10.1594/PANGAEA.942069Tian, HanqinHanqinTian0000-0002-1806-4091Bian, ZihaoZihaoBian0000-0003-2310-3662Shi, HaoHaoShiQin, XiaoyuXiaoyuQinPan, NaiqingNaiqingPanLu, ChaoqunChaoqunLu0000-0002-1526-0513Pan, ShufenShufenPan0000-0001-7920-1427Tubiello, Francesco NFrancesco NTubiello0000-0003-4617-4690Chang, JinfengJinfengChang0000-0003-4463-7778Conchedda, GiuliaGiuliaConchedda0000-0002-9698-4985Liu, JunguoJunguoLiu0000-0002-5745-6311Mueller, NathanielNathanielMuellerNishina, KazuyaKazuyaNishina0000-0002-8820-1282Xu, RongtingRongtingXuYang, JiaJiaYangYou, LiangzhiLiangzhiYou0000-0001-7930-8814Zhang, BowenBowenZhang0000-0002-8370-0509PANGAEA2022atmospheric depositionCropfertilizermanurenitrogenpasturesrangelandFile contentBinary ObjectNitrogen Model Inter-Comparison Project (NMIP)Dataset10.5194/essd-14-4551-202220 data pointstext/tab-separated-valuesCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalExcessive anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs to the biosphere have disrupted the global nitrogen cycle. To better quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of anthropogenic N enrichments, assess their impacts on the biogeochemical cycles of the planet and other living organisms, and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for sustainable development, we develop a comprehensive and synthetic dataset for anthropogenic N inputs to the terrestrial biosphere. This Harmonized Anthropogenic N Inputs (HaNi) dataset takes advantage of different data sources in a spatiotemporally consistent way to generate a set of high-resolution gridded N input products from the preindustrial to present (1860-2019). The HaNi dataset includes annual rates of synthetic N fertilizer, manure application/deposition, and atmospheric N deposition in cropland, pasture, and rangeland at 5-arcmin. Specifically, the N inputs are categorized, according to the N forms and the land use, as 1) NH4-N fertilizer applied to cropland, 2) NO3-N fertilizer applied to cropland, 3) NH4-N fertilizer applied to pasture, 4) NO3-N fertilizer applied to pasture, 5) manure N application on cropland, 6) manure N application on pasture, 7) manure N deposition on pasture, 8) manure N deposition on rangeland, 9) NHx-N deposition, and 10) NOy-N deposition. The total anthropogenic N (TN) inputs to global terrestrial ecosystems increased from 29.05 Tg N yr-1 in the 1860s to 267.23 Tg N yr-1 in the 2010s, with the dominant N source changing from atmospheric N deposition (before the 1900s) to manure N (the 1910s-2000s), and to synthetic fertilizer in the 2010s. The proportion of synthetic NH4-N fertilizer increased from 64% in the 1960s to 90% in the 2010s, while synthetic NO3-N fertilizer decreased from 36% in the 1960s to 10% in the 2010s. Hotspots of TN inputs shifted from Europe and North America to East and South Asia during the 1960s-2010s. Such spatial and temporal dynamics captured by the HaNi dataset are expected to facilitate a comprehensive assessment of the coupled human-earth system and address a variety of social welfare issues, such as climate-biosphere feedback, air pollution, water quality, and biodiversity.Auburn Universityhttps://doi.org/10.13039/100007579NMIPNitrogen Model Inter-Comparison ProjectFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitieshttps://doi.org/10.13039/5011000122262021QNA6005National Key Research and Development Program of Chinahttps://doi.org/10.13039/50110001216641961124006National Natural Science Foundation of Chinahttps://doi.org/10.13039/50110000180941625001National Science Foundationhttps://doi.org/10.13039/1000000011903722National Science Foundationhttps://doi.org/10.13039/1000000011922687National Science Foundationhttps://doi.org/10.13039/100000001G-F-19-56910Andrew Carnegie fellowship Program