/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Halbach, Peter; Manheim, Frank T (2023): Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from MIDPAC-1 expedition with RV Sonne (SO18) [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.962212 Abstract: The dredges, free-fall grabs, cores and camera sled photographies described in this report were taken during the Midpac '81 expedition with RV Sonne (SO 18) in the Pacific Ocean. Keyword(s): Geochemistry; manganese micronodule; manganese nodule; ocean; Sediment Related to: Halbach, Peter (1981): Forschungsfahrt Midpac '81 mit FS SONNE (SO 18). Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Technische Universität Clausthal, 70 pp, hdl:10013/epic.40720.d001 Manheim, Frank T; Lane-Bostwick, C M (1989): Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts in the world ocean: A review and comprehensive database. U.S. Geological Survey, 89–020, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8920V.1.1 Source: Grant, John Bruce; Moore, Carla J; Alameddin, George; Chen, Kuiying; Barton, Mark (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V52Z13FT Further details: Warnken, Robin R; Virden, William T; Moore, Carla J (1992): The NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Bibliography. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V53X84KN Project(s): NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database (NOAA-MMS) (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/NOAA-MMS) Coverage: MEDIAN LATITUDE: 13.920278 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -167.030649 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 8.929670 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -171.575170 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 20.230670 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -164.554670 DATE/TIME START: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1981-07-10T00:00:00 MINIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m * MAXIMUM DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m Event(s): SO18_13 * LATITUDE: 8.929670 * LONGITUDE: -164.554670 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4939.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_14 * LATITUDE: 8.941000 * LONGITUDE: -164.567170 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4922.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_15 * LATITUDE: 8.952830 * LONGITUDE: -164.580670 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4880.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_16 * LATITUDE: 8.963670 * LONGITUDE: -164.592830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4892.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_17 * LATITUDE: 8.977830 * LONGITUDE: -164.605000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4810.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_19 * LATITUDE: 8.941330 * LONGITUDE: -164.570830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-22T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4930.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Kasten corer (KAL) SO18_25 * LATITUDE: 9.200830 * LONGITUDE: -164.824500 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-23T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1200.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Wax Corer (WC) * COMMENT: Device: SR SO18_30 * LATITUDE: 9.081330 * LONGITUDE: -164.726830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-23T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4301.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_31 * LATITUDE: 9.148000 * LONGITUDE: -164.808330 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-24T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2600.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_32 * LATITUDE: 9.142330 * LONGITUDE: -164.784000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-24T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2465.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_42 * LATITUDE: 13.053670 * LONGITUDE: -165.126330 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-28T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -5240.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Kasten corer (KAL) SO18_43 * LATITUDE: 13.000830 * LONGITUDE: -164.986330 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-28T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -3040.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_44 * LATITUDE: 12.986670 * LONGITUDE: -164.957500 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-28T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2055.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_49 * LATITUDE START: 13.138000 * LONGITUDE START: -165.558500 * LATITUDE END: 13.138000 * LONGITUDE END: -165.558500 * DATE/TIME START: 1981-06-29T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1981-06-29T00:00:00 * ELEVATION START: -4710.0 m * ELEVATION END: -4710.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Kasten corer (KAL) SO18_50 * LATITUDE: 13.116500 * LONGITUDE: -165.551330 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-29T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4774.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_55 * LATITUDE: 13.149330 * LONGITUDE: -165.520000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-29T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -3998.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Free-fall grab (FFGR) SO18_56 * LATITUDE: 13.140000 * LONGITUDE: -165.517170 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-29T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4083.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_57 * LATITUDE: 13.150670 * LONGITUDE: -165.485000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-30T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -4150.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_58 * LATITUDE: 13.200170 * LONGITUDE: -165.461670 * DATE/TIME: 1981-06-30T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1508.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_73 * LATITUDE: 19.401500 * LONGITUDE: -171.172830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-03T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2856.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_74 * LATITUDE: 19.382830 * LONGITUDE: -171.194830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-04T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2929.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Photo sledge (FTS) SO18_75 * LATITUDE: 19.361330 * LONGITUDE: -171.063830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-04T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2010.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_76 * LATITUDE: 19.373000 * LONGITUDE: -170.991000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-04T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1190.0 m * LOCATION: Pacific Oean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_78 * LATITUDE: 19.407500 * LONGITUDE: -171.390830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-05T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1925.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_89 * LATITUDE: 19.406670 * LONGITUDE: -171.575170 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-06T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -3195.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_90 * LATITUDE: 19.394170 * LONGITUDE: -171.391670 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-06T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1935.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Photo sledge (FTS) SO18_107 * LATITUDE: 20.230670 * LONGITUDE: -170.592830 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-08T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2530.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Box corer (BC) (URI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_corer) SO18_111 * LATITUDE: 20.078000 * LONGITUDE: -170.641000 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-09T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -1332.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) SO18_113 * LATITUDE: 20.220000 * LONGITUDE: -170.568330 * DATE/TIME: 1981-07-10T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: -2573.0 m * LOCATION: North Pacific Ocean * CAMPAIGN: SO18 (MIDPAC I) * BASIS: Sonne (URI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Sonne) * METHOD/DEVICE: Dredge (DRG) Comment: From 1983 until 1989 NOAA-NCEI compiled the NOAA-MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database from journal articles, technical reports and unpublished sources from other institutions. At the time it was the most extended data compilation on ferromanganese deposits world wide. Initially published in a proprietary format incompatible with present day standards it was jointly decided by AWI and NOAA to transcribe this legacy data into PANGAEA. This transfer is augmented by a careful checking of the original sources when available and the encoding of ancillary information (sample description, method of analysis...) not present in the NOAA-MMS database. Parameter(s): Event label (Event) * PI: Halbach, Peter Latitude of event (Latitude) * PI: Halbach, Peter Longitude of event (Longitude) * PI: Halbach, Peter Elevation of event [m] (Elevation) * PI: Halbach, Peter Identification (ID) * PI: Halbach, Peter * COMMENT: Observation identification code DEPTH, sediment/rock [m] (Depth sed) * GEOCODE * PI: Halbach, Peter Position (Position) * PI: Halbach, Peter Deposit type (Deposit type) * PI: Halbach, Peter Quantity of deposit (Quantity) * PI: Halbach, Peter Size (Size) * PI: Halbach, Peter Substrate type (Substrate) * PI: Halbach, Peter Sediment type (Sediment) * PI: Halbach, Peter Comment (Comment) * PI: Halbach, Peter * COMMENT: Comment on geological context Description (Description) * PI: Halbach, Peter Image (IMAGE) * PI: Halbach, Peter * COMMENT: Illustration image file License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 306 data points Files: All files referred to in data matrix can be downloaded in one go as ZIP or TAR (PANGAEA user account required). To download single files, use the filename from data matrix appended to "https://download.pangaea.de/dataset/962212/files/". */ Event Latitude Longitude Elevation [m] ID Depth sed [m] Position Deposit type Quantity Size Substrate Sediment Comment Description IMAGE SO18_13 8.9297 -164.5547 -4939 SO18_13-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Small Mn nodules, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter Bild4_SO18_13-15_GBHF.JPG SO18_13 8.9297 -164.5547 -4939 SO18_13-2 0 In sediment Mn micronodule Few Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Rare Mn micronodules (<< 1%) Bild4_SO18_13-15_GBHF.JPG SO18_14 8.9410 -164.5672 -4922 SO18_14-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Small Mn nodules, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter SO18_14 8.9410 -164.5672 -4922 SO18_14-2 0 In sediment Mn micronodule Few Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Rare Mn micronodules (<< 1%) SO18_15 8.9528 -164.5807 -4880 SO18_15-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Clay Calcareous clay Small Mn nodules, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter Bild4_SO18_13-15_GBHF.JPG SO18_16 8.9637 -164.5928 -4892 SO18_16-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Clay Calcareous clay Small Mn nodules, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter SO18_17 8.9778 -164.6050 -4810 SO18_17-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Small Mn nodules, 1.0-2.0 cm in diameter SO18_17 8.9778 -164.6050 -4810 SO18_17-2 0 In sediment Mn micronodule Few Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Rare Mn micronodules (<< 1%) SO18_19 8.9413 -164.5708 -4930 SO18_19-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Mn crust SO18_19 8.9413 -164.5708 -4930 SO18_19-2 0 In sediment Mn micronodule Few Mud Marly calcareous mud, rich in foraminifera Rare Mn micronodules (<< 1%) SO18_25 9.2008 -164.8245 -1200 SO18_25-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 Hardground Mn crust SO18_30 9.0813 -164.7268 -4301 SO18_30-1 0 Surface Mn crust Several 3.0-4.0 cm thick Breccia; basalt Hardground Mn crust (3.0-4.0 cm). Mn crust covering a breccia of reddish vesicular basalt debris agglomerated with carbonated matrix SO18_31 9.1480 -164.8083 -2600 SO18_31-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Coaly , dense Mn nodules (F. Manheim cruise report) SO18_31 9.1480 -164.8083 -2600 SO18_31-2 0 Surface P2O5-Mn crust 1 3.0-9.0 cm thick Rock; phosphorite Hardground Phosphorite Mn crust with very rough botryoidal surface (3.0-9.0 cm) Bild5_SO18.JPG SO18_32 9.1423 -164.7840 -2465 SO18_32-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 1.0-2.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (1.0-2.0 cm) SO18_42 13.0537 -165.1263 -5240 SO18_42-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 Consolidated sediment Mud Diatom rich mud Mn crust SO18_43 13.0008 -164.9863 -3040 SO18_43-1 0 Surface Mn crust 0.5-6.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust with rough surface (0.5-6.0 cm) SO18_44 12.9867 -164.9575 -2055 SO18_44-1 0 Surface Mn crust Several 1.5-4.0 cm thick Consolidated sediment Mud Soft calcareous mud interspersed with Mn crust pieces Mn crust (0.5-4.0 cm) on weathered crusty material SO18_49 13.1380 -165.5585 -4710 SO18_49-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 Consolidated sediment Clay Foraminifera rich brown clay Mn crust SO18_49 13.1380 -165.5585 -4710 SO18_49-2 0 In sediment Mn micronodule Few Clay Foraminifera rich brown clay Few Mn micronodules (1%-2%) SO18_50 13.1165 -165.5513 -4774 SO18_50-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Clay Brown foraminiferal clay Small Mn nodules 1-2 cm in diameter SO18_55 13.1493 -165.5200 -3998 SO18_55-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-2.0 cm Mud Small Mn nodules 1-2cm in diameter SO18_56 13.1400 -165.5172 -4083 SO18_56-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-4.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-4.0 cm) SO18_57 13.1507 -165.4850 -4150 SO18_57-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-4.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-4.0 cm) SO18_58 13.2002 -165.4617 -1508 SO18_58-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-4.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-4.0 cm) SO18_73 19.4015 -171.1728 -2856 SO18_73-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_73 19.4015 -171.1728 -2856 SO18_73-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) SO18_74 19.3828 -171.1948 -2929 SO18_74-1 0 Surface Mn crust Several Thick Boulder; basalt Ooze Basalt boulders dipping into calcareous ooze Heavily encrusted with Mn. Botryoidal surface Bild2_SO18.JPG SO18_75 19.3613 -171.0638 -2010 SO18_75-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_75 19.3613 -171.0638 -2010 SO18_75-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) SO18_76 19.3730 -170.9910 -1190 SO18_76-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_76 19.3730 -170.9910 -1190 SO18_76-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) SO18_78 19.4075 -171.3908 -1925 SO18_78-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several 1.0-8.0 cm Core; basalt Flat Mn nodules with botryoidal surface, from 1.0 cm, up to 8.0 cm and altered basalt nuclei Bild7_SO18.JPG SO18_78 19.4075 -171.3908 -1925 SO18_78-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) SO18_89 19.4067 -171.5752 -3195 SO18_89-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_89 19.4067 -171.5752 -3195 SO18_89-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) SO18_90 19.3942 -171.3917 -1935 SO18_90-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Many Small Clay Calcareous clay Dense cover of small Mn nodules Bild3_SO18.JPG SO18_107 20.2307 -170.5928 -2530 SO18_107-1 0 Surface Mn crust 1 Breccia; basalt Hardground Mn crust on altered basalt and reddish hyalobreccia (F. Manheim cruise report) Fig8_Man_SO18.JPG SO18_111 20.0780 -170.6410 -1332 SO18_111-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_111 20.0780 -170.6410 -1332 SO18_111-2 0 Surface Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Hardground Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm) possibly cobalt rich with very rough surface Fig9_Man_SO18.JPG SO18_113 20.2200 -170.5683 -2573 SO18_113-1 0 Surface Mn nodule Several Mn nodules SO18_113 20.2200 -170.5683 -2573 SO18_113-2 0 Surface P2O5-Mn crust 1 0.5-5.0 cm thick Rock; basalt,phosphorite Hardground Basalt and phosphorite Mn crust (0.5-5.0 cm)