DuPont, Sara Tianna; Kalcsits, Lee; Kogan, Clark (2021): Soil health indicators for Central Washington Orchards [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937089
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Abstract:
The objective of this study was to initiate the steps to develop a soil assessment tool for irrigated orchard soils in Central Washington, United States including defining objectives, gathering baseline data and selecting target indicators.
A total of 97 apple (Malus domestica) orchard fields were sampled in Washington, United States between 2015 and 2020. Of these plots there were 30 matched pairs (60 plots) on the same or similar soil type with matching cultivar/rootstock, tree age and training system type. One field in each pair was high performing and the other underperforming based on grower description. A subset of 32 plots (16 matched pairs) were sampled for fruit yield and fruit quality.
Soil samples were collected as 50 to 100-soil core composite samples (2.5 cm core) to a depth of 20 cm in the tree root zone (15-60 cm from trunk) where 10 to 20 random samples were taken in each of five locations of the 2 to 16 hectare field. Four 100 cm3 intact soil cores were used for bulk density analysis. Five 120 cm3 intact cores were taken for micro-arthropod analysis. All soil sampling was conducted during June and July after soils had warmed (>13 °C) and 1 to 3 months before apple harvest.
Water supply for each orchard site was determined using a grower survey of irrigation practices and on-site irrigation measurements and demand was estimated from evapotranspiration estimates based on meteorological data from the nearest weather station [1]. On site irrigation measurements included measurements of water volume per emitter per hour at ten locations within a block which was then multiplied by emitters per acre. Fields with insufficient irrigation were not included in matched plot analysis.
Fruit yield and quality were determined by collecting grower reported packing house yield data for the previous two to four years where available. For orchards where packing house data was not collected, a subset of five representative trees were selected for each orchard. At harvest, fruit per tree were counted and 20 fruit per tree collected to determine mean fruit weight and to estimate total yield. Yield was normalized to a 0-100 scale (percent yield goal) where the reported yield was divided by the yield goal identified by the grower in order to account for the yield potential of individual varieties and growing systems.
Keyword(s):
Supplement to:
DuPont, Sara Tianna; Kalcsits, Lee; Kogan, Clark; Lopes, Ana R (2021): Soil health indicators for Central Washington orchards. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0258991, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258991
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 47.211951 * Median Longitude: -119.817111 * South-bound Latitude: 45.952900 * West-bound Longitude: -120.755180 * North-bound Latitude: 48.848230 * East-bound Longitude: -119.086330
Event(s):
Washington_apple_orchard_AB40 * Latitude: 46.720020 * Longitude: -120.666330 * Location: Central Washington, United States * Method/Device: Soil sample (SOILS)
Comment:
Empty cells = NA
Penetration resistance = Measured using a penetrometer in pounds per square inch (psi) (Dicky-john Corp, Auburn, IL) at field capacity. Slow even pressure was applied. The highest pressure reading was recorded for the surface 0-15 cm and proximate 15-45 cm.
Parameter(s):
| # | Name | Short Name | Unit | Principal Investigator | Method/Device | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Event label | Event | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 2 | Year of observation | Year obs | a AD | DuPont, Sara Tianna | ||
| 3 | Block | Block | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 4 | Plot | Plot | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 5 | LATITUDE | Latitude | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Geocode | ||
| 6 | LONGITUDE | Longitude | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Geocode | ||
| 7 | Rating | Rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Orchardists rated: high = adequate production; low = lacking production | ||
| 8 | Apple scion | Apple scion | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 9 | Apple rootstock | Apple rootstock | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 10 | Tree, age | Tree age | a | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Tree age at date of soil sampling calculated as years in the orchard a not including years in the nursery | |
| 11 | Soil organic matter | SOC | t/ha | DuPont, Sara Tianna | ||
| 12 | Soil name | Soil name | DuPont, Sara Tianna | USA NRCS soil survey | ||
| 13 | Soil texture | Soil texture | DuPont, Sara Tianna | USA NRCS soil survey | ||
| 14 | Tree density | Trees | #/ha | DuPont, Sara Tianna | ||
| 15 | Sample comment | Sample comment | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Tree training system | ||
| 16 | Sample comment | Sample comment | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Orchard floor management | ||
| 17 | Percentage | Perc | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated | Of the orchardist yield goal |
| 18 | Number | No | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Packed boxes per acre | ||
| 19 | Number | No | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Bins per acre harvested | ||
| 20 | Irrigation stress | Irr stress | DuPont, Sara Tianna | iIrrigation stress (fraction of tree water needs provided) | ||
| 21 | Soil texture classification | Soil texture class | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Based on soil texture analsysis | ||
| 22 | Sand | Sand | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Rapid soil texture procedure per Kettler TA (2001) | |
| 23 | Silt | Silt | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Rapid soil texture procedure per Kettler TA (2001) | |
| 24 | Clay | Clay | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Rapid soil texture procedure per Kettler TA (2001) | |
| 25 | pH | pH | DuPont, Sara Tianna | |||
| 26 | Phosphorus | P | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Labile fraction of total P extraction with sodium bicarbonate after Olsen, 1954 | Original unit = ppm |
| 27 | Potassium | K | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Sodium bicarbonate K extraction | Original unit = ppm |
| 28 | Calcium | Ca2+ | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Sodium bicarbonate K extraction | Original unit = ppm |
| 29 | Magnesium | Mg | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Sodium bicarbonate K extraction | Original unit = ppm |
| 30 | Manganese | Mn | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | DTPA-Sorbitol Extractable | Original unit = ppm |
| 31 | Copper | Cu | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | DTPA-Sorbitol Extractable | Original unit = ppm |
| 32 | Zinc | Zn | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | DTPA-Sorbitol Extractable | Original unit = ppm |
| 33 | Iron | Fe | mg/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | DTPA-Sorbitol Extractable | Original unit = ppm |
| 34 | Cation exchange capacity | CEC | cmol/kg | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Sum of bases | |
| 35 | Soil organic matter | Soil OM | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Loss on ignition per Gavlack R (2005) | |
| 36 | Permanganate oxidizable carbon per soil dry mass | Permanganate oxidizable C dm | µg/g | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Permanganate oxidation method (Weil 2003) | |
| 37 | Carbon dioxide production | CO2 prod | mg/g | DuPont, Sara Tianna | CO2 release during a four day incubation of air dried and rewetted soil (Zibilske L 1994) | From resporation |
| 38 | Potentially mineralizable nitrogen | PMN | µg/week | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Saturated, anaerobic incubation per Schindelbeck RR (2016) | |
| 39 | Autoclaved-citrate extractable soil protein index | ACE I | mg/g | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Sodium citrate protein extraction after Walker JM (2002) | |
| 40 | Density, dry bulk | DBD | g/cm3 | DuPont, Sara Tianna | ||
| 41 | Water stable aggregates | WSA | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Rainfall simulator method per Kettler TA (2001) | |
| 42 | Penetration resistance | Pen resist | psi | DuPont, Sara Tianna | see comment | 0-15 cm |
| 43 | Penetration resistance | Pen resist | psi | DuPont, Sara Tianna | see comment | 15-45 cm |
| 44 | Available water capacity | AWC | g/g | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Pressure chambers and ceramic plates with a known porosity per Reynolds WD (2008) | |
| 45 | Infiltration rate | Infiltration | min/cm | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Measured by inserting five 15 cm diameter rings into the soil in the weed free strip beneath the trees to a depth of 7 cm | |
| 46 | Apple bioassay | Apple bioassay | % | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Seedling growth | rated as percent of pastuerized control |
| 47 | Bean bioassay scale | Bean bioassay scale | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Root disease symptoms rating per Abawi, Ludwig (2004) | 1-9 scale where higher ratings indicate strong presence of visible disease symptoms | |
| 48 | Lesion, Pratylenchus nematodes | Lesion P. nematodes | # | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Counted per 500 cm**3 of soil | |
| 49 | Lesion, Xiphenema nematodes | Lesion X. nematodes | # | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Counted per 500 cm**3 of soil | |
| 50 | Microarthropods | Microarthropods | #/m2 | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Counted per m**2 (Crossley, DA 1991) | Mites, collembola |
| 51 | Structure index | Structure I | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Nematode soil food web analysis (Ferris and Bongers (1993)) | ||
| 52 | Basal index | Basal I | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Nematode soil food web analysis (Ferris and Bongers (1993)) | ||
| 53 | Enrichment index | Enrichment I | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Nematode soil food web analysis (Ferris and Bongers (1993)) | ||
| 54 | Sand rating | Sand rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 55 | pH rating | pH rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 56 | Phosphorus rating | P rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 57 | Potassium rating | K rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 58 | Calcium rating | Ca rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 59 | Magnesium rating | Mg rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 60 | Micronutrients rating | Micronut rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 61 | Cation exchange capacity rating | CEC rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 62 | Organic matter rating | OM rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 63 | Permanganate oxidizable carbon rating | Permanganate oxidizable C rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 64 | Respiration rating | Resp rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 65 | Potentially mineralizable nitrogen rating | PMN rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 66 | Autoclaved-citrate extractable soil protein rating | ACE I rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 67 | Density, bulk rating | Dens bulk rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 68 | Penetration resistance rating | Pen resist rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | 0-6 inches | |
| 69 | Penetration resistance rating | Pen resist rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | 7-18 inches | |
| 70 | Water stable aggregates rating | WSA rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 71 | Available water capacity rating | AWC rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 72 | Infiltration rating | Infiltration rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 73 | Apple bioassay rating | Apple bioassay rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 74 | Bean bioassay rating | Bean bioassay rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 75 | Pratylenchus nematodes rating | P. nematodes rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 76 | Xiphenema nematodes rating | X. nematode rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 77 | Microarthropods rating | Microarthropods rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 78 | Structure index rating | Structure I rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 79 | Basal Index rating | Basal I rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) | ||
| 80 | Enrichment index rating | Enrichment I rating | DuPont, Sara Tianna | Calculated according to DuPont et al. (2021) |
License:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)
Status:
Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)
Size:
7203 data points
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