abundance of potential PSP toxin-producing species Alexandrium spp., Aphanizomenon spp., Brachydinium capitatum, Gonyaulax spp., and Gymnodinium spp., and potential ASP toxin-producing species Amphora spp., Nitzschia acicularis, Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia longissimi, Nitzschia reversa, Nitzschia sigma, Nitzschia spp., and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were assessed alongside the toxins at each sampling location.

The phytotoxin samples were collected through horizontal net hauls at the water surface (depth of 0.5 m) using a 20 µm mesh size plankton net (Reguera et al., 2016). The haul contents at the net cod end were transferred into a container and sieved through 100 µm mesh to remove larger microzooplankton organisms that consume phytoplankton. The samples were transferred into glass containers and then transported to the laboratory in an icebox for further filtration. In the laboratory, 50 ml of the concentrated phytoplankton sample was filtered through a glass-fiber filter (25 mm) with a vacuum pump (e.g. Millipore), making sure that all the water was filtered through the filtration unit. The filter was then removed, and freeze-dried in cryogenic vials for analysis of PSP-saxitoxin and ASP-domoic acid. The PSP toxins in the filters were determined by LC-FLD using LC-FLP: LC1100 series liquid chromatography system consisting of a G1379A degasser, a G1311A quaternary pump, a G1229A autosampler, and a G1321A fluorescence detector (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) coupled to PCX 2500 post-column derivatization system (Pickering Laboratories, Mountain View, CA, USA, Reeves et al., 2021). The domoic acid was established by LC-MS/MS technique using LC1100 System (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) coupled to a 4000 Q-Trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Darmstadt, Germany, Thomas et al., 2022).

Qualitative concentrated samples were collected by filtering 20 l of water (collected from just below the water surface) through a 20 µm phytoplankton net. For numerical analysis and potentially toxic species identification, 100 ml of water samples were fixed in 5% Lugol's solution. The samples were further concentrated to a volume of 50 ml and 1 ml (in triplicate) of the concentrated sample was transferred into a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber mounted on an inverted compound microscope (Leica DM IL) and counting of phytoplankton cells carried out in 100 squares of the cell chosen randomly. The results were expressed as the number of cells per liter. For chlorophyll determination, 1 l of seawater was taken from a depth of 50 cm, filtered onto a microfiber filter (Whatman GF/F), wrapped in tinfoil and stored at -20°C. In the laboratory, the filters were digested and chlorophyll a extracted using 96% Ethanol. The chlorophyll a/ethanol solutions were measured using a fluorometer (TD10AU Flouru, Ex436, Em680) according to (Welschmeyer, 1994).

Nutrient samples were filtered through disposable syringe filters (Sartorius Minisart ® - 0.45 µm pore size) immediately after sampling and filled into pre-rinsed polyethylene bottles, preserved with a mercury chloride solution (50 µl of a 20 g/l HgCl2-solution added to 100 ml sample) and stored cool until analysis. In the laboratory, nutrient concentrations were determined using standard methods in Grasshoff et al., (2007) by spectrophotometry (Infinite® M200 NanoQuant, Tecan Group Ltd., Switzerland).

Additionally, temperature, salinity, DO and turbidity were measured in situ using a handheld probe YSI Professional Plus (SKU6050000) Water Quality Meter, and Portable TN100 turbidity meter (Thermo Scientific™ ) respectively. All the field samplings and data collection were done in duplicates. All geo-references and field data were collected using KoboCollect v2022.2.3. Toxin-producing phytoplankton species identification was done at Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) laboratories.

Keyword(s):

Amnestic Shellfish poisoning; Domoic acid; harmful algae blooms; Kenya; Paralytic Shellfish poisoning; Saxitoxins

References:

Grasshoff, Klaus; Kremling, Klaus; Ehrhardt, M (1999): Methods of Seawater Analysis. Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527613984

Reeves, Kelley; Thomas, Krista; Giddings, Sabrina; McCarron, Pearse (2021): STX-g: Certified Calibration Solution for Saxitoxin Dihydrochloride. National Research Council of Canada, https://doi.org/10.4224/CRM.2021.STX-G.20201215

Reguera, Beatriz; Alonso, Rosalba; Moreira, Angel; Méndez, Silvia; Dechraoui Bottein, Marie Yasmine (2016): IOC Manuals and Guides: Guide for designing and implementing a plan to monitor toxin-producing micro-algae. 2nd Edition. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Paris and Vienna, 59, 66 pp.

Thomas, Krista; Perez, Ruth; Crain, Sheila; Miles, Christopher O; McCarron, Pearse (2022): DA-h: Certified Calibration Solution for Domoic Acid. National Research Council of Canada, https://doi.org/10.4224/CRM.2022.DA-H.20210922

Welschmeyer, N A (1994): Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments. Limnology and Oceanography, 39(8), 1985-1992, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.8.1985

Funding:

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), grant/award no. 91732428: NOMIHAB

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -4.001679 * Median Longitude: 39.695430 * South-bound Latitude: -4.631371 * West-bound Longitude: 39.395747 * North-bound Latitude: -3.334977 * East-bound Longitude: 40.009271

Date/Time Start: 2022-07-15T05:29:16 * Date/Time End: 2022-07-30T12:22:38

Minimum DEPTH, water: 0.25 m * Maximum DEPTH, water: 0.25 m

Event(s):

NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_1 (Mundu) * Latitude: -4.631371 * Longitude: 39.418120 * Date/Time: 2022-07-15T05:29:16 * Location: Kenya * Campaign: (NOMIHAB-JUL-2022) * Basis: Boat * Method/Device: Multiple investigations (MULT)

NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_2 (Gamba la kasa) * Latitude: -4.623471 * Longitude: 39.413894 * Date/Time: 2022-07-15T05:55:41 * Location: Kenya * Campaign: (NOMIHAB-JUL-2022) * Basis: Boat * Method/Device: Multiple investigations (MULT)

NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_3 (Kombeni) * Latitude: -4.619898 * Longitude: 39.410463 * Date/Time: 2022-07-15T06:27:28 * Location: Kenya * Campaign: (NOMIHAB-JUL-2022) * Basis: Boat * Method/Device: Multiple investigations (MULT)

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
2	Date/Time of event	Date/Time		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
3	Latitude of event	Latitude		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
4	Longitude of event	Longitude		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
5	DEPTH, water	Depth water	m	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Mean values	Geocode
6	Depth, water, top/minimum	Depth water top	m	Oduor, Nancy Awuor
7	Depth, water, bottom/maximum	Depth water bot	m	Oduor, Nancy Awuor
8	Location	Location		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
9	Site	Site		Oduor, Nancy Awuor
10	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Multiparameter Instrument, YSI, Professional Plus (YSI Pro Plus)
11	Salinity	Sal		Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Multiparameter Instrument, YSI, Professional Plus (YSI Pro Plus)
12	Turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity unit)	Turbidity	NTU	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Turbidity meter, Thermo Scientific, TN100
13	Oxygen, dissolved	DO	mg/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Multiparameter Instrument, YSI, Professional Plus (YSI Pro Plus)
14	Nitrate and Nitrite	[NO3]- + [NO2]-	µmol/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Microplate reader, Tecan, Infinite M200 NanoQuant; colorimetry according to Grasshoff et al. (1999)
15	Ammonium	[NH4]+	µmol/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Microplate reader, Tecan, Infinite M200 NanoQuant; colorimetry according to Grasshoff et al. (1999)
16	Nitrogen, inorganic, dissolved	DIN	µmol/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Microplate reader, Tecan, Infinite M200 NanoQuant; colorimetry according to Grasshoff et al. (1999)
17	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	µmol/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Microplate reader, Tecan, Infinite M200 NanoQuant; colorimetry according to Grasshoff et al. (1999)
18	Silicate, inorganic, dissolved	DISi(OH)4	µmol/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Microplate reader, Tecan, Infinite M200 NanoQuant; colorimetry according to Grasshoff et al. (1999)
19	Chlorophyll a	Chl a	µg/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Fluorometer, TD10AU Flouru, Ex436, Em680
20	Sample volume	Samp vol	l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor		filtered
21	Sample volume	Samp vol	ml	Oduor, Nancy Awuor		concentrated
22	Di-sulfated Saxitoxin	C1/C2	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
23	Gonyautoxin 1/4	GTX1/4	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
24	Gonyautoxin 2/3	GTX2/3	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
25	Decarbamoylgonyautoxin	dcGTX2/3	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
26	Neosaxitoxin	NeoSTX	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
27	Decarbamoylsaxitoxin	dcSTX	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
28	Saxitoxin	STX	ng/µl	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with post-column derivatization system, Pickering Laboratories, PCX 2500 (LC-FLD)
29	Domoic acid, per dry sample	DA	pg	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Liquid chromatography, Agilent, LC1100; coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, SCIEX, 4000 Q-Trap (LC-MS/MS)
30	Alexandrium spp.	Alexandrium spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
31	Aphanizomenon spp.	Aphanizomenon spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
32	Brachydinium capitatum	B. capitatum	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
33	Gonyaulax spp.	Gonyaulax spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
34	Gymnodinium spp.	Gymnodinium spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
35	Amphora spp.	Amphora spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
36	Nitzschia acicularis	N. acicularis	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
37	Nitzschia closterium	N. closterium	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
38	Nitzschia longissima	N. longissima	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
39	Nitzschia reversa	N. reversa	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
40	Nitzschia sigma	N. sigma	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
41	Nitzschia spp.	Nitzschia spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
42	Pseudo-nitzschia spp.	Pseudo-nitzschia spp.	#/l	Oduor, Nancy Awuor	Inverted compound microscope, Leica Microsystems, DM IL
43	Comment	Comment		Oduor, Nancy Awuor

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC) * Processing Level: PANGAEA data processing level 4 (ProcLevel4)

Size:

1369 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Event	2 Date/Time	3 Latitude	4 Longitude	5 Depth water [m]	7 Depth water bot [m]	8 Location	9 Site	10 Temp [°C]	11 Sal	12 Turbidity [NTU]	13 DO [mg/l]	14 [NO3]- + [NO2]- [µmol/l]	15 [NH4]+ [µmol/l]	16 DIN [µmol/l]	17 [PO4]3- [µmol/l]	18 DISi(OH)4 [µmol/l]	19 Chl a [µg/l]	20 Samp vol [l]	21 Samp vol [ml]	22 C1/C2 [ng/µl]	23 GTX1/4 [ng/µl]	24 GTX2/3 [ng/µl]	25 dcGTX2/3 [ng/µl]	26 NeoSTX [ng/µl]	27 dcSTX [ng/µl]	28 STX [ng/µl]	29 DA [pg]	30 Alexandrium spp. [#/l]	31 Aphanizomenon spp. [#/l]	35 Amphora spp. [#/l]	37 N. closterium [#/l]	38 N. longissima [#/l]	40 N. sigma [#/l]	41 Nitzschia spp. [#/l]	42 Pseudo-nitzschia spp. [#/l]	43 Comment
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_1	2022-07-15T05:29:16	-4.6314	39.4181	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Mundu	25.4	35.30	3.10	6.38	1.17			1.37	2.97	0.19	2	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	12.50	0.0	0.00	131.25	18.75	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_2	2022-07-15T05:55:41	-4.6235	39.4139	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Gamba la kasa	25.3	35.31	0.12	7.41	6.73			0.51	2.06	0.40	2	18	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	0.00	18.75	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_3	2022-07-15T06:27:28	-4.6199	39.4105	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Kombeni	25.2	35.31	0.31	6.75	0.00			0.38	2.40	0.41	1	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	18.75	0.00	56.25	37.5	0.00	18.75	75.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_4	2022-07-15T06:33:25	-4.6111	39.4176	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Ndua	25.5	35.27	2.10	7.40	0.16			0.73	3.02	0.52	2	18	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_5	2022-07-15T07:23:02	-4.6027	39.4263	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Mwamba mkuu	25.6	35.12	1.50	7.91	0.00			0.30	3.94	0.40	1	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	18.75	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_6	2022-07-15T07:46:52	-4.6089	39.4086	0.25	0.5	Mwazaro	Kifungu	25.8	35.24	4.10	8.98	0.00			0.31	3.99	0.71	1	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	18.75	0.0	56.25	0.00	18.75	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_7	2022-07-15T08:13:57	-4.5997	39.4071	0.25	0.5	R. Ramisi	Ramisi Mouth-A	25.4	33.92	5.05	5.82	15.05			0.88	7.13	0.93	1	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	75300.00	0.0	131.25	0.00	1500.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_8	2022-07-15T08:48:13	-4.5927	39.3957	0.25	0.5	R. Ramisi	Ramisi Mouth-E	25.6	29.12	5.19	6.79	2.01			0.34	47.69	2.34	1	15	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	54600.00	0.0	150.00	0.00	900.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_9	2022-07-28T06:53:29	-3.3640	40.0093	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Hemmingways	25.5	35.19	4.71	9.31	1.29	15.36	16.64	0.49	2.79	0.13	100	27	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_10	2022-07-28T07:15:34	-3.3674	40.0051	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Turtle Bay	25.3	35.21	3.80	9.17	0.01			0.09	3.43	0.09	100	40	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_11	2022-07-28T07:38:33	-3.3788	39.9968	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Richard Bennett	25.8	35.23	3.21	8.69	0.01	16.70	16.71	0.34	1.94	0.08	100	37	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_12	2022-07-28T08:03:16	-3.3828	39.9930	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Coral garden	25.9	35.22	2.92	8.78	0.01	67.31	67.32	0.13	1.99	0.09	100	25	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	0.00	18.75	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_13	2022-07-28T08:29:05	-3.3901	39.9794	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Whale Island	26.1	35.15	2.10	8.51	72.43			1.22	2.79	0.11	100	38	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_14	2022-07-28T08:50:03	-3.3864	39.9687	0.25	0.5	Watamu Marine Park & Reserve	Captain Andys	25.8	35.25	3.22	7.46	0.68			0.27	3.11	0.22	100	20	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	18.75	18.75	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_15	2022-07-28T09:14:55	-3.3350	39.9700	0.25	0.5	Mida Creek	Saidi Ndau	26.1	34.98	5.10	7.61	2.35			0.27	3.43	0.32	100	42	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	18.75	0.0	18.75	18.75	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_16	2022-07-28T09:27:33	-3.3757	39.9692	0.25	0.5	Mida Creek	Kirepwe	26.0	35.35	3.98	6.98	0.01			0.08	3.22	0.59	100	30	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	18.75	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_17	2022-07-28T09:53:06	-3.3444	39.9628	0.25	0.5	Mida Creek	Majaoni	26.3	35.85	5.10	7.19	7.29	91.78	99.07	0.22	5.03	0.64	100	40	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	112.50	0.0	18.75	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_18	2022-07-29T07:13:41	-3.9523	39.7745	0.25	0.5	Mtwapa Creek	Jumba Ruins	25.5	35.12	2.50	9.81	0.01			0.12	1.94	0.14	100	35	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	18.75	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_19	2022-07-29T08:29:56	-3.9721	39.7593	0.25	0.5	Mombasa Marine Park & Reserve	Serena	26.0	35.21	1.81	9.44	0.01			0.12	3.33	0.06	100	30	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	37.50	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_20	2022-07-29T09:18:58	-3.9942	39.7471	0.25	0.5	Mombasa Marine Park & Reserve	Coral garden	26.6	35.19	1.60	8.70	0.01			0.00	2.79	0.08	100	30	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	56.25	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_21	2022-07-29T09:56:51	-3.9945	39.7455	0.25	0.5	Mombasa Marine Park & Reserve	Star Fish	26.7	35.19	2.10	9.63	0.01			0.25	2.42	0.52	100	33	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_22	2022-07-29T11:02:47	-4.0176	39.7311	0.25	0.5	Mombasa Marine Park & Reserve	Ras Iwatine	26.5	35.08	2.81	8.33	0.01			0.10	2.47	0.23	100	27	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	56.25	0.0	18.75	0.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_23	2022-07-29T11:32:51	-4.0453	39.7148	0.25	0.5	Mombasa Marine Park & Reserve	Nyali	26.1	35.17	2.52	8.65	3.08	10.41	13.49	0.17	2.58	0.18	100	29	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	56.25	0.0	0.00	0.00	18.75	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_24	2022-07-30T07:49:18	-4.1082	39.6674	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Shelly	25.5	35.19	2.50	7.15	7.43			0.09	3.60	0.26	100	27	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	22.50	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_25	2022-07-30T07:04:26	-4.0774	39.6777	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Kilindini Mouth	25.6	35.23	2.25	6.67	3.28			0.08	3.83	0.23	100	42	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	15.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_26	2022-07-30T07:10:59	-4.0805	39.6710	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Kilindini Mouth	25.6	35.25	1.22	6.02	3.72			0.05	4.57	0.32	100	50	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	7.50	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_27	2022-07-30T07:34:49	-4.0754	39.6502	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Liwatoni	25.9	35.22	1.22	6.24	7.40			0.24	3.80	0.39	100	45	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	7.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	5.00	15.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_28	2022-07-30T07:53:50	-4.0680	39.6460	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Kipevu	25.8	35.23	3.10	5.92	1.57			0.05	3.13	0.31	100	48	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	30.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	7.50	30.00	30.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_29	2022-07-30T09:18:45	-4.0518	39.6227	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Kenya Navy	26.0	35.23	4.02	5.68	3.75			0.18	4.92	0.30	100	33	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	7.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	7.50	15.00	7.50	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_30	2022-07-30T09:43:13	-4.0645	39.5918	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Mambome River Mouth	26.0	35.19	4.52	5.52	8.34			0.59	6.26	0.70	100	37	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	52.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	45.00	112.50	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_31	2022-07-30T09:56:43	-4.0553	39.5782	0.25	0.5	Kilindini Creek	Mambome River Mouth	26.3	35.32	4.81	5.98						0.30	100	37	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	22.5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.00	15.00	15.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_32	2022-07-30T10:49:47	-4.0603	39.6807	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Fort Jesus	25.9	35.17	3.80	6.95	1.98			0.60	3.60	0.22	100	50	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	7.50	7.50	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_33	2022-07-30T10:57:43	-4.0560	39.6808	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Fort Jesus	25.9	35.12	3.50	6.81	3.77			0.10	4.83	0.27	100	45	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	7.50	30.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_34	2022-07-30T11:21:35	-4.0535	39.6778	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Madobini	25.7	35.12	3.28	6.22							100	35	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	7.50	0.00	0.0	0.00	37.50	15.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_35	2022-07-30T11:35:53	-4.0447	39.6768	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Coast General Hospital	25.8	35.07	3.12	6.12	2.79			0.46	4.14	0.24	100	50	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	15.00	37.50	30.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_36	2022-07-30T12:12:51	-4.0309	39.6689	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Tudor Water Sports	25.8	34.94	4.02	5.94	2.70			0.09	4.37	0.32	100	50	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	15.00	45.00	7.50	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_37	2022-07-30T12:07:33	-4.0214	39.6558	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Kombani River Mouth	26.0	34.82	4.20	5.52	2.84			0.14	6.18		100	32	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	8.00	0.00	0.0	22.50	60.00	7.50	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference
NOMIHAB-JUL-2022_38	2022-07-30T12:22:38	-4.0257	39.6560	0.25	0.5	Tudor Creek	Kenya Meat Commission	25.8	34.87	4.01	5.38	83.65			1.03	7.25		100	27	<0.0166	<0.0892	<0.0062	<0.0056	<0.0623	<0.0195	<0.0166	<3000	0.0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	7.50	45.00	0.00	NH4+ analysis failed due to Ca2+ and Mg2+ Hg2+ interference