Citation:

2016JC012326

Name: Seawater carbonate chemistry and ecosystem calcification, community production of coral reef
Published: 2017-06-05
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Keywords: Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Entire community; Field observation; North Pacific; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Rocky-shore community; Tropical

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Abstract:

Coral reefs are built of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced biogenically by a diversity of calcifying plants, animals and microbes. As the ocean warms and acidifies, there is mounting concern that declining calcification rates could shift coral reef CaCO3 budgets from net accretion to net dissolution. We quantified net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and production (NEP) on Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea, over a two-week period that included a transient bleaching event. Peak daytime pH on the wide, shallow reef flat during the non-bleaching period was 8.5, significantly elevated above that of the surrounding open ocean (8.0-8.1) as a consequence of daytime NEP (up to 112 mmol C/m**2/h). Diurnal-averaged NEC was 390?+/-?90 mmol CaCO3/m**2/day, higher than any other coral reef studied to date despite comparable calcifier cover (25%) and relatively high fleshy algal cover (19%). Coral bleaching linked to elevated temperatures significantly reduced daytime NEP by 29 mmol C/m**2/h. pH on the reef flat declined by 0.2 units, causing a 40% reduction in NEC in the absence of pH changes in the surrounding open ocean. Our findings highlight the interactive relationship between carbonate chemistry of coral reef ecosystems and ecosystem production and calcification rates, which are in turn impacted by ocean warming. As open-ocean waters bathing coral reefs warm and acidify over the 21st century, the health and composition of reef benthic communities will play a major role in determining on-reef conditions that will in turn dictate the ecosystem response to climate change.

Keyword(s):

Benthos; Calcification/Dissolution; Coast and continental shelf; Entire community; Field observation; North Pacific; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Rocky-shore community; Tropical

Further details:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Epitalon, Jean-Marie; Lavigne, Héloïse; Orr, James C; Gentili, Bernard; Proye, Aurélien; Soetaert, Karline; Rae, James (2016): seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. R package version 3.1. https://cran.r-project.org/package=seacarb

Project(s):

Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC)

Coverage:

Latitude: 20.800000 * Longitude: 116.700000

Date/Time Start: 2014-06-03T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2014-06-14T00:00:00

Minimum DEPTH, water: 0.65 m * Maximum DEPTH, water: 1.74 m

Event(s):

Dongsha_Atoll * Latitude: 20.800000 * Longitude: 116.700000 * Date/Time Start: 2014-06-03T00:00:00 * Date/Time End: 2014-06-14T00:00:00 * Method/Device: Experiment (EXP)

Comment:

In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2016) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2017-06-05.

Parameter(s):

#	Name	Short Name	Unit	Principal Investigator	Method/Device	Comment
1	Type	Type		DeCarlo, Thomas M		type
2	Sampling date	Sampling date		DeCarlo, Thomas M		RAS sample time
3	Time in hours	Time	h	DeCarlo, Thomas M		Residence time
4	Time, standard deviation	Time std dev		DeCarlo, Thomas M		Residence time
5	Salinity	Sal		DeCarlo, Thomas M
6	Temperature, water	Temp	°C	DeCarlo, Thomas M
7	Irradiance	E	µmol/m²/s	DeCarlo, Thomas M
8	Density	Density	g/cm³	DeCarlo, Thomas M
9	DEPTH, water	Depth water	m	DeCarlo, Thomas M		Geocode
10	Alkalinity, total	AT	µmol/kg	DeCarlo, Thomas M
11	Carbon, inorganic, dissolved	DIC	µmol/kg	DeCarlo, Thomas M
12	Carbon dioxide, air-sea, flux	CO2 air-sea flux	mmol/m²/h	DeCarlo, Thomas M
13	Net calcification rate of calcium carbonate	NC CaCO3	mmol/m²/h	DeCarlo, Thomas M
14	Calcification rate, standard deviation	Calc rate std dev	±	DeCarlo, Thomas M
15	Carbon, net production	NP C	mmol/m²/h	DeCarlo, Thomas M
16	Net community production, carbon dioxide, standard deviation	NCP CO2 std dev	±	DeCarlo, Thomas M
17	Carbonate system computation flag	CSC flag		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
18	pH	pH		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)	total scale
19	Carbon dioxide	CO2	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
20	Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	fCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
21	Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air)	pCO2water_SST_wet	µatm	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
22	Bicarbonate ion	[HCO3]-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
23	Carbonate ion	[CO3]2-	µmol/kg	Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
24	Aragonite saturation state	Omega Arg		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)
25	Calcite saturation state	Omega Cal		Yang, Yan	Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010)

License:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-3.0)

Status:

Curation Level: Enhanced curation (CurationLevelC)

Size:

1440 data points

Data

Download dataset as tab-delimited text — use the following character encoding:

1 Type	2 Sampling date	3 Time [h]	4 Time std dev	5 Sal	6 Temp [°C]	7 E [µmol/m²/s]	8 Density [g/cm³]	9 Depth water [m]	10 AT [µmol/kg]	11 DIC [µmol/kg]	12 CO2 air-sea flux [mmol/m²/h]	13 NC CaCO3 [mmol/m²/h]	14 Calc rate std dev [±]	15 NP C [mmol/m²/h]	16 NCP CO2 std dev [±]	17 CSC flag	18 pH	19 CO2 [µmol/kg]	20 fCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	21 pCO2water_SST_wet [µatm]	22 [HCO3]- [µmol/kg]	23 [CO3]2- [µmol/kg]	24 Omega Arg	25 Omega Cal
filed	2014-06-03T00:00:00	3.70	0.20	34.13	28.40	120	1.022	0.97	2223	2133	9.9	5	2	-73	8	15	7.56	36.81	1402.77	1407.09	2008.78	87.41	1.42	2.13
filed	2014-06-03T02:00:00	4.50	0.30	34.07	28.61	444	1.021	1.29	2188	2012	3.5	9	2	-34	7	15	7.78	20.51	785.28	787.69	1857.03	134.45	2.19	3.29
filed	2014-06-03T04:00:00	5.40	0.30	34.05	29.18	790	1.021	1.39	2151	1892	0.4	13	2	-1	6	15	7.95	12.60	488.70	490.19	1695.13	184.27	3.01	4.51
filed	2014-06-03T06:00:00	6.50	0.30	34.03	29.75	957	1.021	1.40	2111	1777	-1.2	15	2	22	5	15	8.08	8.40	330.10	331.10	1538.58	230.03	3.77	5.64
filed	2014-06-04T00:00:00	3.60	0.20	34.07	28.03	77	1.022	1.10	2252	2132	4.0	0	2	-63	7	15	7.64	30.38	1147.08	1150.62	1997.66	103.97	1.69	2.54
filed	2014-06-04T02:00:00	3.70	0.20	34.01	28.46	253	1.021	1.28	2206	1977	0.9	7	3	-22	8	15	7.89	15.33	584.76	586.56	1794.34	167.32	2.72	4.09
filed	2014-06-04T04:00:00	4.90	0.20	34.00	28.86	430	1.021	1.39	2176	1904	0.2	10	2	-1	6	15	7.97	11.98	461.13	462.54	1698.70	193.32	3.15	4.73
filed	2014-06-04T06:00:00	4.80	0.30	33.99	29.77	772	1.021	1.30	2110	1743	-0.9	18	2	35	6	15	8.13	7.17	281.89	282.74	1484.92	250.91	4.11	6.15
filed	2014-06-05T00:00:00	3.60	0.20	34.05	28.47	158	1.021	1.00	2223	2091	3.1	4	3	-55	8	15	7.67	27.67	1055.68	1058.92	1953.36	109.97	1.79	2.69
filed	2014-06-05T02:00:00	3.90	0.30	33.87	29.60	590	1.021	1.23	2183	1947	0.5	8	3	-15	7	15	7.89	14.69	574.94	576.68	1760.93	171.38	2.81	4.21
filed	2014-06-05T04:00:00	4.80	0.20	33.89	30.34	993	1.021	1.35	2151	1819	-0.3	12	2	20	6	15	8.06	8.89	354.05	355.12	1579.23	230.88	3.80	5.67
filed	2014-06-05T06:00:00	6.30	0.40	33.91	31.14	1110	1.020	1.37	2110	1726	-0.4	14	2	31	5	15	8.14	6.77	274.57	275.39	1457.17	262.06	4.33	6.45
filed	2014-06-06T02:00:00	5.40	0.50	34.03	30.21	351	1.021	1.14	2168	2012	2.9	9	2	-28	5	15	7.71	23.35	927.65	930.44	1865.95	122.70	2.01	3.01
filed	2014-06-06T04:00:00	6.30	0.40	34.04	30.77	572	1.021	1.25	2130	1916	1.3	12	2	-9	4	15	7.84	16.18	651.14	653.09	1743.59	156.23	2.57	3.84
filed	2014-06-06T06:00:00	7.50	0.30	34.02	31.23	731	1.020	1.29	2104	1854	0.6	13	1	2	4	15	7.91	13.07	531.16	532.74	1663.38	177.56	2.93	4.37
filed	2014-06-06T08:00:00	7.60	0.60	34.05	31.42	831	1.020	1.20	2091	1806	0.2	13	2	9	4	15	7.97	10.79	440.65	441.96	1596.41	198.80	3.29	4.89
filed	2014-06-10T04:00:00	7.10	0.30	32.44	30.00	702	1.020	1.24	2077	1746	-0.8	5	1	12	4	15	8.09	7.96	312.35	313.29	1509.08	228.96	3.79	5.70
filed	2014-06-10T06:00:00	3.50	0.20	32.48	31.24	1346	1.019	1.26	1983	1571	-2.3	21	3	54	7	15	8.22	4.96	200.10	200.70	1290.67	275.37	4.60	6.87
filed	2014-06-10T08:00:00	4.10	0.30	32.25	32.17	1126	1.019	0.89	1893	1411	-3.0	25	2	69	6	15	8.34	3.19	131.10	131.48	1094.96	312.85	5.26	7.84
filed	2014-06-10T12:00:00	3.30	0.10	32.18	30.31	92	1.019	0.99	2052	1731	-0.9	11	2	21	7	15	8.08	8.14	321.21	322.18	1500.92	221.94	3.69	5.54
filed	2014-06-10T14:00:00	4.00	0.20	32.52	29.27	8	1.020	0.95	2104	1878	0.3	5	2	-11	5	15	7.91	13.99	539.75	541.39	1700.52	163.49	2.70	4.06
filed	2014-06-10T16:00:00	4.80	0.50	32.64	28.86	0	1.020	0.98	2125	1937	1.2	3	2	-20	5	15	7.83	17.69	676.47	678.53	1778.68	140.63	2.31	3.48
filed	2014-06-10T18:00:00	4.70	0.40	32.74	28.47	0	1.020	0.97	2106	1842	2.1	6	2	-3	4	15	7.99	11.31	428.63	429.94	1643.82	186.88	3.06	4.62
filed	2014-06-10T20:00:00	2.40	0.20	33.21	27.73	0	1.021	1.11	2182	1984	1.2	2	4	-46	11	15	7.85	17.40	649.48	651.50	1818.84	147.76	2.40	3.63
filed	2014-06-10T22:00:00	1.71	0.07	33.20	28.43	9	1.021	1.41	2190	1933	0.6	1	7	-38	19	15	7.96	12.80	485.88	487.37	1735.14	185.06	3.02	4.55
filed	2014-06-11T00:00:00	2.70	0.10	33.22	29.10	218	1.021	1.54	2167	1898	0.2	7	5	-11	13	15	7.97	11.91	459.25	460.65	1694.09	192.00	3.15	4.73
filed	2014-06-11T02:00:00	4.19	0.09	33.21	29.45	502	1.020	1.56	2139	1835	-0.6	10	3	12	8	15	8.04	9.77	379.82	380.97	1611.99	213.24	3.50	5.26
filed	2014-06-11T04:00:00	5.70	0.20	33.21	30.16	765	1.020	1.30	2112	1744	-1.4	10	2	28	5	15	8.13	7.07	279.40	280.24	1483.94	252.99	4.18	6.25
filed	2014-06-11T06:00:00	4.50	0.60	33.21	31.06	1200	1.020	1.14	2009	1568	-2.4	19	3	50	8	15	8.25	4.54	183.09	183.64	1270.01	293.46	4.87	7.27
filed	2014-06-11T08:00:00	3.70	0.30	33.25	31.60	1049	1.020	0.88	1899	1442	-3.2	36	4	77	8	15	8.29	3.68	150.29	150.73	1142.36	295.96	4.93	7.34
filed	2014-06-11T10:00:00	3.50	0.20	33.28	31.89	534	1.020	0.75	1717	1203	-4.7	40	3	80	5	15	8.42	2.10	86.42	86.68	886.83	314.07	5.24	7.79
filed	2014-06-11T14:00:00	3.80	0.20	33.36	28.72	3	1.021	0.90	2083	1834	0.6	14	2	1	5	15	7.95	12.20	466.55	467.98	1645.75	176.05	2.88	4.33
filed	2014-06-11T16:00:00	3.70	0.40	33.38	28.07	0	1.021	0.92	2183	2016	5.7	3	2	-38	6	15	7.77	21.13	795.94	798.40	1865.74	129.13	2.10	3.17
filed	2014-06-11T18:00:00	3.70	0.40	33.40	28.03	0	1.021	0.95	2191	2053	6.6	2	2	-46	7	15	7.70	25.55	961.44	964.41	1914.98	112.47	1.83	2.76
filed	2014-06-11T20:00:00	2.30	0.10	33.47	28.21	0	1.021	1.11	2196	2012	2.8	3	4	-57	11	15	7.81	19.34	731.22	733.47	1852.96	139.70	2.28	3.43
filed	2014-06-11T22:00:00	1.29	0.05	33.49	28.43	7	1.021	1.51	2208	1943	1.0	1	10	-45	26	15	7.97	12.56	477.41	478.88	1739.95	190.49	3.11	4.68
filed	2014-06-12T00:00:00	1.79	0.08	33.50	28.65	137	1.021	1.64	2208	1921	0.9	2	7	-15	20	15	8.00	11.28	431.01	432.33	1705.17	204.55	3.34	5.02
filed	2014-06-12T02:00:00	2.30	0.06	33.50	28.82	438	1.021	1.49	2155	1861	-1.1	19	5	13	15	15	8.02	10.39	398.56	399.78	1643.62	206.99	3.38	5.09
filed	2014-06-12T04:00:00	2.40	0.10	33.51	28.84	360	1.021	1.24	2128	1800	-1.9	22	4	36	11	15	8.08	8.56	328.69	329.70	1563.96	227.48	3.72	5.59
filed	2014-06-12T06:00:00	2.30	0.10	33.55	28.66	308	1.021	0.85	2081	1744	-3.3	26	3	42	9	15	8.11	7.79	297.85	298.76	1505.23	230.98	3.77	5.67
filed	2014-06-12T08:00:00	1.40	0.20	33.56	28.37	315	1.021	0.65	2040	1695	-4.1	35	5	56	11	15	8.13	7.14	271.00	271.84	1453.84	234.02	3.81	5.74
filed	2014-06-12T12:00:00	1.70	0.10	33.28	28.05	11	1.021	0.71	2127	1915	5.6	15	4	-30	10	15	7.88	15.41	579.92	581.71	1745.00	154.59	2.52	3.80
filed	2014-06-12T14:00:00	1.90	0.10	33.34	28.01	0	1.021	0.84	2165	1980	8.6	8	4	-54	10	15	7.82	18.65	701.14	703.31	1822.02	139.33	2.27	3.42
filed	2014-06-12T16:00:00	1.90	0.10	33.57	28.07	0	1.021	0.92	2189	1992	8.5	6	4	-52	10	15	7.84	17.82	671.79	673.86	1826.93	147.25	2.40	3.61
filed	2014-06-12T18:00:00	2.10	0.20	33.62	27.99	0	1.021	0.92	2185	2006	8.9	8	4	-59	11	15	7.80	19.74	743.17	745.47	1850.08	136.18	2.21	3.34
filed	2014-06-12T20:00:00	1.90	0.10	33.72	28.14	0	1.021	1.01	2206	1990	6.0	5	4	-48	12	15	7.87	16.29	615.73	617.62	1814.32	159.39	2.59	3.90
filed	2014-06-12T22:00:00	1.70	0.10	33.71	28.43	5	1.021	1.42	2205	1961	3.1	9	7	-47	19	15	7.92	14.04	534.33	535.97	1770.05	176.91	2.88	4.34
filed	2014-06-13T00:00:00	1.44	0.05	33.87	28.87	223	1.021	1.65	2204	1929	0.9	19	10	-20	26	15	7.97	12.07	464.58	466.00	1720.51	196.42	3.20	4.81
filed	2014-06-13T02:00:00	2.35	0.05	33.85	29.20	551	1.021	1.74	2177	1887	-1.2	21	6	10	16	15	8.00	10.97	425.49	426.78	1671.01	205.02	3.35	5.03
filed	2014-06-13T04:00:00	3.70	0.10	33.81	29.72	806	1.021	1.56	2147	1794	-3.1	17	3	39	9	15	8.10	7.92	310.80	311.74	1542.04	244.04	4.00	5.99
filed	2014-06-13T06:00:00	3.40	0.30	33.78	30.23	912	1.021	1.14	2044	1640	-5.4	30	4	66	9	15	8.19	5.62	223.05	223.72	1363.15	271.23	4.46	6.67
filed	2014-06-13T08:00:00	2.20	0.40	33.77	30.53	686	1.021	0.71	1953	1459	-7.6	44	8	112	18	15	8.34	3.31	132.26	132.65	1134.80	320.89	5.29	7.90
filed	2014-06-13T10:00:00	3.10	0.30	33.73	30.55	360	1.021	0.66	1876	1399	-7.8	36	4	79	8	15	8.34	3.21	128.46	128.84	1090.62	305.16	5.03	7.52
filed	2014-06-13T14:00:00	2.00	0.20	33.30	28.02	0	1.021	0.70	2148	1975	8.2	9	3	-46	9	15	7.79	19.76	743.16	745.45	1823.60	131.64	2.14	3.23
filed	2014-06-13T16:00:00	2.20	0.10	33.80	27.86	0	1.021	0.84	2185	2019	10.8	9	3	-58	9	15	7.77	21.40	803.80	806.29	1869.30	128.30	2.08	3.14
filed	2014-06-13T18:00:00	1.84	0.06	33.88	27.58	0	1.022	0.82	2209	2030	9.6	6	3	-57	9	15	7.80	20.11	750.39	752.72	1873.27	136.62	2.21	3.34
filed	2014-06-13T20:00:00	1.70	0.10	33.94	27.23	0	1.022	0.95	2214	2003	6.4	8	5	-54	13	15	7.87	16.71	618.63	620.55	1830.22	156.07	2.52	3.81
filed	2014-06-13T22:00:00	1.70	0.10	33.89	27.90	5	1.022	1.27	2219	1975	3.6	7	6	-46	17	15	7.93	14.15	532.23	533.88	1783.79	177.06	2.87	4.33
filed	2014-06-14T00:00:00	1.47	0.04	33.82	27.45	139	1.022	1.56	2210	1941	3.6	12	9	-32	23	15	7.98	12.23	454.69	456.11	1736.34	192.43	3.12	4.70
filed	2014-06-14T02:00:00	1.44	0.06	33.78	28.37	660	1.021	1.68	2202	1882	-1.2	16	9	33	25	15	8.06	9.56	363.50	364.62	1647.42	225.01	3.66	5.51