Citation:

PANGAEA.951529

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and grazing and diet preference in Littorina littorea
Published: 2022-12-06
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Animalia; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Chlorophyta; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Fucus vesiculosus; Laboratory experiment; Littorina littorea; Macroalgae; Macro-nutrients; Mollusca; North Atlantic; Ochrophyta; Plantae; Single species; Species interaction; Temperate; Ulva lactuca

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Abstract:

Ocean acidification and eutrophication have direct, positive effects on the growth of many marine macroalgae, potentially resulting in macroalgal blooms and shifts in ecosystem structure and function. Enhanced growth of macroalgae, however, may be controlled by the presence of grazers. While grazing under ocean acidification and eutrophication conditions has variable responses, there is evidence of these factors indirectly increasing consumption. We tested whether a common marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea, would increase consumption rates of macroalgae (Ulva and Fucus) under ocean acidification (increased pCO2) and/or eutrophication conditions, via feeding trials on live and reconstituted algal thalli. We found that increased pCO2 resulted in reduced grazing rates on live thalli, with snails feeding almost exclusively on Ulva. However, eutrophication did not impact consumption rates of live tissues. In addition, similarity in consumption of reconstituted Ulva and Fucus tissues across all treatments indicated that physical characteristics of algal tissues, rather than tissue chemistry, may drive dietary shifts in a changing climate. In this system, decreased consumption, coupled with increased growth of macroalgae, may ultimately enhance algal growth and spread.

Keyword(s):

Animalia; Behaviour; Benthic animals; Benthos; Chlorophyta; Coast and continental shelf; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or < 1 m**2); Fucus vesiculosus; Laboratory experiment; Littorina littorea; Macroalgae; Macro-nutrients; Mollusca; North Atlantic; Ochrophyta; Plantae; Single species; Species interaction; Temperate; Ulva lactuca

Supplement to:

Ober, Gordon T; Thornber, Carol S; Grear, Jason S (2022): Ocean acidification but not nutrient enrichment reduces grazing and alters diet preference in Littorina littorea. Marine Biology, 169(9), 112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04099-8

Original version:

Ober, Gordon T (2022): grazing_acidification. figshare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.18326366.v1

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse; Orr, James (2021): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.2.16. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/seacarb/index.html

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: 41.490500 * Longitude: -71.419800

Date/Time Start: 2015-08-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2015-08-31T00:00:00

Event(s):

University_of_Rhode_Island * Latitude: 41.490500 * Longitude: -71.419800 * Date/Time Start: 2015-08-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2015-08-31T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2022-12-02.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Type	Type		Ober, Gordon T		Study
2	Species, unique identification	Species UID		Ober, Gordon T
3	Identification	ID		Ober, Gordon T		Tank
4	Identification	ID		Ober, Gordon T		Treatment
5	Treatment	Treat		Ober, Gordon T		CO2
6	Treatment	Treat		Ober, Gordon T		Nutrient
7	Grazing rate per individual	GR/ind	mg/#/day	Ober, Gordon T		Ulva
8	Grazing rate per individual	GR/ind	mg/#/day	Ober, Gordon T		Fucus
9	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		Start Ulva
10	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		Start Fucus
11	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		End Ulva
12	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		End Fucus
13	Change	Change	%	Ober, Gordon T		Ulva
14	Change	Change	%	Ober, Gordon T		Fucus
15	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		reconstituted Ulva and Fucus, start
16	Number of squares	N square	#	Ober, Gordon T		reconstituted Ulva and Fucus, end
17	Change	Change	%	Ober, Gordon T		total
18	Grazing rate per individual	GR/ind	mg/#/day	Ober, Gordon T		total
19	pH	pH		Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb	total scale
20	pH, standard error	pH std e	±	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb	total scale
21	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
22	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error	pCO2water_SST_wet std e	±	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
23	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
24	Carbon dioxide, standard error	CO2 std e	±	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
25	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
26	Bicarbonate ion, standard error	[HCO3]- std e	±	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
27	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
28	Carbonate ion, standard error	[CO3]2- std e	±	Ober, Gordon T	Calculated using seacarb
29	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Ober, Gordon T
30	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error	DIC std e	±	Ober, Gordon T
31	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	Ober, Gordon T
32	Alkalinity, total, standard error	AT std e	±	Ober, Gordon T
33	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Ober, Gordon T
34	Temperature, water, standard error	T std e	±	Ober, Gordon T
35	Salinity	Sal		Ober, Gordon T
36	Salinity, standard error	Sal std e	±	Ober, Gordon T
37	Nitrogen, inorganic, dissolved	DIN	µmol/l	Ober, Gordon T
38	Nitrogen, inorganic, dissolved, standard error	DIN std e	±	Ober, Gordon T
39	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
40	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
41	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
45	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
46	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
47	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

2968 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Type (Study)	2 Species UID	3 ID (Tank)	4 ID (Treatment)	5 Treat (CO2)	6 Treat (Nutrient)	7 GR/ind [mg/#/day] (Ulva)	8 GR/ind [mg/#/day] (Fucus)	9 N square [#] (Start Ulva)	10 N square [#] (Start Fucus)	11 N square [#] (End Ulva)	12 N square [#] (End Fucus)	13 Change [%] (Ulva)	14 Change [%] (Fucus)	15 N square [#] (reconstituted Ulva and Fucus,...)	16 N square [#] (reconstituted Ulva and Fucus,...)	17 Change [%] (total)	18 GR/ind [mg/#/day] (total)	19 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	20 pH std e [±] (total scale, Calculated using...)	21 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb)	22 pCO2water_SST_wet std e [±] (Calculated using seacarb)	23 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb)	24 CO2 std e [±] (Calculated using seacarb)	25 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb)	26 [HCO3]- std e [±] (Calculated using seacarb)	27 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb)	28 [CO3]2- std e [±] (Calculated using seacarb)	29 DIC [µmol/kg]	30 DIC std e [±]	31 AT [µmol/kg]	32 AT std e [±]	33 Temp [°C]	34 T std e [±]	35 Sal	36 Sal std e [±]	37 DIN [µmol/l]	38 DIN std e [±]	39 CSC flag (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	40 pH (total scale, Calculated using...)	41 CO2 [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	42 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	43 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	44 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	45 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg] (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	46 Omega Arg (Calculated using seacarb afte...)	47 Omega Cal (Calculated using seacarb afte...)
laboratory	Littorina littorea	1	A	High	High	0.06034	0.00000											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	2	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.04038	0.10127											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	3	D	Ambient	High	0.06746	0.08593											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	4	C	High	Ambient	0.08683	0.00562											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	5	A	High	High	0.03747	-0.00319											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	6	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.04967	0.03478											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	7	D	Ambient	High	0.04814	0.05061											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	8	C	High	Ambient	0.07311	0.01566											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	9	A	High	High	0.08377	0.03111											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	10	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.07882	0.05703											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	11	D	Ambient	High	0.05403	0.06510											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	12	C	High	Ambient	0.05742	0.01394											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	13	A	High	High	0.06430	0.00705											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	14	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.07538	0.03889											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	15	C	High	Ambient	0.02984	0.00744											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	16	D	Ambient	High	0.03893	0.09087											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	17	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.04682	0.05907											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	18	A	High	High	0.02277	0.01053											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	19	C	High	Ambient	0.02975	-0.00205											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	20	D	Ambient	High	0.05755	0.04780											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	21	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.02962	0.03733											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	22	A	High	High	0.07854	0.02321											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	23	C	High	Ambient	0.02762	-0.00381											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	24	D	Ambient	High	0.08289	-0.00130											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	25	B	Ambient	Ambient	0.10794	0.03391											7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	26	A	High	High	-0.00286	0.00826											7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	27	C	High	Ambient	0.00932	-0.00156											7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	28	D	Ambient	High	0.07488	0.04876											7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	5	A	High	High			178	233	147	220	-17.41573	-5.57940	411	367	-10.70560		7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	9	A	High	High			166	222	0	0	-100.00000	-100.00000	388	0	-100.00000		7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	13	A	High	High			148	228	48	26	-67.56757	-88.59649	376	74	-80.31915		7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	18	A	High	High			144	206	132	205	-8.33333	-0.48544	350	337	-3.71429		7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	22	A	High	High			159	193	74	12	-53.45912	-93.78238	352	86	-75.56818		7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	2	B	Ambient	Ambient			128	108	15	8	-88.28125	-92.59259	236	23	-90.25424		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	6	B	Ambient	Ambient			123	106	42	27	-65.85366	-74.52830	229	69	-69.86900		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	10	B	Ambient	Ambient			119	102	54	20	-54.62185	-80.39216	221	74	-66.51584		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	14	B	Ambient	Ambient			63	100	0	62	-100.00000	-38.00000	163	62	-61.96319		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	17	B	Ambient	Ambient			197	93	3	38	-98.47716	-59.13978	290	41	-85.86207		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	21	B	Ambient	Ambient			77	94	64	23	-16.88312	-75.53191	171	87	-49.12281		7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	8	C	High	Ambient			92	110	0	0	-100.00000	-100.00000	202	0	-100.00000		7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	12	C	High	Ambient			110	138	72	69	-34.54545	-50.00000	248	141	-43.14516		7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	15	C	High	Ambient			106	105	82	25	-22.64151	-76.19048	211	107	-49.28910		7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	19	C	High	Ambient			90	133	61	21	-32.22222	-84.21053	223	82	-63.22870		7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	27	C	High	Ambient			111	148	75	65	-32.43243	-56.08108	259	140	-45.94595		7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	3	D	Ambient	High			165	176	138	106	-16.36364	-39.77273	341	244	-28.44575		7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	7	D	Ambient	High			83	149	14	38	-83.13253	-74.49664	232	52	-77.58621		7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	11	D	Ambient	High			157	139	0	0	-100.00000	-100.00000	296	0	-100.00000		7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	24	D	Ambient	High			59	176	32	70	-45.76271	-60.22727	235	102	-56.59574		7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	28	D	Ambient	High			112	187	0	42	-100.00000	-77.54011	299	42	-85.95318		7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	1	A	High	High												0.05826	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	5	A	High	High												0.02951	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	9	A	High	High												0.11610	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	13	A	High	High												0.07151	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	18	A	High	High												0.03333	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	22	A	High	High												0.09850	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	26	A	High	High												0.00387	7.59	0.02	1199.2	40	41.29	1.4	1972.90	15	61.39	2.2	2075.83	16	2125.9	18	18.49	0.15	31.08	0.09	196.60	11.00	15	7.61	40.64	1176.59	1180.67	1973.46	61.73	0.97	1.52
laboratory	Littorina littorea	2	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.14044	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	6	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.08493	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	10	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.13186	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	14	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.11411	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	17	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.10437	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	21	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.06898	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	25	B	Ambient	Ambient												0.14202	7.94	0.02	476.2	24	16.85	0.9	1785.20	24	124.65	5.0	1926.70	25	2095.3	27	18.44	0.16	31.10	0.10	6.92	0.78	15	7.96	16.39	473.77	475.41	1785.11	125.21	1.97	3.07
laboratory	Littorina littorea	4	C	High	Ambient												0.09262	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	8	C	High	Ambient												0.08449	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	12	C	High	Ambient												0.07004	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	15	C	High	Ambient												0.03718	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	19	C	High	Ambient												0.02753	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	23	C	High	Ambient												0.01965	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	27	C	High	Ambient												0.00607	7.58	0.02	1225.1	45	42.39	2.0	1958.80	18	59.20	2.4	2060.40	20	2105.8	21	18.30	0.09	31.20	0.10	6.96	0.50	15	7.59	41.81	1204.56	1208.75	1959.50	59.09	0.93	1.45
laboratory	Littorina littorea	3	D	Ambient	High												0.15244	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	7	D	Ambient	High												0.09544	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	11	D	Ambient	High												0.11799	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	16	D	Ambient	High												0.12809	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	20	D	Ambient	High												0.10531	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	24	D	Ambient	High												0.07579	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12
laboratory	Littorina littorea	28	D	Ambient	High												0.12421	7.96	0.02	461.7	23	16.10	0.8	1769.77	24	126.65	4.0	1912.50	24	2085.2	24	18.10	0.08	31.10	0.10	202.40	6.90	15	7.98	15.76	451.11	452.68	1769.48	127.26	2.00	3.12