De Giovanni, Andrea; Abondio, Paolo; Frapiccini, Emanuela; Luiselli, Donata; Marini, Mauro (2022): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood caught in Western and Central Mediterranean from 1981 to 2019 [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.943169
Always quote citation above when using data! You can download the citation in several formats below.
Abstract:
The present database contains the harmonised results of investigations on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood caught from FAO fishing divisions 37.1.3 (Sardinia), 37.2.1 (Adriatic) and 37.2.2 (Ionian), in Western and Central Mediterranean Sea. Of the 10,704 records included in the database, 5790 were extracted from a database on contaminants in Mediterranean biota available at https://www.emodnet-chemistry.eu/data (accessed on 01/12/2021), while the other 4,914 come from 38 scientific publications from peer-reviewed journals. The database was compiled along the lines of the work of Cinnirella and colleagues (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.899723) on mercury concentration in Mediterranean biota. The following parameters have been retrieved when available: Country; Location; FAO fishing division; Sea where sampling took place; Latitude; Longitude; Taxonomic class; Taxonomic order; Taxonomic Family; Species scientific name; Species common name; Marine habitat; Trophic level; Sampling depth; Sample length; Sample weight; Age; Sex; Sampled tissue; PAH analysed; Molecular weight of analysed PAHs; Origin of analysed PAHs; Tissue water content; Mean PAH concentration; Minimum PAH concentration; Maximum PAH concentration; Sample size; Sampling period; Sampling date; Sampling season; State of the organism; Reference source; Sampling year. Moreover, two health risk indexes were calculated for each record, based on FAOSTAT data on seafood consumption in Italy (FAOSTAT, 2017), and included in the database.
Related to:
De Giovanni, Andrea; Abondio, Paolo; Frapiccini, Emanuela; Luiselli, Donata; Marini, Mauro (2022): Meta-Analysis of a New Georeferenced Database on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Western and Central Mediterranean Seafood. Applied Sciences, 12(6), 2776, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062776
Source:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT (2017). https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS (Food Balances (2010-); accessed on 1 December 2021)
Amoroso, S; Arnese, Antonio; Cirillo, T; Montuori, P; Triassi, M; Amodio-Cocchieri, R (2003): Pollution by Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Fish and Mussels from the Gulf of Naples, Italy. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71(3), 551-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-8829-6
Arienzo, Michele; Toscanesi, Maria; Trifuoggi, Marco; Ferrara, Luciano; Stanisloa, Corrado; Donadio, Carlo; Grazia, Villari; Gionata, De Vico; Carella, Francesca (2019): Contaminants bioaccumulation and pathological assessment in Mytilus galloprovincialis in coastal waters facing the brownfield site of Bagnoli, Italy. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, 341-352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.064
Bajt, Oliver; Ramšak, Andreja; Milun, Vesna; Andral, Bruno; Romanelli, Giulia; Scarpato, Alfonso; Mitrić, Milena; Kupusović, Tarik; Kljajić, Zoran; Angelidis, Michael; Ҫullaj, Algi; Galgani, Francois (2019): Assessing chemical contamination in the coastal waters of the Adriatic Sea using active mussel biomonitoring with Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 141, 283-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.007
Baumard, Pascale; Budzinski, Hélène; Garrigues, Philippe (1998): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean sea. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(5), 765-776, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170501
Bihari, Nevenka; Fafanđel, Maja; Piškur, Vanda (2007): Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Ecotoxicological Characterization of Seawater, Sediment, and Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Gulf of Rijeka, the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52, 379–387, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-0259-5
Bua, Rosaria Ornella; Contino, Annalinda; Giuffrida, Alessandro (2021): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mullus surmuletus from the Catania Gulf (Sicily, Italy): distribution and potential health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(7), 7756-7765, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11052-z
Cacciatore, Federica; Bernarello, Valentina; Boscolo Brusà, Rossella; Sesta, Giulio; Franceschini, Gianluca; Maggi, Chiara; Gabellini, Massimo; Virno Lamberti, Clauda (2018): PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) bioaccumulation and PAHs/shell weight index in Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) from the Vallona lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea, NE Italy). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148, 787-798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.050
Cinnirella, Sergio; Bruno, Delia Evelina; Pirrone, Nicola; Horvat, Milena; Živković, Igor; Evers, David C; Johnson, Sarah; Sunderland, Elsie M (2019): Mercury concentrations in biota in the Mediterranean Sea, a compilation of 40 years of surveys. Scientific Data, 6(1), 205, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0219-y
Cocchieri, Renata Amodio; Arnese, Antonio; Minicucci, Anna Maria (1990): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms from Italian central Mediterranean coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21(1), 15-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90146-Y
Conte, Francesca; Copat, Chiara; Longo, Sabrina; Conti, Gea Oliveri; Grasso, Alfina; Arena, Giovanni; Dimartino, Angela; Brundo, Maria Violetta; Ferrante, Margherita (2016): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca, Gastropoda): Considerations on food safety and source investigation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 94, 57-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.016
Conti, Gea Oliveri; Copat, Chiara; Ledda, Caterina; Fiore, Maria; Fallico, Roberto; Sciacca, Salvatore; Ferrante, Margherita (2012): Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mullus barbatus from Sicily Channel and Risk-Based Consumption Limits. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88(6), 946-950, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0611-1
Corsi, Ilaria; Mariottini, Michela; Menchi, Valentina; Sensini, Christiana; Balocchi, Cristiana; Focardi, Silvano (2002): Monitoring a Marine Coastal Area: Use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus as Bioindicators. Marine Ecology, 23(s1), 138-153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00014.x
Corsi, Ilaria; Tabaku, A; Nuro, A; Beqiraj, Sajmir; Marku, Elda; Perra, Guido; Tafaj, L; Baroni, Davide; Bocari, D; Guerranti, Cristiana; Çullaj, A; Mariottini, Michela; Shundi, Lila; Volpi, Valentina; Zucchi, Sara; Pastore, AM; Iacocca, Annalisa; Trisciani, Anna; Graziosi, M; Piccinetti, M; Benincasa, T; Focardi, Silvano (2011): Ecotoxicological assessment of Vlora Bay (Albania) by a biomonitoring study using an integrated approach of sublethal toxicological effects and contaminant levels in bioindicator species. Journal of Coastal Research, 58, 116–120, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI_58_11
Della Torre, Camilla; Corsi, Ilaria; Nardi, Francesco; Tomasino, Maria Paola; Perra, Guido; Focardi, Silvano (2010): Transcriptional and post-transcriptional response of drug-metabolizing enzymes to PAHs contamination in red mullet (Mullus barbatus, Linnaeus, 1758): A field study. Marine Environmental Research, 70(1), 95-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.03.009
Esposito, Mauro; Canzanella, Silvia; Lambiase, Sara; Scaramuzzo, Alfredo; La Nucara, Raffaella; Bruno, Teresa; Picazio, Giuseppe; Colarusso, Germana; Brunetti, Roberta; Gallo, Pasquale (2020): Organic pollutants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, PAHs) and toxic metals in farmed mussels from the Gulf of Naples (Italy): Monitoring and human exposure. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101497
European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet): Emodnet Chemistry [webpage]. https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en/chemistry#chemistry-data (Data Access, accessed on 01/12/2021)
Fabbri, Daniele; Baravelli, Valentina; Giannotti, Katia; Donnini, Filippo; Fabbri, Elena (2006): Bioaccumulation of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene by mussels transplanted in a coastal lagoon. Chemosphere, 64(7), 1083-1092, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.071
Fasano, Evelina; Arnese, Antonio; Esposito, Francesco; Albano, Luigi; Masucci, Armando; Capelli, Carlo; Cirillo, T; Nardone, Antonio (2018): Evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic activities on arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in seafood from the Gulf of Naples, Italy. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 53(9), 786-792, https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1445075
Ferrante, Margherita; Zanghì, Guido; Cristaldi, Antonio; Copat, Chiara; Grasso, Alfina; Fiore, Maria; Santo Signorelli, Salvatore; Zuccarello, Pietro; Conti, Gea Oliveri (2018): PAHs in seafood from the Mediterranean Sea: An exposure risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 115, 385-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.024
Fiorito, Filomena; Amoroso, Maria Grazia; Lambiase, Sara; Serpe, Francesco Paolo; Bruno, Teresa; Scaramuzzo, Alfredo; Maglio, Pasquale; Fusco, Giovanna; Esposito, Mauro (2019): A relationship between environmental pollutants and enteric viruses in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Environmental Research, 169, 156-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.001
Frapiccini, Emanuela; Annibaldi, Anna; Betti, Mattia; Polidori, P; Truzzi, Cristina; Marini, Mauro (2018): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in different common sole (Solea solea) tissues from the North Adriatic Sea peculiar impacted area. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 137, 61-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.002
Frapiccini, Emanuela; Cocci, Paolo; Annibaldi, Anna; Panfili, Monica; Santojanni, Alberto; Grilli, Federica; Marini, Mauro; Palermo, Francesco Alessandro (2021): Assessment of seasonal relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation and expression patterns of oxidative stress-related genes in muscle tissues of red mullet (M. barbatus) from the Northern Adriatic Sea. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 88, 103752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2021.103752
Frapiccini, Emanuela; Panfili, Matteo; Guicciardi, Stefano; Santojanni, Alberto; Marini, Mauro; Truzzi, Cristina; Annibaldi, Anna (2020): Effects of biological factors and seasonality on the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in red mullet (Mullus barbatus). Environmental Pollution, 258, 113742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113742
Glad, Marin; Bihari, Nevenka; Jakšić, Željko; Fafanđel, Maja (2017): Comparison between resident and caged mussels: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation and biological response. Marine Environmental Research, 129, 195-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.004
Gomiero, Alessio; Volpato, Elisa; Nasci, Cristina; Perra, Guido; Viarengo, Aldo; Dagnino, Alessandro; Spagnolo, Alessandra; Fabi, Gianna (2015): Use of multiple cell and tissue-level biomarkers in mussels collected along two gas fields in the northern Adriatic Sea as a tool for long term environmental monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 93(1-2), 228-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.034
Guerranti, Cristiana; Grazioli, Eleonora; Focardi, Silvano; Renzi, Monia; Perra, Guido (2016): Levels of chemicals in two fish species from four Italian fishing areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 111, 449-452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.002
Lambiase, Sara; Ariano, Andrea; Serpe, Francesco Paolo; Scivicco, Marcello; Velotto, Salvatore; Esposito, Mauro; Severino, Lorella (2021): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arsenic, chromium and lead in warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa): occurrence and risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35305-35315, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14824-3
Marrone, Raffaele; Mercogliano, Raffaelina; Palma, G; Chirollo, Claudia; Smaldone, G; Anastasio, Aniello (2011): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafood caught off in Napoli Gulf (Italy). Italian Journal of Food Safety, 1(1zero), 61, https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2011.1S.61
Marrone, Raffaele; Smaldone, G; Pepe, T; Mercogliano, Raffaelina; De Felice, Alessandra; Anastasio, Aniello (2012): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seafoods caught in Corigliano Calabro Gulf (CS, Italy). Italian Journal of Food Safety, 1(3), 41-46, https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2012.3.41
Mercogliano, Raffaelina; Santonicola, Serena; De Felice, Alessandra; Anastasio, Aniello; Murru, Nicoletta; Ferrante, Maria Carmela; Cortesi, Maria Luisa (2016): Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels from the gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 104(1-2), 386-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.015
Perugini, Monia; Visciano, Pierina; Giammarino, A; Manera, Maurizio; Di Nardo, W; Amorena, Michele (2007): Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine organisms from the Adriatic Sea, Italy. Chemosphere, 66(10), 1904-1910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.079
Perugini, Monia; Visciano, Pierina; Manera, Maurizio; Turno, Giuseppe; Lucisano, Antonia; Amorena, Michele (2007): Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms from the Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (5), 2049-2054, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0630926
Piccardo, M T; Coradeghini, R; Valerio, F (2001): Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution in Native and Caged Mussels. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(10), 951-956, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00057-1
Serpe, Francesco Paolo; Esposito, Mauro; Gallo, Pasquale; Salini, Marco; Maglio, Pasquale; Hauber, Tiziana; Serpe, Luigi (2010): Determination of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19, 2292-2296, https://www.prt-parlar.de/
Serpe, Francesco Paolo; Esposito, Mauro; Gallo, Pasquale; Serpe, Luigi (2010): Optimisation and validation of an HPLC method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels. Food Chemistry, 122(3), 920-925, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.062
Storelli, Maria Maddalena; Barone, Grazia; Perrone, Veronica Giuliana; Storelli, Arianna (2013): Risk characterization for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic metals associated with fish consumption. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 31(1), 115-119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.03.008
Storelli, Maria Maddalena; Marcotrigiano, Giuseppe Onofrio (2001): Total Mercury Levels in Muscle Tissue of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Journal of Food Protection, 64(7), 1058-1061, https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-64.7.1058
Traina, Anna; Ausili, Antonella; Bonsignore, Maria; Fattorini, Daniele; Gherardi, Serena; Gorbi, Stefania; Quinci, Enza; Romano, Elena; Salvagio Manta, Daniela; Tranchida, Giorgio; Regoli, Francesco; Sprovieri, Mario (2021): Organochlorines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as fingerprint of exposure pathways from marine sediments to biota. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 170, 112676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112676
Trisciani, Anna; Corsi, Ilaria; Della Torre, Camilla; Perra, Guido; Focardi, Silvano (2011): Hepatic biotransformation genes and enzymes and PAH metabolites in bile of common sole (Solea solea, Linnaeus, 1758) from an oil-contaminated site in the Mediterranean Sea: A field study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(4), 806-814, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.001
Vassura, Ivano; Foschini, Federico; Baravelli, Valentina; Fabbri, Daniele (2005): Distribution of alternant and non-alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and clams of the Pialassa Baiona Lagoon (Ravenna, Italy). Chemistry and Ecology, 21(6), 415-424, https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540500438490
Other version:
Project(s):
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 42.674023 * Median Longitude: 12.724858 * South-bound Latitude: 35.488346 * West-bound Longitude: 7.786830 * North-bound Latitude: 45.770000 * East-bound Longitude: 21.450000
Date/Time Start: 1981-05-19T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2019-07-01T00:00:00
Minimum DEPTH, water: 0.00 m * Maximum DEPTH, water: 118.80 m
Event(s):
Parameter(s):
# | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Identification | ID | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
2 | Country | Country | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
3 | Location | Location | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
4 | Food and Agriculture Organisation Major Fishing area, division | FAO MFA division | code | De Giovanni, Andrea | ||
5 | Ocean and sea region | OS region | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
6 | LATITUDE | Latitude | De Giovanni, Andrea | Geocode | ||
7 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | De Giovanni, Andrea | Geocode | ||
8 | Precision | Precis | De Giovanni, Andrea | Geographic precision, see legend | ||
9 | Class | Class | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
10 | Order | Order | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
11 | Family | Family | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
12 | Species | Species | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
13 | Species, common name | Species common | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
14 | Species code | Spec code | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
15 | Marine habitat | Marine habitat | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
16 | Trophic level | Trophic level | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
17 | Trophic level description | Trophic level desc | De Giovanni, Andrea | Source, see legend | ||
18 | DEPTH, water | Depth water | m | De Giovanni, Andrea | Geocode | |
19 | Length | l | cm | De Giovanni, Andrea | ||
20 | Mass | Mass | g | De Giovanni, Andrea | ||
21 | Age | Age | a | De Giovanni, Andrea | ||
22 | Sex | Sex | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
23 | Tissue descriptor | Tissue descriptor | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | ||
24 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon species | PAH species | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | ||
25 | Molecular weight category | Mol weight cat | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | ||
26 | Origin | Origin | De Giovanni, Andrea | PAH origin, see legend | ||
27 | Water content description | Water cont descr | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | ||
28 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, limit of quantification | PAH LOQ | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | |
29 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, limit of detection | PAH LOD | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | see legend | |
30 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | PAH | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | Mean PAH concentration; #0=LOD, #9=LOQ | |
31 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, per unit wet mass | PAH wet mass | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | Mean PAH concentration converted to wet weight; #0=LOD, #9=LOQ | |
32 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | PAH | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | Minimum PAH concentration; #0=LOD, #9=LOQ | |
33 | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | PAH | µg/g | De Giovanni, Andrea | Maximum PAH concentration; #0=LOD, #9=LOQ | |
34 | Sample amount | N | # | De Giovanni, Andrea | ||
35 | Period | Period | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
36 | DATE/TIME | Date/Time | De Giovanni, Andrea | Geocode | ||
37 | Season | Season | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
38 | Type | Type | De Giovanni, Andrea | wild, farmed, transplanted | ||
39 | Reference/source | Reference | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
40 | Year of publication | Year pub | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
41 | Index | Index | De Giovanni, Andrea | Progressive number of the reference | ||
42 | Target hazard quotient | THQ | De Giovanni, Andrea | mean, calculated from column 30 | ||
43 | Target hazard quotient | THQ | De Giovanni, Andrea | mean, calculated from column 31 | ||
44 | Target hazard quotient | THQ | De Giovanni, Andrea | min, calculated from column 32 | ||
45 | Target hazard quotient | THQ | De Giovanni, Andrea | max, calculated from column 33 | ||
46 | Excess lifetime cancer risk | ELCR | De Giovanni, Andrea | |||
47 | Ingestion rate, food | IR food | kg/day | De Giovanni, Andrea | FAOSTAT, 2018 | |
48 | Reference dose | RfD | mg/kg/day | De Giovanni, Andrea | Integrated Risk Information System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (IRIS EPA) | Oral reference dose for PAH |
49 | Cancer slope factor | CSF | mg/kg/day | De Giovanni, Andrea | Cancer slope factor for PAH | |
50 | Comment | Comment | De Giovanni, Andrea |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC) * Processing Level: PANGAEA data processing level 4 (ProcLevel4)
Size:
328998 data points
Download Data
View dataset as HTML (shows only first 2000 rows)