Citation:

PANGAEA.941165

Name: Eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean from moored velocity observations
Published: 2022-02-16
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Arctic Ocean; eddies; eddy kinetic energy; Mooring

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Abstract:

Mesoscale eddies are important for many aspects of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. These include the maintenance of the halocline and the Atlantic Water boundary current through lateral eddy fluxes, shelf-basin exchanges, transport of biological material and sea ice, and the modification of the sea-ice distribution. Here we review what is known about the mesoscale variability and its impacts in the Arctic Ocean in the context of an Arctic Ocean responding rapidly to climate change. In addition, we present the first quantification of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) from moored observations across the entire Arctic Ocean, which we compare to output from an eddy resolving numerical model. We show that EKE is largest in the northern Nordic Seas/Fram Strait and it is also elevated along the shelfbreak of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, especially in the Beaufort Sea. In the central basins it is 100-1000 times lower. Except for the region affected by southward sea-ice export south of Fram Strait, EKE is stronger when sea-ice concentration is low compared to dense ice cover. Areas where conditions typical in the Atlantic and Pacific prevail will increase. Hence, we conclude that the future Arctic Ocean will feature more energetic mesoscale variability.

This table provides (eddy) kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean calculated from moorings and a numerical model across the entire record and averaged over certain conditions (seasons, ice concentration). The calculations are explained in the manuscript (Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean). The used mooring data was compiled from six different sources as listed below and identified in the table based on the Source ID.

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean; eddies; eddy kinetic energy; Mooring

Supplement to:

von Appen, Wilken-Jon; Baumann, Till; Lenn, Yueng‐Djern; Janout, Markus A; Koldunov, Nikolay; Pickart, Robert; Scott, Robert B; Wang, Qiang (in review): Eddies and the distribution of eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean. Oceanography

Source:

Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project moorings 2003-2018

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: Arctic Moorings 2013-2014

Global Multi-Archive Current Meter Database. http://mespages.univ-brest.fr/~scott/GMACMD/gmacmd.html

Baumann, Till; Polyakov, Igor; Padman, Laurie; Danielson, Seth L; Fer, Ilker; Janout, Markus A; Williams, William J; Pnyushkov, Andrey V (2020): Arctic tidal current atlas. Scientific Data, 7(1), 275, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00578-z

Pickart, Robert (2019): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2002-2003 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array, as part of the western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) experiment. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A24T6F334

Pickart, Robert (2019): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2003-2004 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array, as part of the western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI). Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2222R59X

Pickart, Robert (2019): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2005-2006 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2FB4WM1G

Pickart, Robert (2019): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2008-2009 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A25T3G02W

Pickart, Robert (2019): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2014-2016 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A29K45S73

Pickart, Robert; McRaven, Leah (2021): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2009-2010 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. NSF Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A29W09071

Pickart, Robert; McRaven, Leah (2021): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2010-2011 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. NSF Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2GH9B984

Pickart, Robert; McRaven, Leah (2021): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2011-2012 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. NSF Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2BR8MH3H

Pickart, Robert; McRaven, Leah (2021): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2013-2014 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. NSF Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A23775W4T

Pickart, Robert; McRaven, Leah (2021): Arctic Observing Network (AON) observations from the 2016-2018 Beaufort shelf-edge mooring array. NSF Arctic Data Center, https://doi.org/10.18739/A2ZG6G797

Schaffer, Janin; Kanzow, Torsten (2019): Physical oceanography processed data from moorings recovered during PS109 and PS114 on the Northeast Greenland continental shelf. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909471

von Appen, Wilken-Jon (2019): Physical oceanography and current meter data (including raw data) from FRAM moorings in the Fram Strait, 2016-2018. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904565

von Appen, Wilken-Jon; Beszczynska-Möller, Agnieszka; Schauer, Ursula; Fahrbach, Eberhard (2019): Physical oceanography and current meter data from moorings F1-F14 and F15/F16 in the Fram Strait, 1997-2016. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.900883

von Appen, Wilken-Jon; Salter, Ian; Nöthig, Eva-Maria; Rabe, Benjamin; Scholz, Daniel; Schauer, Ursula; Boetius, Antje (2017): Physical oceanography and current meter data from mooring Karasik-2015. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.870849

von Appen, Wilken-Jon; Salter, Ian; Nöthig, Eva-Maria; Rabe, Benjamin; Scholz, Daniel; Schauer, Ursula; Boetius, Antje (2017): Physical oceanography and current meter data from mooring Nansen-2015. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.870850

Other version:

Eddy kinetic energy in the Arctic Ocean - text-file

Project(s):

FRontiers in Arctic marine Monitoring (FRAM)

Physical Oceanography @ AWI (AWI_PhyOce)

Coverage:

Median Latitude: 73.292953 * Median Longitude: -32.417920 * South-bound Latitude: 60.007000 * West-bound Longitude: -159.903000 * North-bound Latitude: 89.429000 * East-bound Longitude: 161.264000

Date/Time Start: 1980-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2018-08-25T00:00:00

Minimum Elevation: -4711.0 m * Maximum Elevation: -50.0 m

Event(s):

250_MOOR * Latitude: 73.386000 * Longitude: -0.828000 * Date/Time Start: 1988-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1989-01-01T00:00:00 * Elevation: -2971.0 m * Method/Device: Mooring (MOOR) * Comment: Long term observation, date of deployment and recovery unknown

293-S1_MOOR * Latitude: 62.810000 * Longitude: 4.258000 * Date/Time Start: 1997-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 * Elevation: -385.0 m * Method/Device: Mooring (MOOR) * Comment: Long term observation, date of deployment and recovery unknown

293-X1_MOOR * Latitude: 62.998000 * Longitude: 3.894000 * Date/Time Start: 1997-01-01T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 1999-01-01T00:00:00 * Elevation: -921.0 m * Method/Device: Mooring (MOOR) * Comment: Long term observation, date of deployment and recovery unknown

Comment:

Source ID list:

1. Baumann et al. compilation for tidal parameters: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-00578-z/tables/3

2. Global Multi-Archive Current Meter Database: http://mespages.univ-brest.fr/~scott/GMACMD/gmacmd.html

3. Pangaea:

von Appen et al. 2016-2018 FRAM https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904565

von Appen et al. 1997-2016 Fram Strait https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.900883

Schaffer et al. 2016-2018 EG shelf https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909471

Karasik 2015-2016 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.870849

Nansen 2015-2016 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.870850

4. Arctic Data Center:

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2002-2003 https://doi.org/10.18739/A24T6F334

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2003-2004 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2222R59X

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2005-2006 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2FB4WM1G

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2008-2009 https://doi.org/10.18739/A25T3G02W

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2009-2010 https://doi.org/10.18739/A29W09071

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2010-2011 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2GH9B984

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2011-2012 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2BR8MH3H

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2012-2013 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2707WP8K

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2013-2014 https://doi.org/10.18739/A23775W4T

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2014-2016 https://doi.org/10.18739/A29K45S73

BS3 Arctic Observing Network 2016-2018 https://doi.org/10.18739/A2ZG6G797

5. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution website:

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Arctic Moorings 2013-2014 http://science.whoi.edu/users/seasoar/boem_recov/

Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project moorings 2003-2018 https://www2.whoi.edu/site/beaufortgyre/data/mooring-data/

6. Personal communication (data not yet available online)

Arctic Kap moorings 2015-2018 Eugenio.Ruiz-Castillo@awi.de

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Comment
1	Station label	Station		von Appen, Wilken-Jon
2	LONGITUDE	Longitude		von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Geocode
3	LATITUDE	Latitude		von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Geocode
4	ELEVATION	Elevation	m a.s.l.	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Geocode
5	Reference/source	Reference		von Appen, Wilken-Jon	see dataset comment
6	First year of observation	Year start	a AD	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	First year of records
7	Last year of observation	Year end	a AD	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Last year of records
8	Duration	Duration	a	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Duration of records which may be shorter than End year minus Start year if there are months/years without observations
9	DEPTH, water	Depth water	m	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Geocode – Mean depth of the used velocity observations
10	Depth, top/min	Depth top	m	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Minimum depth of the used velocity observations which is typically 50 m
11	Depth, bottom/max	Depth bot	m	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Maximum depth of the used velocity observations which is typically 100 m
12	Velocity, east	East vel	m/s	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean eastward velocity
13	Velocity, north	North vel	m/s	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean northward velocity
14	Eddy kinetic energy, mean	EKE mean	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean EKE (eddy kinetic energy) which is based on 2-days to 30-days bandpass filtered velocities
15	Total kinetic energy	KE tot	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean TKE (total kinetic energy) which is directly based on the time series
16	Mean kinetic energy	MKE	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean MKE (mean kinetic energy) which is based on the mean eastward and northward velocities
17	Low-frequency kinetic energy	LKE	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean LKE (low-frequency kinetic energy) which is based on 30-days lowpass filtered velocities and includes seasonal and interannual variability
18	High-frequency kinetic energy	HKE	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	Record mean HKE (high-frequency kinetic energy) which is based on 2-days highpass filtered velocities and includes tidal variability and inertial oscillations
19	Eddy kinetic energy, at depth	EKE at depth	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE based on velocities averaged between 500 m and 1000 m depth (note that columns 8-10 do not apply to this column but they apply to all other columns)
20	Eddy kinetic energy, winter	EKE win	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in winter (January, February, March)
21	Eddy kinetic energy, spring	EKE spr	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in spring (April, May, June)
22	Eddy kinetic energy, summer	EKE sum	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in summer (July, August, September)
23	Eddy kinetic energy, autumn	EKE aut	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in fall (October, November, December)
24	Eddy kinetic energy, no ice	EKE no ice	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE at sea ice concentrations <20%
25	Eddy kinetic energy, some ice	EKE some ice	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE at sea ice concentrations >20% and <80%
26	Eddy kinetic energy, ice	EKE ice	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE at sea ice concentrations >80%
27	Eddy kinetic energy, model bandpass	EKE model bandpass	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE based on bandpass filtered velocity time series from Wang et al. (2020) model
28	Eddy kinetic energy, model online	EKE model online	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE based on online calculation (deviation of instantaneous velocities from monthly means) from Wang et al. (2020) model
29	Eddy kinetic energy, 2000-2010	EKE 2000-2010	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in decade from 01-Jan-2000 to 01-Jan-2010 (note that columns 4-7 may not apply to this column)
30	Eddy kinetic energy, 2010-2020	EKE 2010-2020	m²/s²	von Appen, Wilken-Jon	EKE in decade from 01-Jan-2010 to 01-Jan-2020 (note that columns 4-7 may not apply to this column)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

4806 data points

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