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<md:lastName>Wickham</md:lastName>
<md:firstName>James</md:firstName>
<md:eMail>wickham.james@epa.gov</md:eMail>
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<md:year>2019</md:year>
<md:title>A United States national database of stream confluence landscape characteristics</md:title>
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<md:URI>https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.909230</md:URI>
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<md:abstract>Although rarely studied, stream confluences may be biological hotspots within fluvial networks and the surrounding landscape.  To invigorate study of the ecological value and role of stream confluences in fluvial networks, we have produced a database of stream confluences and their associated watershed attributes for the conterminous United States.  The database includes 1,085,629 stream confluences and 383 attributes for each confluence that are organized into 15 database tables for both tributary and mainstem upstream catchments ("local" watersheds) and watersheds.  Themes represented by the database tables include hydrology (e.g., headwater or not), land cover and land cover change, geology (e.g., sodium content of underlying lithosphere), physical condition (e.g., elevation), measures of ecological integrity, and stressors (e.g., impaired streams).  We also used the measures of ecological integrity to assess the condition of the stream confluences.  Aside from a generally positive east-to-west gradient in ecological condition, we found that approximately one-third of the confluences have markedly contrasting ecological conditions between mainstem and tributary, catchment and watershed, or both.</md:abstract>
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