Citation:

s00300-018-2362-x

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Abstract:

Ocean warming and acidification are two important environmental drivers affecting marine organisms. Organisms living at high latitudes might be especially threatened in near future, as current environmental changes are larger and occur faster. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hypercapnia on thermal tolerance and physiological performance of sub-Arctic Mytilus edulis from the White Sea. Mussels were exposed (2 weeks) to 390 µatm (control) and 1,120 µatm CO2 (year 2100) before respiration rate (MO2), anaerobic metabolite (succinate) level, haemolymph acid-base status, and intracellular pH (pHi) were determined during acute warming (10-28°C, 3°C over night).

In normocapnic mussels, warming induced MO2 to rise exponentially until it levelled off beyond a breakpoint temperature of 20.5°C. Concurrently, haemolymph PCO2 rose significantly >19°C followed by a decrease in PO2 indicating the pejus temperature (TP, onset of thermal limitation). Succinate started to accumulate at 28°C under normocapnia defining the critical temperature (TC). pHi was maintained during warming until it dropped at 28°C, in line with the concomitant transition to anaerobiosis. At acclimation temperature, CO2 had only a minor impact. During warming, MO2 was stimulated by CO2 resulting in an elevated breakpoint of 25.8°C. Nevertheless, alterations in haemolymph gases (>16°C) and the concomitant changes of pHi and succinate level (25°C) occurred at lower temperature under hypercapnia versus normocapnia indicating a downward shift of both thermal limits TP and TC by CO2.

Compared to temperate conspecifics, sub-Arctic mussels showed an enhanced thermal sensitivity, exacerbated further by hypercapnia, indicating their potential vulnerability to environmental changes projected for 2100.

Project(s):

European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA)

Funding:

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), grant/award no. 211384 : European Project on Ocean Acidification

Coverage:

Latitude: 66.337000 * Longitude: 33.637000

Event(s):

EPOCA_White_Sea * Latitude: 66.337000 * Longitude: 33.637000 * Location: White Sea * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Experimental treatment	Exp treat		Pörtner, Hans-Otto		CO2
2	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	Pörtner, Hans-Otto
3	Salinity	Sal		Pörtner, Hans-Otto
4	Individual code	Individual code		Pörtner, Hans-Otto		Respective individual
5	Respiration rate, oxygen, per dry mass	Resp O2/dm	µmol/g/h	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Oxygen optode, flow-through respirometry
6	Mytilus edulis, haemolymph, partial pressure of oxygen	M. edulis pO2 (ha)	kPa	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33
7	Mytilus edulis, haemolymph, partial pressure of carbon dioxide	M. edulis pCO2 (ha)	kPa	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33
8	Mytilus edulis, haemolymph, pH	M. edulis pH (ha)		Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33	National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
9	Mytilus edulis, haemolymph, carbon dioxide	M. edulis CO2 (ha)	mmol/l	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Gas chromatography
10	Mytilus edulis, haemolymph, bicarbonate ion	M. edulis [HCO3]- (ha)	mmol/l	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Calculated after Heisler 1986
11	Mytilus edulis, extrapallial fluid partial pressure of oxygen	M. edulis pO2 (epf)	kPa	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33
12	Mytilus edulis, extrapallial fluid partial pressure of carbon dioxide	M. edulis pCO2 (epf)	kPa	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33
13	Mytilus edulis, extrapallial fluid pH	M. edulis pH (epf)		Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Blood gas analyser, Eschweiler, MT 33	NBS
14	Mytilus edulis, extrapallial fluid carbon dioxide	M. edulis CO2 (epf)	mmol/l	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Gas chromatography
15	Mytilus edulis, mantle tissue, succinate	M. edulis succinate (mt)	arbitrary units	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	1H NMR spectroscopy
16	Mytilus edulis, mantle tissue, pH	M. edulis mantle pH (mt)		Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Homogenate method by Pörtner et al. 1990 and pH optode, PreSens, Needle-Type-Housing-pH-Microsensor
17	Mytilus edulis, mantle tissue, carbon dioxide	M. edulis CO2 (mt)	mmol/l	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Gas chromatography
18	Mytilus edulis, mantle tissue, partial pressure of carbon dioxide	M. edulis pCO2 (mt)	µatm	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Calculated after Heisler 1986
19	Mytilus edulis, mantle tissue, bicarbonate ion	M. edulis [HCO3]- (mt)	mmol/l	Pörtner, Hans-Otto	Calculated after Heisler 1986

License:

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0)

Size:

2034 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Exp treat	2 Temp [°C]	3 Sal	4 Individual code	5 Resp O2/dm [µmol/g/h]	6 M. edulis pO2 (ha) [kPa]	7 M. edulis pCO2 (ha) [kPa]	8 M. edulis pH (ha)	9 M. edulis CO2 (ha) [mmol/l]	10 M. edulis [HCO3]- (ha) [mmol/l]	11 M. edulis pO2 (epf) [kPa]	12 M. edulis pCO2 (epf) [kPa]	13 M. edulis pH (epf)	14 M. edulis CO2 (epf) [mmol/l]	15 M. edulis succinate (mt) [arbitrary units]	16 M. edulis mantle pH (mt)	17 M. edulis CO2 (mt) [mmol/l]	18 M. edulis pCO2 (mt) [µatm]	19 M. edulis [HCO3]- (mt) [mmol/l]
Control (390ppm)	10	32	1	9.36
Control (390ppm)	10	32	2	9.47
Control (390ppm)	10	32	3	9.21
Control (390ppm)	10	32	4	6.17
Control (390ppm)	10	32	5	10.65
Control (390ppm)	10	32	6	8.90
Control (390ppm)	10	32	7	10.04
Control (390ppm)	10	32	8	8.38
Control (390ppm)	10	32	9		2.43	7.10		2.06		1.82	20.50	7.56	2.13	5.01	7.03	2.13	5.44	1.83
Control (390ppm)	10	32	10		1.74	17.20	7.63	1.93	1.87			7.43	3.56	5.33	7.04	3.33	8.30	2.87
Control (390ppm)	10	32	11		1.57	34.29	7.38	1.96	1.84					7.80	6.92	2.07	6.53	1.70
Control (390ppm)	10	32	12		2.11	16.64	7.73	1.82	1.76	2.15	18.20	7.66	1.61	5.09	6.99	2.25	6.14	1.91
Control (390ppm)	10	32	13		1.77	23.75	7.67	1.59	1.51	1.61	31.84	7.60	2.02	9.60	7.02	2.28	6.11	1.95
Control (390ppm)	10	32	14		1.92	20.67	7.69	1.95	1.88					6.05	7.03	2.57	6.71	2.21
Control (390ppm)	10	32	15		1.37	34.33	7.51	1.75	1.63	2.04	34.09	7.48	2.18	6.15	7.02	1.57	4.15	1.35
Control (390ppm)	13	32	1	10.76
Control (390ppm)	13	32	2	11.04
Control (390ppm)	13	32	3	11.49
Control (390ppm)	13	32	4	16.62
Control (390ppm)	13	32	5	14.95
Control (390ppm)	13	32	6	15.56
Control (390ppm)	13	32	7	11.73
Control (390ppm)	13	32	8	14.02
Control (390ppm)	13	32	16		1.61	34.85	7.37	2.07	1.97	1.88	45.59	7.20	2.12	5.54
Control (390ppm)	13	32	17		2.00	31.55	7.33	1.91	1.81	2.30	37.46	7.60	3.48
Control (390ppm)	13	32	18		1.79	31.48	7.46	1.95	1.85
Control (390ppm)	13	32	19		1.55	38.73	7.23	1.84	1.72	2.48	35.60	7.26		4.70
Control (390ppm)	13	32	20		2.01	24.33	7.53	1.65	1.57	1.82	29.59	7.35	1.54	5.62
Control (390ppm)	13	32	21		1.31	40.27	7.25	2.01	1.89	1.89	37.98	7.26	1.97
Control (390ppm)	13	32	22		2.02	22.83	7.53	1.76	1.69	2.82	15.32	7.56
Control (390ppm)	16	32	1	18.20
Control (390ppm)	16	32	2	13.42
Control (390ppm)	16	32	3	17.57
Control (390ppm)	16	32	4	18.70
Control (390ppm)	16	32	5	19.82
Control (390ppm)	16	32	6	18.77
Control (390ppm)	16	32	7	22.16
Control (390ppm)	16	32	8	19.11
Control (390ppm)	16	32	23		2.17	20.21	7.46	1.19	1.13		20.54	7.37		9.75	6.93	1.85	6.45	1.56
Control (390ppm)	16	32	24		2.42	19.21	7.43			2.08	19.85	7.39	1.10	5.82	6.95	1.22	3.92	1.04
Control (390ppm)	16	32	25		1.67	18.05	7.53	1.21	1.16	2.26	24.50	7.46		7.93	7.03	1.82	5.16	1.58
Control (390ppm)	16	32	26		1.88	25.50	7.42	1.24	1.17	2.46	28.94	7.34	1.29	10.35	6.93	1.68	5.88	1.41
Control (390ppm)	16	32	27		1.95	21.70	7.53	1.47	1.41		20.38	7.49	1.13	3.94	6.93	1.48	5.18	1.25
Control (390ppm)	16	32	28		1.57	22.02	7.48	1.27	1.21	2.22	26.42	7.41	1.28	2.65	6.82	1.86	8.05	1.50
Control (390ppm)	16	32	29		2.02	21.18	7.49	1.25	1.19					1.71	6.93	1.79	6.13	1.51
Control (390ppm)	19	32	1	26.48
Control (390ppm)	19	32	2	26.01
Control (390ppm)	19	32	3	21.50
Control (390ppm)	19	32	4	19.65
Control (390ppm)	19	32	5	34.94
Control (390ppm)	19	32	6	27.99
Control (390ppm)	19	32	7	22.35
Control (390ppm)	19	32	8	25.60
Control (390ppm)	19	32	30		1.74	15.94	7.27	1.22	1.18	2.47	17.55	7.30
Control (390ppm)	19	32	31		2.09	17.55	7.35	1.23	1.18	2.63	19.37	7.41
Control (390ppm)	19	32	32		1.57	22.14	7.46	1.82	1.76	1.65	23.17	7.46	1.79
Control (390ppm)	19	32	33		2.06	19.50	7.44	1.35	1.30	2.41	26.02	7.37
Control (390ppm)	19	32	34		1.86	17.26	7.42	1.26	1.22	1.97	24.53	7.29	1.24
Control (390ppm)	19	32	35		1.68	21.77	7.47	1.63	1.58
Control (390ppm)	19	32	36		1.60	22.55	7.45	1.59	1.53		38.74		1.57
Control (390ppm)	19	32	37		1.50	24.58	7.41	1.46	1.40		26.72	7.38	1.43
Control (390ppm)	22	32	1	36.39
Control (390ppm)	22	32	2	21.39
Control (390ppm)	22	32	3	36.29
Control (390ppm)	22	32	4	20.60
Control (390ppm)	22	32	5	32.14
Control (390ppm)	22	32	6	31.07
Control (390ppm)	22	32	7	29.33
Control (390ppm)	22	32	8	25.28
Control (390ppm)	22	32	38		2.06	34.57	7.50	1.33	1.25	2.69	41.72	7.35
Control (390ppm)	22	32	39		1.76	36.47	7.39	1.23	1.14	2.05	45.76	7.35	1.49
Control (390ppm)	22	32	40		1.69	49.39	7.37	1.25	1.14	2.06	53.95	7.30	1.22
Control (390ppm)	22	32	41		2.25	52.22	7.36	1.30	1.18				1.45
Control (390ppm)	22	32	42		1.52	54.87	7.43	1.66	1.53		55.68	7.40
Control (390ppm)	22	32	43		1.93	52.33	7.39	1.28	1.15	2.18	55.10	7.35	1.26
Control (390ppm)	22	32	44		1.35	57.81	7.40	1.55	1.42	2.15	59.37	7.37	1.49
Control (390ppm)	25	32	1	45.87
Control (390ppm)	25	32	2	31.31
Control (390ppm)	25	32	3	23.03
Control (390ppm)	25	32	4	26.40
Control (390ppm)	25	32	5	39.75
Control (390ppm)	25	32	6	26.11
Control (390ppm)	25	32	7	35.73
Control (390ppm)	25	32	8	28.42
Control (390ppm)	25	32	45		1.41	43.22	7.31	1.09	1.00		51.49	7.13		6.45	6.91	2.01	8.48	1.72
Control (390ppm)	25	32	46		1.43	48.69	7.36	1.75	1.65	2.90	46.33	7.40	1.62	4.77	6.93	2.33	9.34	2.00
Control (390ppm)	25	32	47		1.55	51.22	7.33	1.48	1.37		58.79	7.24	1.47	2.14	6.91	2.21	9.27	1.88
Control (390ppm)	25	32	48		1.69	41.23	7.39	0.85	0.77	2.23	52.13	7.15	1.06	5.91	6.93	2.07	8.34	1.78
Control (390ppm)	25	32	49		1.85	47.51	7.26	1.01	0.91	2.03	52.24	7.22	1.06	5.55	6.90	2.04	8.84	1.74
Control (390ppm)	25	32	50		1.75	46.92	7.35	1.18	1.08	1.42	51.11	7.30	1.13	2.52	6.81	1.97	10.23	1.62
Control (390ppm)	28	32	1	57.98
Control (390ppm)	28	32	2	30.31
Control (390ppm)	28	32	3	16.67
Control (390ppm)	28	32	4	13.29
Control (390ppm)	28	32	5	51.72
Control (390ppm)	28	32	6	15.97
Control (390ppm)	28	32	7	48.92
Control (390ppm)	28	32	8	37.15
Control (390ppm)	28	32	51											6.61
Control (390ppm)	28	32	52		1.65	65.13	7.28	1.75	1.62		64.93	7.27	1.76	15.46	6.43	1.96	20.65	1.31
Control (390ppm)	28	32	53		2.12	58.01	7.36	1.59	1.48		63.32	7.29	1.57	5.59	6.50	1.86	17.32	1.30
Control (390ppm)	28	32	54		1.60	80.67	7.14	1.69	1.53		79.57	7.13	1.53	11.74	6.57	1.72	14.27	1.26
Control (390ppm)	28	32	55		1.28	95.47	7.10	1.91	1.72	1.11	120.54	6.96	1.91	19.43	6.54	1.74	15.17	1.25
Control (390ppm)	28	32	56		1.14	76.71	7.20	1.70	1.54	2.04	75.51	7.24	1.53	24.36	6.49	2.26	21.71	1.57
Control (390ppm)	28	32	57		1.54	79.82	7.24	1.72	1.56					18.30	6.54	1.83	16.18	1.31
1120ppm	10	32	58	6.12											6.70	2.34	15.39	1.84
1120ppm	10	32	59	9.18
1120ppm	10	32	60	10.07
1120ppm	10	32	61	14.22
1120ppm	10	32	62	13.15
1120ppm	10	32	63	6.71
1120ppm	10	32	64	7.27
1120ppm	10	32	65	9.35
1120ppm	10	32	66		2.17	28.07	7.58	1.05	0.96	2.09	29.34	7.46	1.06
1120ppm	10	32	67		1.96	31.86	7.47	1.39	1.29	2.02	32.97	7.43	1.51	4.96	7.01	2.49	6.63	2.12
1120ppm	10	32	68			30.53	7.58	1.80	1.70		34.81	7.51	1.84	6.56	7.18	1.38	2.64	1.24
1120ppm	10	32	69		2.15	29.75	7.50	1.26	1.16	2.37	33.05	7.34	1.16	6.52	6.91	2.40	7.77	1.97
1120ppm	10	32	70		2.33	28.40	7.56	1.25	1.15	2.54	34.40	7.46	1.31	2.75	6.83	1.81	6.85	1.44
1120ppm	10	32	71		1.92	30.92	7.45	1.07	0.97	1.89	31.76	7.44	1.10	2.66	6.82	1.84	7.25	1.45
1120ppm	10	32	72		2.04	29.87	7.48	1.09	0.99	1.96	32.79	7.43	1.13	4.57	7.04	1.99	4.92	1.71
1120ppm	13	32	58	12.27
1120ppm	13	32	59	10.09
1120ppm	13	32	60	11.46
1120ppm	13	32	61	17.73
1120ppm	13	32	62	17.12
1120ppm	13	32	63	9.26
1120ppm	13	32	64	10.92
1120ppm	13	32	65	10.78
1120ppm	13	32	73		2.05	23.89	7.37	3.45	3.38	1.63	34.46	7.13
1120ppm	13	32	74		2.17	19.12	7.22	1.18	1.12				1.06
1120ppm	13	32	75		1.87	19.69	7.42	1.64	1.58	2.21	45.10	7.32	1.55
1120ppm	13	32	76		2.02	17.44	7.44	1.57	1.52	2.20	19.82	7.34	1.43
1120ppm	13	32	77		2.14	19.67	7.31	1.33	1.27	2.30	25.11	7.23	1.40
1120ppm	13	32	78		2.18	23.60	7.34	1.70	1.63	2.27	27.72	7.26	1.64
1120ppm	13	32	79		2.36	23.09	7.26	1.26	1.19	2.15	27.85	7.19	1.33
1120ppm	16	32	58	20.02
1120ppm	16	32	59	16.06
1120ppm	16	32	60	14.40
1120ppm	16	32	61	21.75
1120ppm	16	32	62	18.53
1120ppm	16	32	63	10.56
1120ppm	16	32	64	11.52
1120ppm	16	32	65	13.28
1120ppm	16	32	80		1.99	27.38	7.39	1.32	1.25				1.55		7.02	1.56	4.42	1.35
1120ppm	16	32	81		1.62	36.00	7.31	1.58	1.48	2.11	72.83	6.91			6.85	1.92	7.58	1.57
1120ppm	16	32	82		2.10	36.29	7.29	1.37	1.26	2.69	29.60	7.51			6.91	2.08	7.34	1.74
1120ppm	16	32	83		1.84	35.52	7.44	1.52	1.42	2.12	43.79	7.32	1.62		6.92	1.95	6.99	1.64
1120ppm	16	32	84		1.85	47.49	7.18	1.36	1.23	2.33	52.81	7.12	1.28		6.88	1.45	5.49	1.20
1120ppm	16	32	85			36.42	7.39	1.40	1.30	2.72	40.41	7.38			6.90	1.73	6.31	1.45
1120ppm	16	32	86		2.55	43.41	7.39			1.72	57.96	7.47	3.14		7.05	2.24	6.09	1.97
1120ppm	16	32	87		1.76	54.61	7.26	1.59	1.43	1.93	53.74	7.24	1.62		7.00	1.43	4.40	1.23
1120ppm	19	32	58	21.17
1120ppm	19	32	59	19.35
1120ppm	19	32	60	15.77
1120ppm	19	32	61	25.00
1120ppm	19	32	62	27.41
1120ppm	19	32	63
1120ppm	19	32	64
1120ppm	19	32	65	16.97
1120ppm	19	32	88		1.90	53.89	7.28	1.53	1.39
1120ppm	19	32	89		2.02	55.87	7.30	1.61	1.47	2.25	52.20	7.34	1.59
1120ppm	19	32	90		1.83	61.78	7.22	1.45	1.29	2.19	61.55	7.26	1.67
1120ppm	19	32	91		1.91	56.14	7.34	1.56	1.42	2.33	55.00	7.35	1.54
1120ppm	19	32	92		1.53	77.06	7.14	1.43	1.23	1.69	82.61	7.07	1.58
1120ppm	19	32	93		2.03	68.66	7.12	0.93	0.75	1.69	72.98	7.08	1.07
1120ppm	19	32	94		2.28	63.85	7.24	1.16	1.00
1120ppm	22	32	58	30.89
1120ppm	22	32	59	33.11
1120ppm	22	32	60	24.76
1120ppm	22	32	61	40.15
1120ppm	22	32	62	35.09
1120ppm	22	32	63	17.99
1120ppm	22	32	64	24.28
1120ppm	22	32	65	24.97
1120ppm	22	32	95		1.79	20.21	7.34	1.49	1.45	2.29	24.69	7.27	1.48		6.95	2.52	9.47	2.17
1120ppm	22	32	96		2.02	27.88	7.34	1.96	1.90	2.02	28.65	7.36	2.01		6.79	3.35	16.78	2.71
1120ppm	22	32	97		1.48	27.36	7.16	1.21	1.14		28.84	7.15			6.91	2.55	10.30	2.17
1120ppm	22	32	98		2.01	53.95	7.25	1.24	1.11	1.91	64.96	7.09	1.21		6.94	2.35	8.87	2.02
1120ppm	22	32	99		1.64	61.77	7.30	1.66	1.51	1.82	64.30	7.28	1.63		6.90	1.45	5.77	1.23
1120ppm	22	32	100		1.47	68.30	7.21	1.52	1.36	2.18	68.54	7.18	1.42		6.95	1.61	5.98	1.38
1120ppm	22	32	101		1.61	69.11	7.14	0.89	0.72						6.89	1.95	8.11	1.65
1120ppm	25	32	58	30.73
1120ppm	25	32	59
1120ppm	25	32	60	27.06
1120ppm	25	32	61	38.80
1120ppm	25	32	62	38.37
1120ppm	25	32	63
1120ppm	25	32	64	33.36
1120ppm	25	32	65	29.64
1120ppm	25	32	102		1.84	47.76	7.19	1.37	1.27	2.22	52.39	7.17	1.38	6.29	6.62	1.54	10.93	1.16
1120ppm	25	32	103		1.75	51.30	7.17	1.44	1.32	2.13	57.43	7.11	1.51	2.08	6.57	1.64	12.73	1.18
1120ppm	25	32	104		1.62	60.80	7.18	1.73	1.60	1.79	73.47	7.05	1.70	13.13	6.07	1.83	28.14	0.83
1120ppm	25	32	105		1.58	86.47	6.95	1.52	1.34				1.70	5.41	6.49	2.04	18.28	1.41
1120ppm	25	32	106		1.29	59.89	7.17	1.44	1.31	1.73	68.57	7.11	1.56		6.43	1.81	17.95	1.20
1120ppm	25	32	107		1.94	63.48	7.14	1.29	1.15		61.02	7.18	1.42	3.11	6.46	1.11	9.70	0.74
1120ppm	25	32	108		1.53	71.52	7.15	1.59	1.44	1.32	81.42	7.09	1.63	19.72	6.58	1.48	11.31	1.08
1120ppm	28	32	58
1120ppm	28	32	59	42.85
1120ppm	28	32	60	35.58
1120ppm	28	32	61	40.26
1120ppm	28	32	62	37.85
1120ppm	28	32	63	22.43
1120ppm	28	32	64	33.21
1120ppm	28	32	65	36.72
1120ppm	28	32	109		1.26	61.45	7.15	2.00	1.88		65.54	7.11	1.91	10.40	6.41	1.46	15.68	0.95
1120ppm	28	32	110		1.17	55.27	7.27	2.16	2.05	1.63	67.68	7.15	1.96	7.12	6.48	2.25	21.60	1.55
1120ppm	28	32	111		1.11	58.80	7.24	2.02	1.90	1.13	61.73	7.23	2.02	20.47	6.50	1.63	15.01	1.14
1120ppm	28	32	112		1.18	63.36	7.22	2.00	1.87	1.74	70.42	7.14	2.07	4.05	6.42	1.88	19.60	1.24
1120ppm	28	32	113		1.52	106.02	7.07	2.76	2.54	1.56	113.64	7.05	2.74	9.85	6.44	2.38	24.59	1.59
1120ppm	28	32	114		1.62	67.73	7.12	1.41	1.28	1.55	70.33	7.10	1.55	4.02
1120ppm	28	32	115		1.24	77.07	7.18	2.07	1.91	1.24	77.30	7.19	1.99	5.87