Citation:

PANGAEA.914837

Name: Geochemical analyses from different surface sediment samples of Lake Towuti, Indonesia
Published: 2020-04-16
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP); Lake Towuti; modern sedimentation; provenance analysis; Redox conditions; tropical lake

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Published: 2020-04-16 • DOI registered: 2020-06-02

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Abstract:

For granulometric, geochemical and mineralogical analyses, approximately 25 ml of each surface sample was frozen for 24 hours and subsequently lyophilized using a Christ BETA 1-8 LDplus (Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Osterode am Harz, Germany). The freeze-dried samples were homogenized and split into two aliquots. The other aliquot of the freeze-dried surface samples was ground to <63 µm with a Planetary Mill Pulverisette 5 (FRITSCH GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) and used for mineralogical and geochemical analyses.

For quantitative analyses of the inorganic element composition of the surface samples, including concentrations of selected major, minor and trace elements (Ti, K, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr and Mn), 0.5 g of dry and ground bulk sample material was digested using a near-total digestion protocol with HCl, nitric (HNO3), perchloric (HClO4) and hydrofluoric (HF) acids in heated and closed teflon vessels. Measurements were performed by means of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) at Activation Laboratories Ltd., Ancaster, ON, Canada.

Separate Si measurements were conducted by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) using a portable analyzer (NITON XL3t; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at the University of Cologne, Germany. Triplicate measurements were performed on pellets of freeze-dried and ground sample aliquots, which were pressed into teflon rings under 12 bars, and subsequently covered with a 4 µm polypropylene film (X-ray film, TF-240-255, Premier Lab Supply, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA). Measurements were performed using a gold anode X-ray source (70 kV) and the 'mining-minerals-mode'. The secondary X-rays of element-specific photon energies were detected with a silicon drift detector and processed by a digital signal processor. Si concentrations (in ppm) were calculated from the element-specific fluorescence energies and compared with external and internal reference materials (STDS-4, BCR142R and BCR-CRM 277).

Keyword(s):

Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP); Lake Towuti; modern sedimentation; provenance analysis; Redox conditions; tropical lake

Related to:

Hasberg, Ascelina; Bijaksana, Satria; Held, Peter; Just, Janna; Melles, Martin; Morlock, Marina A; Opitz, Stephan; Russell, James M; Vogel, Hendrik; Wennrich, Volker (2019): Modern sedimentation processes in Lake Towuti, Indonesia, revealed by the composition of surface sediments. Sedimentology, 66(2), 675-698, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12503

Coverage:

Median Latitude: -2.759479 * Median Longitude: 121.512143 * South-bound Latitude: -2.932300 * West-bound Longitude: 120.951200 * North-bound Latitude: -2.652500 * East-bound Longitude: 121.664700

Minimum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m * Maximum DEPTH, sediment/rock: 0 m

Event(s):

Lake_Towuti-01 * Latitude: -2.668200 * Longitude: 121.420600 * Lake water depth: 6.3 m

Lake_Towuti-02 * Latitude: -2.652500 * Longitude: 121.441000 * Lake water depth: 5.4 m

Lake_Towuti-03 * Latitude: -2.669200 * Longitude: 121.454800 * Lake water depth: 48.4 m

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Event label	Event		Hasberg, Ascelina
2	Latitude of event	Latitude		Hasberg, Ascelina
3	Longitude of event	Longitude		Hasberg, Ascelina
4	Depth, bathymetric	Bathy depth	m	Hasberg, Ascelina		Lake water depth
5	Station label	Station		Hasberg, Ascelina		Sediment surface sample number
6	DEPTH, sediment/rock	Depth sed	m	Hasberg, Ascelina		Geocode
7	Calcium	Ca	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
8	Potassium	K	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
9	Iron	Fe	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
10	Titanium	Ti	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm
11	Nickel	Ni	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm
12	Aluminium	Al	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
13	Magnesium	Mg	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
14	Manganese	Mn	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm
15	Chromium	Cr	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm
16	Sodium	Na	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS
17	Silicon	Si	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	X-ray fluorescence (XRF)	original unit = ppm
18	Silicon	Si	%	Hasberg, Ascelina	X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
19	Copper	Cu	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm
20	Chromium	Cr	mg/kg	Hasberg, Ascelina	ICP-MS	original unit = ppm

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Size:

1324 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Event	2 Latitude	3 Longitude	4 Bathy depth [m] (Lake water depth)	5 Station (Sediment surface sample number)	7 Ca [%] (ICP-MS)	8 K [%] (ICP-MS)	9 Fe [%] (ICP-MS)	10 Ti [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)	11 Ni [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)	12 Al [%] (ICP-MS)	13 Mg [%] (ICP-MS)	14 Mn [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)	15 Cr [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)	16 Na [%] (ICP-MS)	17 Si [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, X-ray fl...)	18 Si [%] (X-ray fluorescence (XRF))	19 Cu [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)	20 Cr [mg/kg] (original unit = ppm, ICP-MS)
Lake_Towuti-01	-2.6682	121.4206	6.3	1	1.98	0.58	10.10	0.226	2070	6.67	3.79	2420	2010	0.718	140736.20330	14.073620330	98.8	2010
Lake_Towuti-02	-2.6525	121.4410	5.4	2	0.63	0.62	11.60	0.190	2660	7.26	2.10	1310	4630	0.336	131284.18670	13.128418670	93.2	4630
Lake_Towuti-03	-2.6692	121.4548	48.4	3	0.84	0.59	12.30	0.300	3340	6.99	3.54	1850	2360	0.348	128222.52670	12.822252670	97.4	2360
Lake_Towuti-04	-2.6875	121.4526	97.5	4	0.66	0.53	13.30	0.349	3860	5.84	4.11	3500	2400	0.205	107115.04000	10.711504000	92.3	2400
Lake_Towuti-05	-2.6547	121.4775	47.1	5	0.71	0.30	16.20	0.285	7200	4.90	4.59	1780	8210	0.126	123179.87330	12.317987330	57.2	8210
Lake_Towuti-06	-2.6731	121.4824	7.5	6	5.31	0.41	7.91	0.239	7240	6.45	6.21	1110	2170	1.540	116860.10000	11.686010000	43.4	2170
Lake_Towuti-07	-2.6712	121.4548	62.4	7	0.75	0.43	11.20	0.279	3450	4.86	8.02	1370	2820	0.196	127335.94000	12.733594000	61.4	2820
Lake_Towuti-08	-2.6679	121.5218	49.0	8	1.12	0.28	9.01	0.173	2710	3.14	10.80	927	3280	0.248	125926.03330	12.592603330	37.9	3280
Lake_Towuti-09	-2.6788	121.5266	96.4	9	0.84	0.32	9.24	0.156	2850	3.18	11.50	1410	2900	0.215	124442.63670	12.444263670	44.9	2900
Lake_Towuti-10	-2.6693	121.5178	72.6	10	0.89	0.30	9.49	0.152	2970	3.13	12.20	1560	3160	0.205	123596.46000	12.359646000	40.4	3160
Lake_Towuti-11	-2.6828	121.5128	83.4	11	0.90	0.42	10.00	0.209	3060	4.08	9.96	1600	2480	0.253	123117.37330	12.311737330	51.8	2480
Lake_Towuti-12	-2.6943	121.5210	124.7	12	0.78	0.46	10.50	0.209	3100	4.14	9.46	1590	2300	0.238	155088.26670	15.508826670	56.5	2300
Lake_Towuti-13	-2.6836	121.5452	140.0	13	0.88	0.25	8.90	0.132	2820	2.77	13.30	1400	2640	0.176	116681.01000	11.668101000	44.7	2640
Lake_Towuti-14	-2.6883	121.5335	125.4	14	0.78	0.44	10.60	0.198	3180	4.10	9.64	1420	2430	0.218	124776.74000	12.477674000	64.6	2430
Lake_Towuti-15	-2.6743	121.5569	171.2	15	0.52	0.45	13.40	0.202	4140	4.36	7.38	4180	2300	0.152	109396.98330	10.939698330	74.4	2300
Lake_Towuti-16	-2.6853	121.5635	174.9	16	0.76	0.34	10.10	0.161	3360	3.51	10.20	3220	2610	0.160	105684.55330	10.568455330	55.0	2610
Lake_Towuti-17	-2.6957	121.5851	195.5	17	0.47	0.45	14.50	0.213	4450	4.67	6.78	4120	2510	0.138	117898.05000	11.789805000	86.5	2510
Lake_Towuti-18	-2.6655	121.5281	3.5	18	1.24	0.06	8.49	0.083	2460	1.97	18.50	1080	9870	0.151	121863.57670	12.186357670	20.6	9870
Lake_Towuti-19	-2.6935	121.4868	123.7	19	0.58	0.54	13.80	0.338	4000	5.88	5.20	3550	2500	0.210	125531.39000	12.553139000	88.2	2500
Lake_Towuti-20	-2.7015	121.4439	75.6	20	0.55	0.54	14.90	0.315	4400	5.90	4.61	2350	3400	0.139	117384.82670	11.738482670	83.5	3400
Lake_Towuti-21	-2.7048	121.4816	144.7	21	0.58	0.53	13.80	0.308	4010	5.71	5.88	3010	2540	0.204	115220.04000	11.522004000	87.4	2540
Lake_Towuti-22	-2.7019	121.5592	171.4	22	0.51	0.46	12.20	0.206	3770	4.54	7.24	2410	2250	0.160	120758.52330	12.075852330	72.7	2250
Lake_Towuti-23	-2.6778	121.5869	177.9	23	0.45	0.43	15.00	0.203	4560	4.64	6.19	4910	2650	0.117	108288.55330	10.828855330	81.6	2650
Lake_Towuti-24	-2.6753	121.6384	133.3	24	0.38	0.31	20.00	0.171	6160	4.49	4.42	3930	4300	0.063	103689.32330	10.368932330	96.8	4300
Lake_Towuti-25	-2.6976	121.6599	129.2	25	0.48	0.27	21.00	0.161	6200	4.31	5.09	3350	5860	0.059	95158.83333	9.515883333	82.4	5860
Lake_Towuti-26	-2.7168	121.6272	137.7	26	0.42	0.45	17.30	0.227	5740	5.35	5.57	3130	3720	0.102	109451.18000	10.945118000	93.8	3720
Lake_Towuti-27	-2.7274	121.6569	59.3	27	0.33	0.13	25.60	0.097	8280	3.75	4.27	1420		0.033	102739.02330	10.273902330	36.2
Lake_Towuti-28	-2.7114	121.6073	194.5	28	0.40	0.44	17.30	0.216	4900	4.89	5.59	5590	3140	0.106	109252.08000	10.925208000	90.3	3140
Lake_Towuti-29	-2.7146	121.5817	172.1	29	0.46	0.49	14.60	0.230	4310	5.38	6.60	2360	2690	0.139	113581.27670	11.358127670	83.8	2690
Lake_Towuti-30	-2.7079	121.5403	147.6	30	0.75	0.42	9.96	0.175	2860	4.01	10.30	1620	2610	0.203	119222.73000	11.922273000	51.9	2610
Lake_Towuti-31	-2.7113	121.5180	147.4	31	0.66	0.46	11.10	0.219	3330	4.69	8.98	2000	2480	0.203	120884.89330	12.088489330	70.0	2480
Lake_Towuti-32	-2.7165	121.4949	153.7	32	0.55	0.52	13.40	0.255	3870	5.33	7.09	2790	2310	0.183	122311.29670	12.231129670	79.1	2310
Lake_Towuti-33	-2.7173	121.4666	100.4	33	0.47	0.69	14.20	0.323	4690	6.66	5.60	3240	2450	0.156	130269.39000	13.026939000	88.2	2450
Lake_Towuti-34	-2.7182	121.5593	141.1	34	0.54	0.50	13.30	0.228	3960	5.30	7.94	2030	2510	0.168	119777.78330	11.977778330	74.2	2510
Lake_Towuti-35	-2.7246	121.5358	154.0	35	0.62	0.50	13.30	0.219	3780	5.02	8.93	2440	2520	0.191	116786.53000	11.678653000	70.1	2520
Lake_Towuti-36	-2.7265	121.5089	157.7	36	0.58	0.52	12.90	0.242	3700	5.33	8.21	2500	2370	0.202	117416.28000	11.741628000	75.4	2370
Lake_Towuti-37	-2.7315	121.4810	146.5	37	0.47	0.66	14.10	0.301	4360	6.46	6.46	3720	2340	0.171	123806.53000	12.380653000	88.2	2340
Lake_Towuti-38	-2.7376	121.4561	78.5	38	0.49	0.65	15.00	0.287	4560	6.37	5.25	2460	3210	0.128	122111.69000	12.211169000	80.9	3210
Lake_Towuti-39	-2.6636	121.6647	101.1	39	0.44	0.25	20.60	0.154	5490	4.44	4.25	3200	5580	0.056	103841.71670	10.384171670	76.3	5580
Lake_Towuti-40	-2.7525	121.4642	101.2	40	0.42	0.66	15.20	0.280	4470	6.21	5.29	3340	2590	0.138	118228.60330	11.822860330	82.6	2590
Lake_Towuti-41	-2.7428	121.4971	130.1	41	0.47	0.67	13.10	0.282	4100	6.17	6.45	2280	2320	0.165	124892.51670	12.489251670	85.2	2320
Lake_Towuti-42	-2.7397	121.5245	161.8	42	0.56	0.53	13.40	0.238	3980	5.61	8.08	2180	2500	0.183	120427.06000	12.042706000	103.0	2500
Lake_Towuti-43	-2.7338	121.5551	141.6	43	0.51	0.52	14.00	0.233	4180	5.45	7.47	2190	2600	0.158	117541.39670	11.754139670	82.6	2600
Lake_Towuti-44	-2.7316	121.5799	126.8	44	0.50	0.59	15.00	0.288	4390	6.47	6.30	2130	3160	0.155	120717.00330	12.071700330	82.8	3160
Lake_Towuti-45	-2.7307	121.6079	81.8	45	0.46	0.46	16.60	0.243	4890	5.60	5.43	2400	3690	0.114	117117.62330	11.711762330	72.8	3690
Lake_Towuti-46	-2.7447	121.6150	53.8	46	0.51	0.32	19.30	0.193	6360	4.82	5.72	1690	6790	0.088	114608.62670	11.460862670	47.7	6790
Lake_Towuti-47	-2.7457	121.5960	73.9	47	0.54	0.53	15.70	0.290	4480	6.24	5.76	2010	3700	0.140	115439.47220	11.543947220	74.0	3700
Lake_Towuti-48	-2.7583	121.6017	92.2	48	0.61	0.08	17.30	0.093	8140	3.06	11.40	3370	8800	0.049	109347.39000	10.934739000	19.8	8800
Lake_Towuti-49	-2.7583	121.5935	25.6	49	0.91	0.14	15.70	0.224	7220	4.06	8.21	963		0.135	113075.74670	11.307574670	13.8
Lake_Towuti-50	-2.7847	121.5920	4.5	50	0.45	0.04	12.10	0.061	7700	2.29	15.60	1120	4520	0.042	134248.40670	13.424840670	18.1	4520
Lake_Towuti-51	-2.7953	121.5736	4.4	51	0.70	1.02	10.40	0.300	3230	5.48	3.57	1890	2010	0.384	172927.79670	17.292779670	34.4	2010
Lake_Towuti-52	-2.7771	121.5739	32.9	52	0.53	0.18	24.40	0.099	9870	3.86	4.00	1280		0.065	125335.96000	12.533596000	14.1
Lake_Towuti-53	-2.7568	121.5717	73.2	53	0.58	0.50	14.90	0.265	4000	5.79	5.21	1970	4390	0.145	123600.65670	12.360065670	65.7	4390
Lake_Towuti-54	-2.7438	121.5633	129.6	54	0.48	0.55	15.10	0.259	4210	6.04	6.84	2590	2820	0.155	113492.36000	11.349236000	81.1	2820
Lake_Towuti-55	-2.7555	121.5405	96.0	55	0.48	0.49	14.70	0.239	4170	5.58	6.31	3140	2810	0.139	120543.77000	12.054377000	74.6	2810
Lake_Towuti-56	-2.7505	121.5123	134.9	56	0.51	0.56	13.80	0.256	3900	5.86	7.01	2220	2580	0.164	117014.93670	11.701493670	78.2	2580
Lake_Towuti-57	-2.7771	121.5861	58.9	57	0.73	0.56	14.60	0.331	3800	6.45	4.72	1420	4160	0.176	109914.49330	10.991449330	74.2	4160
Lake_Towuti-58	-2.7634	121.4818	127.6	58	0.38	0.72	13.80	0.271	4040	6.22	5.14	3050	2420	0.150	117454.74000	11.745474000	77.5	2420
Lake_Towuti-59	-2.7862	121.4781	112.0	59	0.36	0.77	14.60	0.280	4380	6.62	4.57	4180	2760	0.137	118971.12670	11.897112670	81.8	2760
Lake_Towuti-60	-2.8155	121.4670	134.3	60	0.33	0.58	19.20	0.198	5290	5.50	3.13	4170	4000	0.078	105758.81000	10.575881000	92.1	4000
Lake_Towuti-61	-2.8262	121.4373	117.6	61	0.33	0.56	20.80	0.199	6070	5.86	3.11	3840	5420	0.070	101938.92670	10.193892670	97.0	5420
Lake_Towuti-62	-2.8561	121.4444	117.5	62	0.36	0.76	18.60	0.247	5600	6.71	3.66	2640	4430	0.090	114544.91000	11.454491000	101.0	4430
Lake_Towuti-63	-2.8740	121.4220	119.6	63	0.38	0.61	20.30	0.212	6140	6.00	3.63	3410	5020	0.080	103581.49670	10.358149670	87.6	5020
Lake_Towuti-64	-2.8914	121.4045	77.5	64	0.39	0.47	21.40	0.185	6520	5.64	3.80	2550	5890	0.062	99818.58667	9.981858667	75.7	5890
Lake_Towuti-65	-2.9320	121.3904	19.1	65	0.49	0.02	25.90	0.068		4.34	3.89	2390		0.016	70974.90333	7.097490333	28.3
Lake_Towuti-66	-2.9216	121.4095	40.7	66	0.43	0.06	28.90	0.058		3.45	5.11		7630	0.017	106029.73670	10.602973670	27.9	7630
Lake_Towuti-67	-2.9052	121.4313	120.8	67	0.44	0.30	21.70	0.146	6210	4.93	4.42	2820	6600	0.052	115233.76330	11.523376330	67.5	6600
Lake_Towuti-68	-2.8845	121.4481	168.8	68	0.33	0.75	17.00	0.240	5040	6.61	3.61	3520	4340	0.101	91247.47000	9.124747000	89.9	4340
Lake_Towuti-69	-2.8625	121.4798	177.0	69	0.36	0.80	15.90	0.269	4290	6.71	3.47	3940	3230	0.128	93385.89000	9.338589000	84.7	3230
Lake_Towuti-70	-2.8366	121.4837	252.0	70	0.43	1.24	17.80	0.366	4960	9.08	5.05	4820	3160	0.199	129635.28000	12.963528000	105.0	3160
Lake_Towuti-71	-2.8074	121.4990	132.0	71	0.37	1.25	12.00	0.340	3040	7.76	3.65	2010	1880	0.186	132617.00000	13.261700000	66.6	1880
Lake_Towuti-72	-2.7806	121.5130	71.6	72	0.35	0.99	14.00	0.302	3870	7.25	4.17	3230	2260	0.162	106759.15000	10.675915000	83.6	2260
Lake_Towuti-73	-2.9145	121.4562	87.1	73	0.35	0.64	18.90	0.236	5710	6.47	3.72	2650	5130	0.084	109108.97000	10.910897000	73.5	5130
Lake_Towuti-74	-2.8981	121.4786	93.3	74	0.43	0.66	16.20	0.255	4690	6.54	3.98	2780	3860	0.118	148785.68330	14.878568330	74.8	3860
Lake_Towuti-75	-2.8833	121.5039	50.6	75	0.91	0.28	15.30	0.259	5270	5.77	4.93	1090	6450	0.205	154361.76670	15.436176670	57.7	6450
Lake_Towuti-76	-2.8574	121.4986	160.0	76	0.32	1.03	14.60	0.295	4180	7.56	3.57	3750	2530	0.147	108359.94000	10.835994000	89.4	2530
Lake_Towuti-77	-2.8488	121.5344	53.4	77	0.42	1.04	11.40	0.394	3360	7.53	3.88	1170	5090	0.224	114280.14330	11.428014330	51.6	5090
Lake_Towuti-78	-2.8322	121.5145	119.0	78	0.34	1.39	12.00	0.369	3650	8.68	3.49	3520	1780	0.195	142758.06330	14.275806330	88.0	1780
Lake_Towuti-79	-2.8257	121.5549	46.8	79	0.83	0.86	6.50	0.242	1830	5.59	2.68	564	1840	0.571	195811.29670	19.581129670	33.0	1840
Lake_Towuti-80	-2.8103	121.5328	99.8	80	0.35	1.56	10.90	0.405	2460	8.50	2.94	4870	1150	0.245	107007.67330	10.700767330	73.1	1150
Lake_Towuti-81	-2.8372	121.4600	168.5	81	0.33	0.67	19.30	0.230	5440	6.06	3.33	5210	3470	0.095	115480.90670	11.548090670	102.0	3470
Lake_Towuti-82	-2.9274	120.9512	36.1	82		1.20	22.90	0.044		3.61	8.95	1240		0.012	96297.68000	9.629768000	7.8
Lake_Towuti-83	-2.9323	121.4047	2.8	83	0.73	0.00	17.80	0.032	7070	3.09	13.00	3480		0.019	90804.57667	9.080457667	9.8
Lake_Towuti-84	-2.8671	121.5406	9.6	84	0.27	0.08	27.80	0.151		5.49	3.14	4160		0.026	81740.43000	8.174043000	32.9