Citation:

PANGAEA.943420

Name: Deformation events during the Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896
Published: 2022-04-21
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: cracks; Deformation; leads; pressure ridges; Sea ice

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Abstract:

This dataset contains extracted ice deformation events during the Norwegian North Polar Expedition in 1893-1896 onboard the drifting vessel Fram, as described in Fridtjof Nansen's expedition report book Farthest North. The full text is available at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30197/30197-h/30197-h.htm The events described in the text were digitized by C. Katlein manually and classified into different categories to allow further analysis.

Keyword(s):

cracks; Deformation; leads; pressure ridges; Sea ice

Related to:

Nansen, Fridtjof (1897): Farthest north : being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship Fram 1893-96 and of a fifteen months' sleigh journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen. Westminster : A. Constable

National Snow and Ice Data Center (2021): Trackline of the Norwegian North Polar Expedition in 1893-1896 onboard the drifting vessel Fram. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.926633

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 77.015000 * Median Longitude: 72.830000 * South-bound Latitude: 76.030000 * West-bound Longitude: 11.000000 * North-bound Latitude: 78.000000 * East-bound Longitude: 134.660000

Date/Time Start: 1893-10-04T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1896-06-12T00:00:00

Event(s):

FRAM_Nansen-track * Latitude Start: 76.030000 * Longitude Start: 134.660000 * Latitude End: 78.000000 * Longitude End: 11.000000 * Date/Time Start: 1893-09-20T11:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1896-08-16T04:00:00 * Method/Device: Underway cruise track measurements (CT)

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Comment
1	DATE/TIME	Date/Time		Katlein, Christian	Geocode
2	Time in hours	Time	h	Katlein, Christian	if available
3	Time of day	Time of day		Katlein, Christian
4	Type	Type		Katlein, Christian
5	Comment	Comment		Katlein, Christian	FRAM afloat (x = yes)
6	Distance description	Dist descr		Katlein, Christian	ship/floe/vicinity
7	Observation	Obs		Katlein, Christian

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

347 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Date/Time	2 Time [h]	3 Time of day	4 Type	5 Comment	6 Dist descr	7 Obs
1893-10-04		afternoon	crack		ship	While we were hauling up the line in the afternoon the ice cracked a little astern of the Fram, and the crack increased in breadth so quickly that three of us, who had to go out to save the ice-anchors, were obliged to make a bridge over it with a long board to get back to the ship again.
1893-10-04		evening	crack		floe	Later in the evening there was some packing in the ice, and several new passages opened out behind this first one.
1894-11-06			ridge		floe	The ice has been packing to the north of the Fram's stern
1893-10-09		afternoon	pressure against hull		ship	All at once in the afternoon, as we were sitting idly chattering, a deafening noise began, and the whole ship [271]shook. This was the first ice-pressure. Every one rushed on deck to look. The Fram behaved beautifully, as I had expected she would. On pushed the ice with steady pressure, but down under us it had to go, and we were slowly lifted up. These ‘squeezings' continued off and on all the afternoon, and were sometimes so strong that the Fram was lifted several feet; but then the ice could no longer bear her, and she broke it below her
1893-10-09		evening	open water	x	ship	Towards evening the whole slackened again, till we lay in a good-sized piece of open water, and had hurriedly to moor her to our old floe, or we should have drifted off.
1893-10-09		evening	pressure in vicinity		vicinity	There seems to be a good deal of movement in the ice here. Peter has just been telling us that he hears the dull booming of strong pressures not far off.
1893-10-10			general deformation			The ice continues disturbed
1893-10-11			pressure against hull		ship	The ice is restless, and has pressed a good deal to-day again. It begins with a gentle crack and moan along the side of the ship, which gradually sounds louder in every key. Now it is a high plaintive tone, now it is a grumble, now it is a snarl, and the ship gives a start up. The noise steadily grows till it is like all the [273]pipes of an organ; the ship trembles and shakes, and rises by fits and starts, or is sometimes gently lifted.
1893-10-12		morning	lead	x	ship	In the morning we and our floe were drifting on blue water in the middle of a large, open lane, which stretched far to the north, and in the north the atmosphere at the horizon was dark and blue.
1893-10-13		night	pressure against hull		ship	The ice is pressing and packing round us with a noise like thunder. It is piling itself up into long walls, and heaps high enough to reach a good way up the Fram's rigging; in fact, it is trying its very utmost to grind the Fram into powder.
1893-10-13		night	ridge		floe	Last night there was tremendous pressure round our old dog-floe. The ice had towered up higher than the highest point of the floe and hustled down upon it. It had quite spoiled a well, where we till now had found good drinking-water, filling it with brine.
1893-10-13		morning	open water	x	ship	In the morning the pressure slackened again, and we were soon lying in a large piece of open water, as we [278]did yesterday
1893-10-13	20	evening	pressure against hull		ship	The very great pressure just now is probably due to the spring-tide; we had new moon on the 9th, which was the first day of the pressure. Then it was just after mid-day when we noticed it, but it has been later every day, and now it is at 8 P.M.
1893-10-14			pressure against hull		ship	This evening the pressure has been pretty violent
1893-10-15			pressure		ship	To our surprise, the ice [284]did not slacken away much during last night after the violent pressure; and, what was worse, there was no indication of slackening in the morning, now that we were quite ready to go
1893-10-17			general deformation		floe	Continuous movement in the ice
1893-10-17			open water		vicinity	It slackened a little again during the night; some way off to starboard there was a large opening
1893-10-17			pressure against hull		ship	Shortly after midnight there was strong pressure, and between 11 and 12 A.M. came a tremendous squeeze; since then it has slackened again a little.
1893-10-18		night	lead		floe	The opening far to the north has quite disappeared; but during the night a large new one has formed quite close to us. It stretches both north and south, and has now a covering of ice.
1893-10-23			lead		floe	Some channels have opened near us, one along the side of the ship, and one ahead, near the old channel. Only slight signs of pressure in the afternoon.
1893-10-24	4	night	pressure against hull		ship	Between 4 and 5 A.M. there was strong pressure, and the Fram was lifted up a little. It looks as if the pressure were going to begin again; we have spring-tide with full moon.
1893-10-24		morning	open water	x	ship	The ice opened so much this morning that the Fram was afloat in her cutting; later on it closed again, and about 11 there was some strong pressure
1893-10-24		night	pressure against hull		ship	We had a horrible pressure last night. I awoke and felt the Fram being lifted, shaken, and tossed about, and heard the loud cracking of the ice breaking against her sides.
1893-10-26			open water		vicinity	There is, strange to say, little pressure just now; only an occasional slight squeeze. But the ice often opens considerably; there are large pieces of water in several directions; to-day there were some good-sized ones to the south.
1893-11-08			pressure		vicinity	It is new moon again, and we may therefore expect pressure; the ice is, in fact, already moving; it began to split on Saturday, and has broken up more each day. The channels have been of a good size, and the movement becomes more and more perceptible.
1893-11-08			lead	x	ship	To-day the ice by the ship has opened, and we are almost afloat.
1893-11-09			pressure		ship	There is not much pressure; an inclination to it this morning, and a little at 8 o'clock this evening; also a few squeezes later, when we were playing cards.
1893-11-10		morning	pressure		vicinity	There was some pressure this morning, going on till nearly noon, and we heard the noise of it in several directions.
1893-11-10		afternoon	lead		ship	In the afternoon the ice was quite slack, with a large opening alongside the port side of the ship
1893-11-10		evening	pressure against hull		ship	At half-past seven pretty strong pressure began, the ice crashing and grinding along the ship's side. About midnight the roar of packing was heard to the south.
1893-11-10			pressure		ship	There has been some pressure in the course of the day.
1893-11-11			pressure		vicinity	It is curious that the pressure has gone on almost all day—no slackening such as we have usually observed.
1893-11-19			pressure		vicinity	We have had pressure several times, and have heard sounds of it in the southeast. Except for this, the ice has been unusually quiet, and it is closed in tightly round the ship
1893-11-25			pressure		vicinity	On the afternoon of Saturday, the 25th, however, its distant roar was heard from the south, and we have heard it from the same direction every day since.
1893-12-06			crack		vicinity	Wednesday, December 6th. This afternoon the ice cracked abaft the starboard quarter; this evening I see that the crack has opened. We may expect pressure now, as it is new moon either to-day or to-morrow.
1893-12-07			pressure against hull		ship	The ice pressed at the stern at 5 o'clock this morning for about an hour. I lay in my berth and listened to it creaking and grinding and roaring. There was slight pressure again in the afternoon; nothing to speak of. No slackening in the forenoon
1893-12-08			pressure against hull		ship	Pressure from seven till eight this morning.
1893-12-08			pressure against hull		ship	As we were sitting at supper about 6 o'clock, pressure suddenly began. The ice creaked and roared so along the ship's sides close by us that it was not possible to carry on any connected conversation;
1893-12-16			pressure		vicinity	There was a sound to the north exactly like that of ice packing against land, and then suddenly there was such a roar through the air that the dogs started up and barked
1893-12-22			pressure		vicinity	Pressure in several directions
1893-12-25			crack		vicinity	At a newly made crack I went through the fresh ice with one leg and got soaked
1893-12-28			lead		vicinity	A little forward of the Fram there is a broad, newly formed open lane, in which she could lie crossways
1894-01-03			lead		vicinity	The old lane about 1300 feet ahead of the Fram has opened again—a large rift, with a coating of ice and rime
1894-01-12		10	pressure		vicinity	There was pressure about 10 o'clock this morning in the opening forward, but I could see no movement when I was there a little later
1894-01-14			pressure		vicinity	Yesterday the ice was quiet, but this morning there was considerable pressure in several places. Goodness knows what is causing it just now; it is a whole week after new moon.
1894-01-15			pressure		vicinity	There was pressure forward both this morning and towards noon, but we heard the loudest sounds from the north
1894-01-23			lead		vicinity	The opening on our stern lies almost east and west.
1894-01-26			pressure		vicinity	Movement in the ice began on our way home; indeed, there was pretty strong pressure all the time.
1894-01-27			pressure		vicinity	Severe pressure has been going on this evening. It began at 7.30 astern in the opening, and went on steadily for two hours
1894-01-27			ridge		vicinity	As the bear-trap may be in danger, three men go off to see to it, but they find that there is a distance of 50 paces between the new pressure-ridge and the wire by which the trap is secured, so they leave it as it is.
1894-01-27			lead		vicinity	A lane has opened right across the large floe on the port side; you can see the water, dark as it is
1894-01-27			pressure against hull		ship	I feel as if I myself were being gently lifted with the stern-rail
1894-02-15			pressure		vicinity	There is a little pressure every day just now
1894-02-18		evening	pressure		ship	. Pressure in the opening astern. The ice is cracking and squeezing against the ship, making it shake
1894-02-21			crack		vicinity	The ice to starboard cracked yesterday, [401]away beyond the bear-trap.
1894-03-08			pressure against hull		ship	After a long rest the ship got a shake this afternoon. I went on deck
1894-03-09			pressure		vicinity	There has been a good deal of ice-pressure in different directions to-day
1894-03-09			lead		vicinity	. A little way to the north there were a good many newly formed lanes and pressure-ridges
1894-03-09			ridge		vicinity	. A little way to the north there were a good many newly formed lanes and pressure-ridges
1894-05-08			lead		vicinity	wind had broken up the ice a good deal, and now there were lanes in all directions, which proved a great obstacle when I went out driving with the dogs
1894-05-20			lead		vicinity	The ice has been very much broken up in various directions, owing to the continual winds during the last week.
1894-09-09			lead		vicinity	. I was stopped at last by a broad open lane lying pretty nearly north and south; at places it was 400 to 500 yards across, and I saw no end to it either north or south.
1894-10-26			ridge		vicinity	I went out on a delightful trip to the westward, where there had been a good deal of fresh packing, but nothing of any importance
1894-12-20			pressure		ship	In addition to the pressure of yesterday and last night, we had pressure on Thursday morning at half-past nine and again at half-past eleven. It was so strong that Peter, who was at the sounding-hole, jumped up repeatedly, thinking that the ice would burst underneath him.
1894-12-21			pressure		ship
1894-12-22			pressure against hull		ship	About half-past twelve last night the vessel suddenly received a strong pressure, rattling everything on board. I could [29]feel the vibration under me for a long time afterwards while lying in my berth. Finally, I could hear the roaring and grating caused by the ice-pressure.
1894-12-23			crack		ship	About midnight the mate, who has the watch, comes down and reports that the ice has cracked just beyond the thermometer house, between it and the sounding-hole.
1894-12-27			pressure against hull		ship	About 4 o'clock this morning the vessel received a violent shock which made everything tremble, but no noise of ice-packing was to be heard. At about half-past five I heard at intervals the crackling and crunching of the pack-ice which was surging in the lane ahead
1894-12-28			crack		ship	December 28th. I went out in the morning to have a look at the crack on the port side which has now widened out so as to form an open lane
1894-12-28			pressure against hull		ship	At half-past ten another shock followed; later on, from time to time, vibrations were felt in the vessel, and towards half-past eleven the shocks became stronger. It was clear that the ice was packing at some place or other about us
1895-01-01			pressure against hull		ship	First I heard a rumbling outside, and some snow fell down from the rigging upon the tent roof as I sat reading; I thought it sounded like packing in the ice, and just then the Fram received a violent shock, such as she had not received since last winter
1895-01-03			pressure against hull		ship
1895-01-03			ridge		ship	A slight trembling was felt throughout the Fram, and I heard the roar outside. When I came out I was not a little surprised to find a large pressure-ridge all along the channel on the port side scarcely thirty paces from the Fram; the cracks on this side extended to quite eighteen paces from us.
1895-01-03			pressure		ship	Just after I had come on board again shortly before noon the ice suddenly began to press on again.
1895-01-03			crack		ship	for the ice had cracked not a sledge-length away from the dog-biscuit cases, and the crack was extending abaft of the Fram. I went out, and found the crack was a very considerable one.
1895-01-04			pressure		ship	Friday, January 4th. The ice kept quiet during the night, but all day, with some intervals, it has been crackling and settling, and this evening there have been several fits of pressure from 9 o'clock onward.
1895-01-05			ridge		ship	I was called at 5.30 in the morning by Sverdrup, who told me that the hummock had now reached the Fram, and was bearing down on us violently, reaching as high as the rail.
1895-01-05	20		pressure against hull		ship	At about 8 o'clock in the evening, when we thought the ice-pressure had subsided, it started thundering and crashing again worse than ever.
1895-01-07			pressure		ship	There was a little jamming of the ice occasionally during the day, but only of slight duration, then all was quiet again
1895-01-08			pressure		vicinity	The next day, January 8th, the ice began grinding occasionally, and while Mogstad and I stood in the hold working on hand sledges we heard creakings in the ship both above and below us.
1895-03-20			lead		ship	Twenty yards from the vessel a new lane was formed running parallel to the old one between us from the depot; and in addition to this a number of larger or smaller cracks had opened in all directions.
1895-04-11			pressure		vicinity	, there was on the whole considerable disturbance in the ice, with several violent pressures in the lanes around the vessel. On the first-mentioned day, in the evening,
1895-05-05			ridge		vicinity	On May 5th the wide lane aft was jammed up by ice-pressure, and in its stead a rift was formed in the ice on the port side about 100 yards from us, and approximately parallel to the ship.
1895-05-05			lead		vicinity	Fram was no longer connected with and dependent on one solid and continuous ice-field, but separated from it by more or less open channels and attached to a large floe which was daily decreasing in size as new cracks were formed.
1895-04-29			lead		vicinity	The principal channel aft of the vessel continued to open out during the latter part of April, and on the 29th had become very wide. It extended north as far as the eye could reach,
1895-05-02			pressure		vicinity	jamming of the ice, which they described as having been a grand sight.
1895-06-22			lead		vicinity	As spring advanced the disturbance in the ice increased, and new lanes and pools were formed in every direction
1895-07-14			crack		ship	In consequence of these repeated disturbances the cracks in our floe constantly increased, particularly after a very violent pressure on July 14th, when rifts and channels were formed right through the old pressure-ridge to port, and close up to the side of the vessel, so that it appeared for a time as if the Fram would soon slip down into the water.
1895-07-27			lead		ship	Wide lanes were formed in every direction, and the floe upon which the smith's forge was placed danced round in an incessant whirl,
1895-08-08			crack	x	ship	In the evening of August 8th our floe cracked on the port, and the Fram altered her list from 7° to port to 1.5° starboard side
1895-08-17			pressure against hull		ship	On Saturday afternoon, August 17th, a pretty strong ice-pressure suddenly set in around us. In the course of a few minutes the Fram was lifted 22 inches by the stern, and 14 inches by the bow.
1895-08-21			pressure against hull		ship	quietly until the morning of the 21st, when another strong pressure began.
1895-09-15			lead		ship	On September 15th the ice slackened so much that there was quite a little sea between us and the great hummock
1895-09-15			pressure		ship	During the whole of September, and well on in October, there was almost incessant disturbance in the ice. New lanes opened on all sides, some close to the ship, and there were frequent pressures.
1895-10-25			lead	x	ship	On October 25th, for instance, it slackened so much in the lane nearest us that the ship lay free from the stern right to the fore-chains; but soon the ice packed together again, so that she was once more frozen quite fast
1895-10-26			pressure		ship	The hardest pressure occurred on October 26th and 27th, but the ship was not very severely attacked.
1896-02-07			lead		ship	We were stopped by a large lane which had formed just abaft [669]the ship during our absence
1896-02-08			crack		vicinity	. At 12.30 at night we felt another shock in the ice.
1896-02-16			pressure		vicinity	it. The ice trembled and roared like a great waterfall, and splintered into small horizontal flakes on the surface. The pressure was repeated almost every day, and more cracks and lanes were constantly to be seen for some time.
1896-04-15			pressure		vicinity	. On the night of the 15th the pressure was very strong in the lane on the port side
1896-04-21			pressure against hull		ship	On the morning of the 21st we were awakened by a violent pressure astern.
1896-05-13			lead		ship	Late in the afternoon of May 13th the lane between the forge and the ship began to widen very much, so that in a couple of hours' time it was about 90 yards wide.
1896-06-02			lead		ship	June 2d, when during the night the ice opened up along the old lane close to the vessel.
1896-06-08			pressure		ship	June 8th and 9th we had some bad pressures, especially on the latter day, when the stern of the vessel was pressed about 6 feet upward, so that the rudder-well was quite out of the water,
1896-06-09			pressure		ship
1896-06-10			pressure		ship
1896-06-11			pressure		ship
1896-06-12			lead		ship	Finally the ice slackened so much on the morning of June 12th that there was a prospect of warping the vessel some distance ahead.