Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R (2023): D4i Greenland ice-core non-sea-salt sulfur concentrations and calculated volcanic sulfate deposition (1733-1900 CE) [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.960977
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Abstract:
The D4 ice core was recovered in 2003 from a high elevation, cold site in the dry snow region of the Greenland ice sheet (71.4°N, 43.9°W, 2730 m asl, 41 cm water equivalent per year annual accumulation rate). Initial collection and previous analyses of the core have been reported earlier (e.g., McConnell et al., 2007). New longitudinal samples of ~32 by ~32 mm were cut (D4i) from contiguous sections of the remaining D4 core archived in a commercial storage facility in Reno. The samples from near and below the pore close-off depth (66-145 m depth; dating 1733-1900 CE) were analyzed continuously using a state-of-the-art ice core analytical system. https://icecores.org/inventory/d4 . Mean monthly D4i non-sea-salt sulfur concentrations corrected for sea-salt sulfur contribution based on [Na], assuming a S/Na mass ratio of seawater of 0.084 [Bowen, 1979]. Estimated mean monthly D4i median pre-industrial (1733-1875 CE) sulfur background concentrations after excluding volcanic events identified as monthly values exceeding the median concentrations plus two times the interquartile range (Q3 minus Q1). D4i Excess-sulfur concentrations defined as non-sea-salt sulfur concentrations minus sulfur background concentrations; negative values set to 0; using monthly resolved excess-sulfur, we estimated long-term trends with a 61-yr running median (RM); we attributed a volcanic origin to values exceeding a threshold of the RM + 4 x MAD (median of absolute deviation); we multiplied each monthly excess-sulfur concentration value exceeding the detection treshold with 0.41 water equivalent per year / 12 (i.e., assuming constant snowfall rate throughout the year) to derive monthly volcanic sulfate deposition at the D4 site.
Keyword(s):
Supplement to:
Fang, Shih-Wei; Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; Jungclaus, Johann H; Zanchettin, Davide; Timmreck, Claudia (in review): The role of small to moderate volcanic eruptions in the early 19th century climate.
Related to:
Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R; Toohey, Matthew (2023): Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection between 1733 and 1895 CE based on the eVolv2k-plus-D4i ice-core eruption catalogue. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.960975
References:
McConnell, Joseph R; Edwards, Ross; Kok, Gregory L; Flanner, Mark G; Zender, Charles S; Saltzman, Eric S; Banta, J Ryan; Pasteris, Daniel R; Carter, Megan M; Kahl, Jonathan D W (2007): 20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing. Science, 317(5843), 1381-1384, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144856
Funding:
European Research Council (ERC), grant/award no. 820047: Timing of Holocene volcanic eruptions and their radiative aerosol forcing (THERA)
Coverage:
Latitude: 71.400000 * Longitude: -43.900000
Minimum DEPTH, ice/snow: 66.270 m * Maximum DEPTH, ice/snow: 145.418 m
Event(s):
D4 * Latitude: 71.400000 * Longitude: -43.900000 * Elevation: 2766.0 m * Location: Greenland * Method/Device: Ice drill (ICEDRILL) * Comment: Drilling year: 2003
Comment:
The dataset has four columns and is presented at a nominal monthly resolution (mid-month). For example the first value is for a core depth of 66.27m and has a nominal age of 15 Dec 1900.
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DEPTH, ice/snow | Depth ice/snow | m | Sigl, Michael | Geocode | |
| 2 | Age | Age | a AD/CE | Sigl, Michael | ||
| 3 | AGE | Age | ka BP | Sigl, Michael | Geocode | |
| 4 | Sulfur, non-sea-salt | nssS | µg/kg | Sigl, Michael | ppb | |
| 5 | Sulfur, non-sea-salt, background | nssS bkg | µg/kg | Sigl, Michael | ||
| 6 | Sulfur, non-sea-salt, excess | nssS xs | µg/kg | Sigl, Michael | ||
| 7 | Deposition of sulfate, volcanic | Volc [SO4]2- depos | kg/m2/month | Sigl, Michael |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC) * Processing Level: PANGAEA data processing level 3 (ProcLevel3)
Size:
9868 data points
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