Citation:

PANGAEA.913046

Name: The potential impact of underwater exhausted CO2 from innovative ships on invertebrate communities
Published: 2019
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Coast and continental shelf; Entire community; Laboratory experiment; Mesocosm or benthocosm; Mortality/Survival; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Soft-bottom community; Temperate

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Abstract:

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) powered ships equipped with an underwater exhaust system to reduce the ship's water resistance could form a future generation of energy-efficient ships. The potential consequences of the underwater exhaust gas to the local ecosystems are still unknown. Especially, the CO2 levels may locally exceed estimated future global levels. The present study exposes marine communities to a wide range of CO2 dosages, resulting in pH 8.6–5.8 that was remained for 49 days. We found that the zooplankton and benthic community were adversely affected by high CO2 exposure levels. In detail, (1) between pH 6.6 and 7.1 polychaete worms became the dominating group of the benthic community and their larvae dominated the zooplankton group. (2) Due to the reduced grazing pressure and the flux of nutrients from decaying organic material planktonic microalgae (phytoplankton) stared blooming at the highest exposure level. The periphyton (fouling microalgae) community was not able to take advantage under these conditions. (3) Marine snails' (periwinkle) shell damage and high mortality were observed at pH < 6.6. However, the growth of the surviving periwinkles was not directly related to pH, but was positively correlated with the availability of periphyton and negatively correlated with the polychaete worm density that most likely also used the periphyton as food source. Our result indicates that the impact of underwater exhaust gasses depends on various factors including local biological and abiotic conditions, which will be included in future research.

Keyword(s):

Benthos; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Coast and continental shelf; Entire community; Laboratory experiment; Mesocosm or benthocosm; Mortality/Survival; North Atlantic; Pelagos; Soft-bottom community; Temperate

Supplement to:

Wei, Yuzhu; Plath, Lara; Penning, Anne; van der Linden, Maartje; Murk, AlberTinka J; Foekema, Edwin M (2019): The Potential Impact of Underwater Exhausted CO2 from Innovative Ships on Invertebrate Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13(4), 669-678, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00201-z

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse; Orr, James C; Gentili, Bernard; Hagens, Mathilde; Hofmann, Andreas; Mueller, Jens-Daniel; Proye, Aurélien; Rae, James; Soetaert, Karline (2019): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.2.12. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2019) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2020-02-28.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Type	Type		Wei, Yuzhu		study
2	Day of experiment	DOE	day	Wei, Yuzhu
3	Treatment	Treat		Wei, Yuzhu
4	Chlorophyll a	Chl a	µg/l	Wei, Yuzhu
5	Chlorophyll a, standard deviation	Chl a std dev	±	Wei, Yuzhu
6	Fluorescence	Fluorescence		Wei, Yuzhu		chlorophyll-a
7	Fluorescence	Fluorescence		Wei, Yuzhu		chlorophyll-a
8	Periphyton presence	Periph presence		Wei, Yuzhu		periphyton biomass
9	Periphyton presence	Periph presence		Wei, Yuzhu		periphyton biomass
10	Identification	ID		Wei, Yuzhu
11	Polychaeta	Polychaeta	#/m²	Wei, Yuzhu
12	Polychaeta	Polychaeta	#/l	Wei, Yuzhu
13	Mortality	Mortality		Wei, Yuzhu		recovered periwinkles
14	Mortality	Mortality		Wei, Yuzhu		recovered periwinkles
15	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		surviving periwinkles
16	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		surviving periwinkles
17	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		flesh mass of surviving periwinkles
18	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		flesh mass of surviving periwinkles
19	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		initial shell mass of periwinkles
20	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		initial shell mass of periwinkles
21	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		initial flesh mass of periwinkles
22	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		initial flesh mass of periwinkles
23	Periphyton cover	Periph cover		Wei, Yuzhu
24	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		surviving periwinkles
25	Shell, mass	Shell m	g	Wei, Yuzhu		surviving periwinkles
26	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		flesh mass of surviving periwinkles
27	Mass	Mass	mg	Wei, Yuzhu		flesh mass of surviving periwinkles
28	pH	pH		Wei, Yuzhu		total scale
29	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Wei, Yuzhu
30	Temperature, water, standard deviation	Temp std dev	±	Wei, Yuzhu
31	Salinity	Sal		Wei, Yuzhu
32	Salinity, standard deviation	Sal std dev	±	Wei, Yuzhu
33	Oxygen	O	%	Wei, Yuzhu
34	Oxygen, standard deviation	O2 std dev	±	Wei, Yuzhu
35	Alkalinity, total	AT	mmol(eq)/l	Wei, Yuzhu
36	Alkalinity, total, standard deviation	AT std dev	±	Wei, Yuzhu
37	Ammonium	[NH4]+	mg/l	Wei, Yuzhu
38	Nitrate	[NO3]-	mg/l	Wei, Yuzhu
39	Phosphate	[PO4]3-	mg/l	Wei, Yuzhu
40	Silica, dissolved	SiO2	mg/l	Wei, Yuzhu
41	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
42	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
43	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
44	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
45	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
46	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
47	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
48	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
49	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1117 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Type (study)	2 DOE [day]	3 Treat	4 Chl a [µg/l]	5 Chl a std dev [±]	6 Fluorescence (chlorophyll-a)	7 Fluorescence (chlorophyll-a)	8 Periph presence (periphyton biomass)	9 Periph presence (periphyton biomass)	10 ID	11 Polychaeta [#/m²]	12 Polychaeta [#/l]	13 Mortality (recovered periwinkles)	14 Mortality (recovered periwinkles)	15 Shell m [g] (surviving periwinkles)	16 Shell m [g] (surviving periwinkles)	17 Mass [mg] (flesh mass of surviving periw...)	18 Mass [mg] (flesh mass of surviving periw...)	19 Shell m [g] (initial shell mass of periwin...)	20 Shell m [g] (initial shell mass of periwin...)	21 Mass [mg] (initial flesh mass of periwin...)	22 Mass [mg] (initial flesh mass of periwin...)	23 Periph cover	24 Shell m [g] (surviving periwinkles)	25 Shell m [g] (surviving periwinkles)	26 Mass [mg] (flesh mass of surviving periw...)	27 Mass [mg] (flesh mass of surviving periw...)	28 pH (total scale)	29 Temp [°C]	30 Temp std dev [±]	31 Sal	32 Sal std dev [±]	33 O [%]	34 O2 std dev [±]	35 AT [mmol(eq)/l]	36 AT std dev [±]	37 [NH4]+ [mg/l]	38 [NO3]- [mg/l]	39 [PO4]3- [mg/l]	40 SiO2 [mg/l]	41 CSC flag	42 CO2 [µmol/kg]	43 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	44 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	45 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg]	46 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg]	47 DIC [µmol/kg]	48 Omega Arg	49 Omega Cal
laboratory	-27	pH=8.6	2.82	2.98
laboratory	-14	pH=8.6	6.72	6.64
laboratory	-6	pH=8.6	4.79	7.39
laboratory	0	pH=8.6	9.94	13.74
laboratory	1	pH=8.6	7.06	9.52
laboratory	7	pH=8.6	6.85	7.48
laboratory	14	pH=8.6	19.35	20.67
laboratory	21	pH=8.6	7.78	24.87
laboratory	29	pH=8.6	22.92	9.71
laboratory	35	pH=8.6	9.85	9.21
laboratory	42	pH=8.6	5.68	6.98
laboratory	49	pH=8.6	7.56	6.37
laboratory	-27	pH=7.8	2.63	2.66
laboratory	-14	pH=7.8	6.73	6.60
laboratory	-6	pH=7.8	7.46	6.52
laboratory	0	pH=7.8	9.25	7.87
laboratory	1	pH=7.8	4.66	5.03
laboratory	7	pH=7.8	5.34	8.46
laboratory	14	pH=7.8	9.07	25.07
laboratory	21	pH=7.8	13.36	11.69
laboratory	29	pH=7.8	2.51	4.31
laboratory	35	pH=7.8	5.35	3.40
laboratory	42	pH=7.8	4.63	8.05
laboratory	49	pH=7.8	4.51	4.44
laboratory	-27	pH=7.4	2.91	2.95
laboratory	-14	pH=7.4	6.10	6.31
laboratory	-6	pH=7.4	5.91	5.67
laboratory	0	pH=7.4	8.36	10.68
laboratory	1	pH=7.4	5.30	5.34
laboratory	7	pH=7.4	3.96	4.81
laboratory	14	pH=7.4	9.44	17.71
laboratory	21	pH=7.4	12.51	7.75
laboratory	29	pH=7.4	5.96	3.10
laboratory	35	pH=7.4	6.02	5.79
laboratory	42	pH=7.4	11.34	4.79
laboratory	49	pH=7.4	13.71	14.64
laboratory	-27	pH=7.1	2.66	2.93
laboratory	-14	pH=7.1	7.29	6.72
laboratory	-6	pH=7.1	5.38	6.91
laboratory	0	pH=7.1	7.73	7.51
laboratory	1	pH=7.1	4.92	5.24
laboratory	7	pH=7.1	7.15	7.52
laboratory	14	pH=7.1	15.77	7.06
laboratory	21	pH=7.1	11.66	13.48
laboratory	29	pH=7.1	8.75	4.48
laboratory	35	pH=7.1	9.36	2.64
laboratory	42	pH=7.1	12.74	1.73
laboratory	49	pH=7.1	13.82	1.66
laboratory	-27	pH=6.6	2.29	2.62
laboratory	-14	pH=6.6	5.58	6.00
laboratory	-6	pH=6.6	4.59	5.32
laboratory	0	pH=6.6	8.61	11.10
laboratory	1	pH=6.6	3.81	3.45
laboratory	7	pH=6.6	11.14	8.96
laboratory	14	pH=6.6	16.22	22.66
laboratory	21	pH=6.6	10.41	14.26
laboratory	29	pH=6.6	1.95	6.10
laboratory	35	pH=6.6	4.60	10.08
laboratory	42	pH=6.6	4.64	6.91
laboratory	49	pH=6.6	6.36	2.43
laboratory	-27	pH=6.2	3.03	3.14
laboratory	-14	pH=6.2	5.91	6.23
laboratory	-6	pH=6.2	4.44	5.73
laboratory	0	pH=6.2	6.70	6.71
laboratory	1	pH=6.2	2.13	2.66
laboratory	7	pH=6.2	7.11	8.26
laboratory	14	pH=6.2	12.10	13.53
laboratory	21	pH=6.2	10.00	7.02
laboratory	29	pH=6.2	2.63	6.44
laboratory	35	pH=6.2	4.96	5.90
laboratory	42	pH=6.2	12.09	14.59
laboratory	49	pH=6.2	17.70	15.57
laboratory	-27	pH=5.8	2.85	2.79
laboratory	-14	pH=5.8	5.96	7.30
laboratory	-6	pH=5.8	6.46	7.54
laboratory	0	pH=5.8	6.45	9.51
laboratory	1	pH=5.8	0.96	0.65
laboratory	7	pH=5.8	2.58	0.94
laboratory	14	pH=5.8	3.12	4.88
laboratory	21	pH=5.8	8.17	14.90
laboratory	29	pH=5.8	20.27	21.34
laboratory	35	pH=5.8	27.41	24.58
laboratory	42	pH=5.8	42.98	45.54
laboratory	49	pH=5.8	50.88	60.61
laboratory	2	pH=8.6			41	38
laboratory	8	pH=8.6			54	46
laboratory	17	pH=8.6			149	69
laboratory	31	pH=8.6			655	932
laboratory	43	pH=8.6			762	1062.5
laboratory	49	pH=8.6			946	1178.5
laboratory	2	pH=7.8			51	90
laboratory	8	pH=7.8			48	73
laboratory	17	pH=7.8			104	127
laboratory	31	pH=7.8			503	416
laboratory	43	pH=7.8			498.5	933.5
laboratory	49	pH=7.8			608	865
laboratory	2	pH=7.4			42	71
laboratory	8	pH=7.4			52	105
laboratory	17	pH=7.4			152	96
laboratory	31	pH=7.4			698	1351
laboratory	43	pH=7.4			573.5	1139.5
laboratory	49	pH=7.4			550	1405
laboratory	2	pH=7.1			48	65
laboratory	8	pH=7.1			54	57
laboratory	17	pH=7.1			87	89
laboratory	31	pH=7.1			395	911
laboratory	43	pH=7.1			657	887
laboratory	49	pH=7.1			705	707
laboratory	2	pH=6.6			59	49
laboratory	8	pH=6.6			54	48
laboratory	17	pH=6.6			59	63
laboratory	31	pH=6.6			53	209
laboratory	43	pH=6.6			117	357
laboratory	49	pH=6.6			199	467
laboratory	2	pH=6.2			52	69
laboratory	8	pH=6.2			59	98
laboratory	17	pH=6.2			118	258
laboratory	31	pH=6.2			428	456
laboratory	43	pH=6.2			756.5	671
laboratory	49	pH=6.2			885	1272
laboratory	2	pH=5.8			71	52
laboratory	8	pH=5.8			39	217
laboratory	17	pH=5.8			207	452
laboratory	31	pH=5.8			156	330
laboratory	43	pH=5.8			191.5	366
laboratory	49	pH=5.8			263	384.5
laboratory		pH=8.6					20453	26467				0.00	0.00	0.53633	0.75870	29.73	43.10	6.452	6.274	43.48	43.95
laboratory		pH=7.8					14559	18683				0.06	0.06	0.76947	0.68458	37.37	45.15
laboratory		pH=7.4					18150	34138				0.27	0.11	0.51624	0.56190	34.82	33.63
laboratory		pH=7.1					14713	23593				0.11	0.46	0.84494	0.71259	65.61	50.80
laboratory		pH=6.6					3600	8563				0.38	0.20	0.74895	0.91566	52.40	77.46
laboratory		pH=6.2					16983	19692				0.82	0.78	0.65402	0.82763	36.52	56.02
laboratory		pH=5.8					7427	15719				0.91	0.81	0.69001	0.84050	43.72	71.16
laboratory		pH=5.8							M4	27	0																5.84	19.5	2.1	32.40	0.8	76.8	9.6	5.3	1.7	0.47	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	6024.91	180773.82	181508.00	5176.97	2.97	11204.85	0.05	0.07
laboratory		pH=5.8							M9	17	0																5.84	19.7	2.0	33.43	1.2	75.8	8.9	6.4	1.8	0.55	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	7170.41	217563.02	218469.32	6246.38	3.70	13420.48	0.06	0.09
laboratory		pH=6.2							M3	76	1																6.11	19.9	2.0	32.52	0.9	85.8	8.1	5.8	2.1	0.48	<0.2	0.06	<0.3	8	3501.98	106324.99	106728.60	5657.94	6.15	9166.08	0.10	0.15
laboratory		pH=6.2							M12	100	1																6.27	19.8	2.1	32.17	1.0	91.1	6.0	5.1	1.4	0.49	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	2140.18	64675.19	64911.48	4970.83	7.72	7118.72	0.12	0.19
laboratory		pH=6.6							M1	333	117																6.67	19.9	2.1	32.25	0.9	95.4	3.4	5.1	1.7	0.59	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	845.04	25619.13	25708.93	4944.44	19.40	5808.88	0.31	0.47
laboratory		pH=6.6							M7	971	186																6.63	20.0	2.1	32.53	0.9	93.7	4.4	5.7	1.7	0.54	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	1031.22	31398.19	31508.79	5529.24	19.99	6580.45	0.31	0.49
laboratory		pH=7.1							M8	84	12																7.07	19.6	2.1	32.42	1.0	95.0	3.7	3.4	0.4	0.54	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	222.25	6687.77	6710.81	3250.68	31.80	3504.73	0.50	0.77
laboratory		pH=7.1							M10	296	156																7.14	19.7	2.1	32.36	0.8	97.1	2.5	3.4	0.5	0.55	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	188.14	5675.44	5694.95	3238.23	37.31	3463.67	0.59	0.91
laboratory		pH=7.4							M5	251	0																7.47	19.8	2.0	32.86	0.8	99.0	4.2	2.9	0.3	0.53	<0.2	0.02	<0.3	8	72.23	2191.03	2198.52	2676.21	66.97	2815.41	1.05	1.63
laboratory		pH=7.4							M11	44	14																7.40	19.8	2.0	31.50	0.9	96.1	3.1	3.1	0.4	0.52	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	92.97	2799.40	2808.98	2894.04	59.63	3046.65	0.94	1.46
laboratory		pH=7.8							M2	71	7																7.78	20.0	2.1	33.34	0.9	98.5	3.7	3.0	0.2	0.48	<0.2	<0.02	0.8	8	34.22	1046.63	1050.20	2611.35	135.98	2781.56	2.13	3.29
laboratory		pH=7.8							M14	57	8																7.82	19.7	2.2	30.97	1.1	98.3	2.8	2.9	0.3	0.57	<0.2	<0.02	<0.3	8	31.04	929.44	932.61	2522.78	134.43	2688.25	2.13	3.31
laboratory		pH=8.6							M06	30	1																8.70	20.0	2.1	32.05	0.7	97.7	2.9	2.6	0.5	0.58	<0.2	<0.02	0.9	8	2.02	61.29	61.50	1265.61	531.38	1799.01	8.39	12.99
laboratory		pH=8.6							M13	36	0																8.59	19.3	2.1	32.65	0.9	98.9	2.8	2.8	0.4	51.00	<0.2	<0.02	0.8	8	3.21	96.04	96.37	1550.24	499.35	2052.80	7.84	12.14
																						23460	0.69001	0.84050	43.72	71.16
																						16621	0.65402	0.82763	36.52	56.02
																						26144	0.74895	0.91566	52.40	77.46
																						19153	0.84494	0.71259	65.61	50.80
																						6081	0.51624	0.56190	34.82	33.63
																						18338	0.76947	0.68458	37.37	45.15
																						11573	0.53633	0.75870	29.73	43.10